The Unification Church and politics

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Since its founder's start in advocating for the Korean independence movement [1] the Unification Church led by Sun Myung Moon has been highly politically active. The degree of involvement of the Unification Church, as well as some of its specific stances, have also been part of the reason for the movement's controversial status over the years. The belief in the establishment of a literal Kingdom of God on earth and church founder Sun Myung Moon's teaching that religion alone is not enough to bring this about provides a motivation for political involvement. [2]

Contents

In the 1950s and 80s, the Unification Church set up media companies, research centers, and educational institutions that focused on anti-communist ideologies. The media heavily criticizeed them for possibly leading to nuclear war. [3] [4] [5] The Unification Church also took part in politics, particularly concerning the reunification of Korea. Moon had links to conservative politicians, including members of the Abe family in Japan, leading to debates about the extent of the Unification Church's influence in political matters. [6]

The Unification Church has distinct teachings on politics as depicted in its central book, the Divine Principle. The book argues that God-centered governance will eventually replace existing political structures. This is envisioned as a family-like structure with Moon serving as the monarch and being referred to as the "True Parent." The Unification Church teaches about establishing a “Kingdom of Heaven on Earth,” which would be a religious monarchy. [7]

The Unification Church connections and activities in Japan was a subject of attention when a member of the Unification Church was implicated as the mother of the man who admitted to assassinating former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2022. [8] [9] [10] In the United States, the involvement of Moon's son, Hyung Jin Moon, in the January 6 United States Capitol attack, [11] was another instance that highlighted the Unification Church's engagement in political affairs.

1940s and early anti-Communism

In the 1940s, Moon cooperated with Communist Party members in support of the Korean independence movement against Imperial Japan. After the Korean War (1950–1953), he became an outspoken anti-communist. [1]

In 1964, he founded the Korean Culture and Freedom Foundation, a public diplomacy agency that promoted South Korea's interests and sponsored Radio Free Asia. Former U.S. Presidents Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon were honorary presidents or directors at various times. [12]

Moon viewed the Cold War between liberal democracy and communism as the final conflict between God and Satan, with divided Korea as its primary front line. [13] Soon after its founding, the Unification movement began supporting anti-communist organizations, including the World League for Freedom and Democracy founded in 1966 in Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan), by Chiang Kai-shek, [14] and the Korean Culture and Freedom Foundation, an international public diplomacy organization which also sponsored Radio Free Asia. [15] The Unification movement was criticized for its anti-communist activism by the mainstream media and the alternative press, and many members of them said that it could lead to World War Three and a nuclear holocaust. The movement's anti-communist activities received financial support from Japanese millionaire and activist Ryōichi Sasakawa. [3] [4] [5]

1970s–1980s

In 1972, Moon predicted the decline of communism, based on the teachings of the Divine Principle : "After 7,000 biblical years—6,000 years of restoration history plus the millennium, the time of completion—communism will fall in its 70th year. Here is the meaning of the year 1978. Communism, begun in 1917, could maintain itself approximately 60 years and reach its peak. So 1978 is the border line and afterward communism will decline; in the 70th year it will be altogether ruined. This is true. Therefore, now is the time for people who are studying communism to abandon it." [16] In 1973, he called for an "automatic theocracy" to replace communism and solve "every political and economic situation in every field". [17] In 1975, Moon spoke at a government sponsored rally against potential North Korean military aggression on Yeouido Island in Seoul to an audience of around 1 million. [18]

In 1976, Moon established News World Communications, an international news media conglomerate which publishes The Washington Times newspaper in Washington, D.C., and newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America, partly in order to promote political conservatism. According to The Washington Post , "the Times was established by Moon to combat communism and be a conservative alternative to what he perceived as the liberal bias of The Washington Post." [19] Bo Hi Pak, called Moon's "right-hand man", was the founding president and the founding chairman of the board. [20] Moon asked Richard L. Rubenstein, a rabbi and college professor, to join its board of directors. [21] The Washington Times has often been noted for its generally pro-Israel editorial policies. [22] In 2002, during the 20th anniversary party for the Times, Moon said: "The Washington Times will become the instrument in spreading the truth about God to the world." [19]

In 1980, members founded CAUSA International, an anti-communist educational organization based in New York City. [23] In the 1980s, it was active in 21 countries. In the United States, it sponsored educational conferences for evangelical and fundamentalist Christian leaders [24] as well as seminars and conferences for Senate staffers, Hispanic Americans and conservative activists. [25] In 1986, CAUSA International sponsored the documentary film Nicaragua Was Our Home , about the Miskito Indians of Nicaragua and their persecution at the hands of the Nicaraguan government. It was filmed and produced by USA-UWC member Lee Shapiro, who later died while filming with anti-Soviet forces during the Soviet–Afghan War. [26] [27] [28] [29] At this time CAUSA international also directly assisted the United States Central Intelligence Agency in supplying the Contras, in addition to paying for flights by rebel leaders. CAUSA's aid to the Contras escalated after Congress cut off CIA funding for them. According to contemporary CIA reports, supplies for the anti-Sandinista forces and their families came from a variety of sources in the US ranging from Moon's Unification Church to U.S. politicians, evangelical groups and former military officers. [30] [31] [32] [33]

In 1980, members in Washington, D.C., disrupted a protest rally against the United States military draft. [34] In 1981, the Appellate Division of New York State Supreme Court ruled that the HSA–UWC was not entitled to property tax exemptions on its New York City properties since its primary purpose was political, not religious. [35] In 1982, this ruling was overturned by the New York State Supreme Court itself, which ruled that it should be considered a religious organization for tax purposes. [36]

In 1983, some American members joined a public protest against the Soviet Union in response to its shooting down of Korean Airlines Flight 007. [37] In 1984, the HSA–UWC founded the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, a Washington, D.C. think tank that underwrites conservative-oriented research and seminars at Stanford University, the University of Chicago, and other institutions. [38] In the same year, member Dan Fefferman founded the International Coalition for Religious Freedom in Virginia, which is active in protesting what it considers to be threats to religious freedom by governmental agencies. [39] In August 1985, the Professors World Peace Academy, an organization founded by Moon, sponsored a conference in Geneva to debate the theme "The situation in the world after the fall of the communist empire." [40]

1990s

In April 1990, Moon visited the Soviet Union and met with President Mikhail Gorbachev. Moon expressed support for the political and economic transformations under way in the Soviet Union. At the same time the Unification Church was expanding into formerly communist nations. [41] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Unification movement promoted extensive missionary work in Russia and other former Soviet nations. [42]

In 1991, he met with Kim Il Sung, the North Korean President, to discuss ways to achieve peace on the Korean peninsula, as well as on international relations, tourism, and other topics. [43] In 1994, Moon was officially invited to the funeral of Kim Il Sung, in spite of the absence of diplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea. [44]

In 1994 the New York Times recognized the church's political influence, saying it was "a theocratic powerhouse that is pouring foreign fortunes into conservative causes in the United States." [45] In 1998 the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram criticized Moon's "ultra-right leanings" and suggested a personal relationship with conservative Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. [46]

In 1995, the former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and his wife, Barbara Bush, spoke at a Unification Church event in the Tokyo Dome. [47] "If as president I could have done one thing to have helped the country more," Mr. Bush told the gathering, "it would have been to do a better job in finding a way, either through speaking out or through raising a moral standard, to strengthen the American family." [48] Hak Ja Han, the main speaker, credited her husband with bringing about Communism's fall and declared that he must save America from "the destruction of the family and moral decay." [49]

2000s

In 2000 Moon founded the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO), which describes itself as "a global organization whose mission is to serve its member organizations, strengthen and encourage the non-governmental sector as a whole, increase public understanding of the non-governmental community, and provide the mechanism and support needed for NGOs to connect, partner, and multiply their contributions to solve humanity's basic problems." However it has been criticized for promoting conservatism in contrast to some of the ideals of the United Nations. [50] [51] [52]

In 2003, Korean Unification Church members started a political party in South Korea. It was named "The Party for God, Peace, Unification, and Home." In an inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing for the reunification of the South and North Korea by educating the public about God and peace. A church official said that similar political parties would be started in Japan and the United States. [53]

Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of the Unification Ministry of the Republic of Korea. [54] The church member Jae-jung Lee had been once a unification minister of the Republic of Korea. [55] Another, Ek Nath Dhakal, is a member of the Nepalese Constituent Assembly, [56] and a first Minister for Co-operatives and Poverty Alleviationu Ministry of the Government of Nepal. [57]

Korean unification

In 1991, Moon met with Kim Il-sung, the North Korean President, to discuss ways to achieve peace on the Korean Peninsula, as well as on international relations, tourism, and other topics. [43] In 1992, Kim gave his first and only interview with the Western news media to Washington Times reporter Josette Sheeran, who later became executive director of the United Nations World Food Programme. [58] In 1994, Moon was officially invited to Kim's funeral, in spite of the absence of diplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea. [59]

In 1998, Unification movement-related businesses launched operations in North Korea with the approval of the government of South Korea, which had prohibited business relationships between North and South before. [60] In 2000, the church-associated business group Tongil Group founded Pyeonghwa Motors in the North Korean port of Nampo, in cooperation with the North Korean government. It was the first automobile factory in North Korea. [61]

During the presidency of George W. Bush, Dong Moon Joo, a Unification movement member and then president of The Washington Times, undertook unofficial diplomatic missions to North Korea in an effort to improve its relationship with the United States. [62] Joo was born in North Korea and is a citizen of the United States. [63]

In 2003, Korean Unification Movement members started a political party in South Korea. It was named The Party for God, Peace, Unification and Home. In its inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing for Korean reunification by educating the public about God and peace. [64] Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of the Unification Ministry of the Republic of Korea. [65] Church member Jae-jung Lee was a Unification Minister of the Republic of Korea. [66]

In 2010, in Pyongyang, to mark the 20th anniversary of Moon's visit to Kim Il-sung, de jure head of state Kim Yong-nam hosted Moon's son Hyung Jin Moon, then the president of the Unification Church, in his official residence. [67] [68] At that time, Hyung Jin Moon donated 600 tons of flour to the children of Jeongju, the birthplace of Sun Myung Moon. [69] [70]

In 2012, Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize. [71] On the first anniversary of Moon's death, North Korean chairman Kim Jong-un expressed condolences to Han and the family, saying: "Kim Jong-un prayed for the repose of Moon, who worked hard for national concord, prosperity and reunification and world peace." [72] In 2017, the Unification Church sponsored the International Association of Parliamentarians for Peace (IAPP)—headed by former Prime Minister of Nepal Madhav Kumar Nepal and former Minister of Peace and Reconstruction Ek Nath Dhakal—visited Pyongyang and had constructive talks with the Korean Workers' Party. [73] In 2020 the movement held an in-person and virtual rally for Korean unification which drew about one million attendees. [74]

Unification Church practices in Japan

The Japanese government certified the UC as a religious organisation in 1964; the Agency for Cultural Affairs classifies the UC as a Christian organisation. [75] Since then the government was unable to prevent the UC's activities because of the freedom of religion guaranteed in the Constitution of Japan, according to Mitsuhiro Suganuma  [ ja ], the former section head of the Public Security Intelligence Agency's Second Intelligence Department. [76]

According to historians, up to 70% of the UC's wealth has been accumulated through outdoor fundraising rounds. Steven Hassan, a former UC member, engaged in the deprogramming of other UC members, [77] describes these as "spiritual sales" (reikan shōhō, 霊感商法), with parishioners scanning obituaries, going door-to-door, and saying, "Your dead loved one is communicating with us, so please go to the bank and send money to the Unification Church so your loved one can ascend to heaven in the spirit world." [78]

Moon's theology teaches that his homeland Korea is the "Adam country", home of the rulers destined to control the world. Japan is the "fallen Eve country". The dogma teaches Eve had sexual relations with Satan and then seduced Adam, which caused mankind to fall from grace (original sin), while Moon was appointed to bring mankind to salvation. Japan must be subservient to Korea. [78] [79] This was used to encourage their Japanese followers into offering every single material belonging to Korea via the church. [80]

According to journalist Fumiaki Tada  [ ja ] and other former UC followers, the conditions for Japanese followers to participate in the UC's mass wedding were substantially more difficult than Korean people, on grounds of "Japan's sinful occupation of Korea" between 1910 and 1945. In 1992, each Japanese follower needed to successfully bring three more people into the church, fulfill certain quota of fundraising by selling the church's merchandise, undergo a 7-day long fasting, and pay an appreciation fee of 1.4 million yen. For Korean people, the fee for attending the mass wedding was 2 million won (about 200 thousand yen in September 2022). Most Korean attendees were not followers of the church to begin with, as UC considered it was an honour for a Japanese woman to be married to a Korean man, like an abandoned dog being picked up by a prince. If the Japanese followers wanted to leave their partners of the mass wedding or the church, they would be told that they be damned to the "hell of hell". [81] [82]

In 1987, about 300 lawyers in Japan set up an association called the National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales (Zenkoku Benren) to help victims of the UC and similar organisations. [83] [84] According to statistics compiled by the association's lawyers between 1987 and 2021, the association and local government consumer centers received 34,537 complaints alleging that UC had forced people to make unreasonably large donations or purchase large amounts of items, amounting to about 123.7 billion yen. [85] According to the internal data compiled by the UC which leaked to the media, the donation by the Japanese followers between 1999 and 2011 was about 60 billion yen annually. [86]

Relationship between Abe's family and the Unification Church

Abe, as well as his father Shintaro Abe and his grandfather Nobusuke Kishi, had longstanding ties to the Unification Church (UC), a new religious movement known for its mass wedding ceremonies. [6] Known officially as the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (FFWPU), the movement was founded by Sun Myung Moon in Korea in 1954 and its followers are colloquially known as "Moonies". Moon was a self-declared messiah and ardent anti-communist. [87]

Nobusuke Kishi's postwar political agenda led him to work closely with Ryoichi Sasakawa, a businessman and nationalist politician during the Second World War. As Moon's advisor, Sasakawa helped establish the UC in Japan in 1963 and assumed the roles of both patron and president of the church's political wing, International Federation for Victory over Communism (IFVOC, 国際勝共連合), which would forge intimate ties with Japan's conservative politicians. [88] In this way, Sasakawa and Kishi shielded what would become one of the most widely distrusted groups in contemporary Japan. [89] Moon's organisations, including the Unification Church and the overtly political IFVOC, were financially supported by Ryoichi Sasakawa and Yoshio Kodama. [90]

When the UC still had a few thousand Unification Church followers, its headquarters was located on land once owned by Kishi in Nanpeidaichō, Shibuya, Tokyo, and UC officials frequently visited the adjacent Kishi residence. By the early 1970s, Unification Church members were being used by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) as campaign workers without compensation. LDP politicians were also required to visit the Unification Church headquarters in South Korea and receive Moon's lectures on theology, regardless of their religious views or membership. In return, Japanese authorities shielded the Unification Church from legal penalties over their often-fraudulent and aggressive practices. [89] Subsequently, the Unification Church gained much influence in Japan, laying the groundwork for its push into the United States and its later entrenchment. [91]

Such a relationship was passed on to Kishi's son-in-law, former foreign minister Shintaro Abe, who attended a dinner party held by Moon at the Imperial Hotel in 1974. In the US, the 1978 Fraser Report – an inquiry by the US Congress into American–Korean relations – determined that, Kim Jong-pil, founder and director of the Korean C.I.A. an associate of Yoshio Kodama [90] and from 1971 to 1975 Prime Minister of South Korea, had "organized" the Unification Church in the early 1960s and was using it "as a political tool" on behalf of authoritarian President Park Chung Hee and the military dictatorship. [92]

In 1989, Moon urged his followers to establish their footing in Japan's parliament, then install themselves as secretaries for the Japanese lawmakers, and focus on those of [Shintaro] Abe's faction in the LDP. Moon also stressed that they must construct their political influence not only in the parliament, but also on Japan's district level. [93]

Shinzo Abe continued this relationship, and in May 2006, when he was Chief Cabinet Secretary, he and several cabinet ministers sent congratulatory telegrams to a mass wedding ceremony organised by the Unification Church's front group, Universal Peace Federation (UPF, 天宙平和連合), for 2,500 couples of Japanese and Korean men and women. [94] [95] [96]

On 8 July 2022 around 11:30 JST, [97] [98] a 41-year-old man named Tetsuya Yamagami, a former JMSDF member, shot Shinzo Abe and was immediately arrested and later confessed to local police. [99] [100] Yamagami stated that he held a grudge against the Unification Church [8] [9] [10] and shot Abe because "the religious group and Abe were connected". [101] [102] [103] Yamagami said he resented the fact that his mother was brain-washed by the religious group, and had gone bankrupt as a result. [104] [105]

Yamagami had been trying to kill Hak Ja Han of the Unification Church since around 2002, but he gave up because he could not get close to her, changing his target to Abe. [106] Yamagami said that he "didn't have a grudge against Abe's political beliefs", but instead that he killed Abe because he believed the former prime minister had spread the religion to Japan. [104] [105] Abe and his family were known to have long-standing ties to the Unification Church, dating back to his grandfather Kishi Nobusuke; Abe himself had held speeches in support of the religious movement. [107] [108] According to research by Nikkan Gendai , 10 out of 20 members in the Fourth Abe Cabinet had connections to the Unification Church. [109]

In spring 2021, the chairman of the UPF's Japanese branch, Masayoshi Kajikuri  [ ja ], called Abe and asked if the latter would consider speaking before an upcoming UPF rally in September if former US president Donald Trump also attended. [108] [110] Abe replied that he had to accept the offer should that be the case; he formally agreed to his participation on 24 August 2021. At the September rally, held ten months before the assassination, Abe stated to Kajikuri that, "The image of the Great Father [Moon] crossing his arms and smiling gave me goosebumps. I still respectably remember the sincerity [you] showed in the last six elections in the past eight years." Kajikuri claimed that he originally invited three unnamed former Japanese prime ministers, but was turned down due to concern of being used as poster boys for Unification Church's mission. [111] [112]

On October 1, 2023, the Japanese government began to pursue an attempt to dissolve the Unification Church in Japan. [113] According to research by Nikkan Gendai , ten out of twenty members in the Fourth Abe Cabinet had connections to the Unification Church, [114] but these connections were largely ignored by Japanese journalists. [115] After the assassination, Japanese defence minister Nobuo Kishi, Abe's younger brother, was forced to disclose that he had been supported by the Unification Church in past elections. [116] [117] [118] [119]

In the United States

In 2016 a study sponsored by the Unification Theological Seminary found that American Unification Church members were divided in their choices in the 2016 United States presidential election, with the largest bloc supporting Senator Bernie Sanders. [120]

After the 2014 founding of Rod of Iron Ministries, a splinter group from the Unification Church, Sun Myung Moon's son, Hyung Jin Moon publicly aligned with conservative politicians and far-right media figures. [121] Moon espoused strong support for President Donald Trump during and after Trump's presidency. [122] Moon endorsed the "big lie" that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from Trump. [123] Moon and other members of Sanctuary Church participated in the January 6, 2021 United States Capitol attack. [11] Moon faced no criminal charges from his involvement in the January 6 insurrection. [124]

Gun ritual controversy

Hyung Jin Moon's church, World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church in Newfoundland, Pennsylvania, gained national attention [125] [126] [127] in early 2018 for holding a marriage vows renewal ceremony that asked participants to bring their AR–15 rifles. [128] Hyung Jin Moon has likened the AR–15 rifles to the biblical "rod of iron". [123] [129] Neighbors of the church came out to protest the insensitivity of having the AR–15 rifles at the event so soon after the Parkland, Florida shooting that killed 17. [130] To address concerns voiced by parents of an elementary school nearby, the Wallenpaupack Area School District relocated students for the day. [131]

Commentary

Michelle Goldberg: "Like most Americans, Wineburg had been unaware of the power Moon holds in our nation's politics. The reverend, who once served eleven months in prison for income tax fraud, is best known for marrying thousands of strangers in mass weddings. Those events earned him a public reputation as a spectacle-mad eccentric, but that obscures his role as a significant D.C. power broker. In fact, Moon is an important patron of the Republican party and of the conservative movement." [132]

Robert Parry: "Over the past quarter century, South Korean theocrat Sun Myung Moon has been one of the Bush family’s major benefactors – both politically and financially." [133]

Richard Rubenstein: "I especially appreciated Rev. Moon’s commitment to the fight against Communism. From his own first-hand, personal experience and out of his religious convictions, he understood how tragic a political and social blight that movement had been. I had been in East and West Berlin the week the Berlin Wall was erected in August 1961 and had visited communist Poland in 1965. Unfortunately, many of my liberal academic colleagues did not understand the full nature of the threat as did Rev. Moon. I was impressed with the sophistication of Rev. Moon’s anti-communism. He understood communism’s evil, but he also stood ready to meet with communist leaders such as Mikhail Gorbachev and Kim Il Sung in the hope of changing or moderating their views." [134]

Thomas Ward: "With the Cold War's conclusion, a rush began amongst scholars, analysts, and pundits to identify the key personalities and factors that contributed to the Soviet Empire's collapse. Competing theories abounded, with key roles being assigned to Ronald Reagan, John Paul II, Mikhail Gorbachev, Norman Podhoretz, Alexander Solzhenitzyn and Sidney Hook, as well as to freedom fighters, refuseniks and populist movements such as Solidarity. In their interpretation of various events, some scholars opted to depersonalize the process, crediting the fall of the Soviet Union to phenomena such as evolving patterns of economic development and the information revolution. Among the contributions to the postmortem literature is Richard Gid Powers' Not Without Honor (1995), which professed to be "The History of American Anticommunism." Powers' 554-page opus of names and organizations omits all of the American entities associated with Reverend Moon, and denies them any role in rolling back communism in the 1970s and 80s. In the 672 pages of On the Brink: The Dramatic Behind the Scenes Saga of the Reagan Era and the Men and Women who Won the Cold War (1996), Jay Winik records a brief mention of one Moon-related organization, The Washington Times, but only in noting its early reporting on the unfolding story of Iran Contra. Accounts by Brian Crozier, Adam Ulam, Bob Woodward, and Jack Matlock, US Ambassador to the Soviet Union under President Reagan, also make no mention of Moon's efforts. Intentionally or not, Reverend Moon has been expunged from the record in spite of the adverse, critical coverage his activities received in the mainstream and alternative media when anticommunism was viewed with disdain." [135]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eito Suzuki</span> Japanese journalist

Eito Suzuki is a pseudonymous Japanese investigative journalist who covers new religious movements in the country. His primary area of editorial coverage is fraudulent missionary activities and the relationship between religious organizations and major political parties, primarily the Unification Church (UC) and the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

The Unification Church in Japan was criticized by the National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales for being involved in several controversies including “Spiritual sales”, unlawful adoption practices and a change of name to mask its purposes, according to reports. The Unification Church was founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon in 1954 in South Korea. Moon claimed to have had a vision of Jesus at age 16, prompting him to preach a new doctrine starting in 1946 in North Korea. After fleeing to South Korea, he established the church. It expanded to Japan in 1958, helped by the Cold War's anti-communist climate, connecting with Japanese politicians and establishing the Asian People's Anti-Communist League. The reunification of Korea and anti-communism were the main goals of the Unification Church.

References

  1. 1 2 Moon, Sun Myung (2009). As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen. Gimm-Young Publishers. ISBN   978-0-7166-0299-6.
  2. ↑ Tingle, D. and Fordyce, R. 1979, Phases and Faces of the Moon: A Critical Examination of the Unification Church and its Principles, Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press ISBN   0-682-49264-7 p86-87
  3. 1 2 "CAUSA/The Downfall of Communism". www.tparents.org. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  4. 1 2 "The Resurrection of Reverend Moon". Frontline. PBS. 21 January 1992. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011.
  5. 1 2 Goodman, Walter (1992-01-21). "Review/Television; Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  6. 1 2 Chang, May Choon (2022-07-11), "South Korean church known for mass weddings in spotlight after Abe's killing", The Straits Times , retrieved 2022-12-05
  7. ↑ "Pray, Pray, and Pray for God - Sun Myung Moon".
  8. 1 2 "【独自】安倍元首相を撃った山上徹也が供述した、宗教団体「統一教会」の名前（現代ビジネス編集部）". 現代ビジネス (in Japanese). 9 July 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022. 山上容疑者は「自分の母親が統一教会の信者で、安倍晋三が統一教会と親しいと知って狙った」と供述している。[Yamagami stated that he "targeted Shinzo Abe after learning that his mother was a member of the Unification Church, and that Shinzo Abe had ties with the Unification Church".]
  9. 1 2 "安倍元首相銃撃の山上容疑者 優等生バスケ少年を変えた"統一教会で家庭崩壊"…事件前には近隣トラブルで絶叫【原点写真入手】". Yahoo! News Japan. 10 July 2022. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. しかしその日は、『自分の家族が統一教会に関わっていて、霊感商法トラブルでバラバラになってしまった...』と語りはじめたのです。山上さんは続けて、『統一教会は、安倍と関わりが深い。だから、警察も捜査ができないんだ』[On that day, he said, "My family was involved with the Unification Church..." Yamagami continued, "The Unification Church is deeply involved with Abe, and that's why the police can't investigate".]
  10. 1 2 Bénédicte Lutaud (9 July 2022). "Assassinat de Shinzo Abe : que sait-on de l'homme qui a tiré sur l'ancien premier ministre japonais ?". Le Figaro . Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. Plus tard, des médias locaux ont toutefois évoqué le nom de «l'Église de l'Unification», plus connue en Occident sous l'appellation de la secte Moon.[Later, however, local media referred to the name of the "Unification Church", better known in the West as the Moon sect.]
  11. 1 2 Green, Jordan (4 August 2021). "'Good Way to Die': The Moonies and the Jan. 6 Insurrection". DC Report. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "Korean denies influence peddling". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  13. ↑ Christianity: A Global History, David Chidester, HarperCollins, 2001, ISBN   0062517708, 9780062517708, pages 514 to 515
  14. ↑ The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations, Peter B Clarke, Peter Beyer, Taylor & Francis, 2008 ISBN   1135211000, 9781135211004
  15. ↑ "Korean denies influence peddling". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  16. ↑ The Way of Restoration, (April, 1972)
  17. ↑ Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, Frederick Sontag, Abingdon Press, Jan 1, 1977, page 122
  18. ↑ Quebedeaux, Richard (1982). Richard Quebedeaux, Lifestyle : Conversations with Members of Unification Church. Erick Rodriguez. ISBN   9780932894182 . Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  19. 1 2 Ahrens, Frank (May 23, 2002). "Moon Speech Raises Old Ghosts as the Times Turns 20". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  20. ↑ Pak was founding president of the Washington Times Corporation (1982–1992), and founding chairman of the board. Bo Hi Pak, Appendix B: Brief Chronology of the Life of Dr. Bo Hi Pak, in Messiah: My Testimony to Rev. Sun Myung Moon, Vol I by Bo Hi Pak (2000), Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
  21. ↑ "Rabbi Joins the Board of Moonie Newspaper", The Palm Beach Post , May 21, 1978
  22. ↑ As U.S. Media Ownership Shrinks, Who Covers Islam?, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs , December 1997
  23. ↑ "Moon's "Cause" Takes Aim At Communism in Americas." The Washington Post . August 28, 1983
  24. ↑ Sun Myung Moon's Followers Recruit Christians to Assist in Battle Against Communism Christianity Today , June 15, 1985
  25. ↑ Church Spends Millions On Its Image, The Washington Post , 1984-09-17. "Another church political arm, Causa International, which preaches a philosophy it calls "God-ism," has been spending millions of dollars on expense-paid seminars and conferences for Senate staffers, Hispanic Americans and conservative activists. It also has contributed $500,000 to finance an anticommunist lobbying campaign headed by John T. (Terry) Dolan, chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)."
  26. ↑ Corry, John (29 July 1986). "On 13, Sandinistas Vs. Miskitos". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  27. ↑ "Revista Envío – How to Read the Reagan Administration: The Miskito Case". www.envio.org.ni. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  28. ↑ "FAIR" . Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  29. ↑ 2 Americans Reported Killed In an Ambush in Afghanistan The New York Times , 1987-10-28
  30. ↑ "PRIVATE GROUPS REPORT SURGE IN AID TO CONTRAS". cia.gov. May 8, 1985. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  31. ↑ "'COVERT' WAR ON SANDINISTAS CHANGING HANDS". cia.gov. December 22, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  32. ↑ Anderson, Jack (16 August 1984). "CIA, Moonies Cooperate in Sandinista War" (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  33. ↑ McGill, Peter (October 15, 2022). "The Dark Shadow Cast by Moon Sun Myung's Unification Church and Abe Shinzo". The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  34. ↑ 30,000 participate in anti-draft rally in Washington Archived 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine , Daily Collegian, March 24, 1980
  35. ↑ Moon's Sect Is Taxable, Court Rules, The New York Times , May 7, 1981
  36. ↑ N.Y. Upholds Tax Exemption for 'Moonies', Los Angeles Times , May 6, 1982
  37. ↑ Miller, Johnny (September 3, 1983). "Police chief dies at ballgame". San Francisco Chronicle . For a second day, the Soviet Consulate in Pacific Heights was the scene of emotional protests against the shooting down of a Korean Air Lines jumbo jet. About 300 people held demonstration yesterday morning. Among them were members of the Unification Church, or "Moonies," whose founder is the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the South Korean who has melded a fierce anti-communism into his ideology. Eldridge Cleaver, the onetime black radical who recently has had ties with the Moonies, spoke at the rally. Many pickets carried signs accusing the Soviet Union of murdering the 269 passengers and crew aboard the airliner. In another development, San Francisco attorney Melvin Belli filed a $109 billion lawsuit against the Soviet Union on behalf of the 269 victims.
  38. ↑ Isikoff, Michael (September 17, 1984). "Church Spends Millions On Its Image". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  39. ↑ Ribadeneira, Diego (August 21, 1999). "Ire at school Star of David ruling unites ACLU, Pat Robertson". The Boston Globe . p. B2.
  40. ↑ Projections about a post-Soviet world-twenty-five years later. // Goliath Business News
  41. ↑ EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; New Flock for Moon Church: The Changing Soviet Student from The New York Times
  42. ↑ Carden, Paul (Summer 1998). "Cults and New Religious Movements in the Former Soviet Union". eastwestreport.org.
  43. 1 2 At Time of Change for Rev. Moon Church, a Return to Tradition // The New York Times, 14 October 2009
  44. ↑ "mk 뉴스 — 金장례식에 日여자마술사 초청한 까닭". News.mk.co.kr. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  45. ↑ GOODMAN, WALTER (21 January 1992). "Review/Television; Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes". New York Times (published January 21, 1992).
  46. ↑ The same old game Archived 2009-02-15 at the Wayback Machine , Al-Ahram , November 12–18, 1998, "The Washington Times is a mouthpiece for the ultra conservative Republican right, unquestioning supporters of Israel's Likud government. The newspaper is owned by Sun Myung Moon, originally a native of North Korea and head of the Unification Church, whose ultra-right leanings make him a ready ally for Netanyahu. Whether or not Netanyahu is personally acquainted with Moon is unclear, though there is no doubt that he has established close friendships with several staff members on The Washington Times, whose editorial policy is rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."
  47. ↑ Pollack, Andrew (September 15, 1995). "Bushes Speak at Tokyo Rally of Group Linked to Moon Church". The New York Times.
  48. ↑ Brozan, Nadine (July 15, 1995). "CHRONICLE". The New York Times.
  49. ↑ Sanger, David E. (September 17, 1995). "SEPT. 10–16; Mr. Bush's Asian Tour". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ Rev. Moon and the United Nations: A Challenge for the NGO Community, Harold Paine and Birgit Gratzer, Global Policy Forum
  51. ↑ WANGO
  52. ↑ In Ban's UN, Sun Myung Moon's Paper is Praised, While Gambari Raises Him Funds, WFP Demurs Inner City Press, June 5, 2007
  53. ↑ 'Moonies' launch political party in S Korea,The Independent (South Africa), March 10, 2003
  54. ↑ "자유게시판". Unikorea.go.kr. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  55. ↑ "mk ´ş˝ş ĹëŔĎąłŔ°˝ÉŔÇŔ§ °łĂÖ..łťłâ ĹëŔĎąłŔ° šćÇâ źłÁ¤". News.mk.co.kr. 2006-12-28. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  56. ↑ Nepalese Constituent Assembly Archived 2012-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ "News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual". Myrepublica.Com. 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
  58. ↑ A Desire to Feed the World and Inspire Self-Sufficiency, The New York Times, August 11, 2007
  59. ↑ 임상균,김규식 (21 December 2011). "金장례식에 日여자마술사 초청한 까닭". mk.co.kr. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  60. ↑ Kirk, Don (May 2, 1998). "Reverend Moon's Group Wants to Talk Investment : Seoul Nods At Church's Foray North". The New York Times .
  61. ↑ Kirk, Don (February 16, 2000). "Church Reaches Across Border in Korea Car Venture : Moon's Northward Push". The New York Times.
  62. ↑ The Bush Administration's Secret Link to North Korea, Aram Roston, The Daily Beast , February 7, 2012
  63. ↑ Unification Church president on condolence visit to N. Korea, Yonhap News , December 26, 2011
  64. ↑ "Moonies" launch political party in S Korea,The Independent (South Africa), March 10, 2003
  65. ↑ "자유게시판". Unikorea.go.kr. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  66. ↑ "mk 'ş˝ş ĹëŔĎąłŔ°˝ÉŔÇŔ§ °łĂÖ..łťłâ ĹëŔĎąłŔ° šćÇâ źłÁ¤". News.mk.co.kr. 2006-12-28. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  67. ↑ "문선명은 김정일 사망 알았나". well.hani.co.kr. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  68. ↑ "Son of Unification Church founder meets with senior North Korean official in Pyongyang". The San Diego Union-Tribune . 15 December 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2018– via The Associated Press.
  69. ↑ 김, 광태 (30 November 2011). "S. Korea says food aid reached intended beneficiaries in N. Korea". Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  70. ↑ "Kbs News". Sports.kbs.co.kr. Archived from the original on 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
  71. ↑ "Moon Sun Myung Awarded National Reunification Prize", Korean Central News Agency, 7 September 2012, archived from the original on 29 July 2014, retrieved 13 September 2012
  72. ↑ North Korean leader extends condolences over 1 yr anniversary of Unification Church founder death, Yonhap News, August 20, 2013
  73. ↑ Proposal for a Joint Mission to North Korea, Tehran Times, 2017-11-6
  74. ↑ The Washington Times , 11-22-2020, Rally for Hoope Draws Million Attendees
  75. ↑ Suzuki, Takuya (12 July 2022). "Unification Church says former Japan PMs Kishi, Abe 'supported' its peace movement". Mainichi Shimbun . Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  76. ↑ Takahashi, Kosuke (July 28, 2022). "The LDP's Tangled Ties to the Unification Church" . The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022.
  77. ↑ Allen, Rachael (June 1, 2021). "The Man Who Wants to Free Trump Supporters From 'Mind Control'". Slate.
  78. 1 2 Fisher, Mark (13 July 2022). "How Abe and Japan became vital to Moon's Unification Church". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022.
  79. ↑ Sakura, Yoshihide (2010-11-01). "Geopolitical Mission Strategy: The Case of the Unification Church in Japan and Korea". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 37 (2): 317–334. doi: 10.18874/jjrs.37.2.2010.317-334 . hdl: 2115/47996 . ISSN   0304-1042. JSTOR   41038704.
  80. ↑ "旧統一教会と政治の関係 "解散命令"信教の自由と関係ない", Tokyo Broadcasting System (in Japanese), 29 August 2022, retrieved 29 August 2022– via YouTube
  81. ↑ "【旧統一教会】元信者多田氏が暴露「合同結婚式で"尻をたたき合う"儀式」「参加資格は信者勧誘+献金ノルマ+断食+１４０万円」", Mainichi Broadcasting System (in Japanese), 2 September 2022, retrieved 3 September 2022
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  83. ↑ "自己破産させられた信者はたくさんいる. 2世の苦しみがどんなにつらいか. 霊感商法弁護団が会見" [There are many believers who have been bankrupted by themselves. How painful the suffering of the second generation is. An inspirational commercial law defence team meets]. Bengo4.com (in Japanese). 12 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022 – via Yahoo! News Japan.
  84. ↑ 全国霊感商法対策弁護士連絡会 [National Inspirational Commercial Law Countermeasures Lawyer Liaison Committee] (in Japanese). National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022.
  85. ↑ 窓口別被害者集計（1987年~） (in Japanese). National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022.
  86. ↑ "旧統一教会の名称変更「お祭り騒ぎ」「新しい人が入りやすく」元信者が証言 政治家と教団の関係に信者家族は憤り「問題意識なくがっかり」", Tokyo Broadcasting System (in Japanese), 2 August 2022, retrieved 12 September 2022– via YouTube
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  88. ↑ Andrew Marshall, Michiko Toyama: In The Name of the Godfather, Tokyo Journal, October 1994. Pages 29–35
  89. 1 2 Richard, Samuels J. (December 2001), "Kishi and Corruption: An Anatomy of the 1955 System", Japan Policy Research Institute (Working Paper No. 83)
  90. 1 2 Crittenden, Ann (1976-05-25). "Moon's Sect Pushes Pro‐Seoul Activities". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  91. ↑ Hyun, Cho (12 July 2022). "Why did Abe appear in a Unification Church video?". Hankyoreh . Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  92. ↑ Halloran, Richard (16 March 1978). "UNIFICATION CHURCH CALLED SEOUL TOOL" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  93. ↑ "「安倍派中心に関係強化を」旧統一教会 創始者・文鮮明氏が信者に政界工作説く", TV Asahi (in Japanese), 2022-11-07, retrieved 2022-11-08
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  96. ↑ Hirotoshi Itō (14 July 2022). "「擁護はできないが、統一協会への恨みは理解できる」元信者が弁護士会見で明かしたこと" ["I can't defend it, but I understand the grudge against the Unification Church," a former believer revealed at a lawyer's press conference.]. Gendai Ismedia Kōdansha (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
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  105. 1 2 当初の狙いは宗教団体の幹部襲撃か「母親がのめり込み恨みがあった」 安倍元首相銃撃事件の容疑者が供述 (in Japanese). Yomiuri shimbun. 9 July 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
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  125. ↑ Vera, Amir (March 2018). "Couples clutching AR-15 rifles renew wedding vows". CNN.
  126. ↑ Phillips, Kristine (1 March 2018). "With crowns on their heads and AR-15s in their arms, couples exchange vows in pro-gun church" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  127. ↑ "AR-15 rifles, pistols, crowns of bullets and renewal of wedding vows in church". Newsweek . 1 March 2018.
  128. ↑ "February 28, 2018 "Cosmic True Parents of Heaven, Earth and Humanity Cheon Il Guk Book of Life Registration Blessing" Ceremony – World Peace and Unification Sanctuary". sanctuary-pa.org. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  129. ↑ Sanctuary, Unification (19 January 2018). "Peace Police Peace Militia Intro" – via Vimeo.
  130. ↑ "Florida high school shooting: Here's what we know". USA TODAY. Retrieved Oct 10, 2021.
  131. ↑ "Different School Day for Wallenpaupack Elementary Students". 28 February 2018.
  132. ↑ Michelle Goldberg in 2006. Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism. 1st ed. W. W. Norton. p. 118
  133. ↑ Robert Parry. The Moon-Bush Cash Conduit 2006-06-14.
  134. ↑ Richard Rubenstein. Peace King 2007
  135. ↑ Thomas Ward, 2006, Give and Forget
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