Unequal treaty

Main article: Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)

Unequal treaty
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	不平等條約
Simplified Chinese	不平等条约
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin bù-píngděng tiáoyuē Wade–Giles pu1 p'ing2 teng3 t'iao2 yüeh1 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping bat1 ping4 dang2 tiu4 joek3

Treaty		Year	Imposer	Imposed on
English name	Chinese name
Treaty of Nanking	南京條約	1842	United Kingdom	Qing dynasty
Treaty of the Bogue	虎門條約	1843	United Kingdom
Treaty of Wanghia	中美望廈條約	1844	United States
Treaty of Whampoa	黃埔條約	1844	France
Treaty of Canton	中瑞廣州條約	1847	Sweden-Norway
Treaty of Kulja	中俄伊犁塔爾巴哈臺通商章程	1851	Russia
Treaty of Aigun	璦琿條約	1858	Russia
Treaty of Tientsin (1858)	天津條約	1858	France
			United Kingdom
			Russia
			United States
Convention of Peking	北京條約	1860	United Kingdom
			France
			Russia
Treaty of Tientsin (1861)	中德通商条约	1861	Prussia , also for Deutscher Zollverein
Chefoo Convention	煙臺條約	1876	United Kingdom
Treaty of Livadia	里瓦幾亞條約	1879	Russia
Treaty of Saint Petersburg	伊犁條約	1881	Russia
Treaty of Tientsin (1885)	中法新約	1885	France
Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking	中葡北京條約	1887	Portugal
Treaty of Shimonoseki (Treaty of Maguan)	馬關條約	1895	Japan
Li–Lobanov Treaty	中俄密約	1896	Russia
Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula	旅大租地条约	1898	Russia
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory	展拓香港界址專條	1898	United Kingdom
Treaty of Kwangchow Wan  [ fr ]	廣州灣租界條約	1899	France
Boxer Protocol	辛丑條約	1901	United Kingdom
			United States
			Japan
			Russia
			France
			Germany
			Italy
			Austria-Hungary
			Belgium
			Spain
			Netherlands
Simla Convention	西姆拉條約	1914	United Kingdom	Republic of China
Twenty-One Demands	二十一條	1915	Japan
Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement	中日共同防敵軍事協定	1918	Japan
Tanggu Truce	塘沽協定	1933	Japan

Imposed on Japan

Treaty			Year	Imposer	Imposed on
English name		Japanese name
Convention of Kanagawa		日米和親条約	1854 [15]	United States	Tokugawa shogunate
Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty		日英和親条約	1854 [16]	United Kingdom
Treaty of Shimoda		下田条約	1855	Russia
Ansei Treaties
	Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan (Harris Treaty)	安政条約	1858 [17]	United States
	Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Japan			Netherlands
	Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Russian Empire and Japan			Russia
	Treaty of Amity and Commerce between British Empire and Japan			United Kingdom
	Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan			France
Prussian-Japanese Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation		日普修好通商条約	1861 [18]	Prussia
Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Austria and Japan		日墺修好通商航海条約	1868 [19]	Austria-Hungary	Japan
Spanish-Japanese Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation		日西修好通商航海条約	1868 [20]	Spain
Retrocession following the Triple Intervention Convention of retrocession of the Liaodong Peninsula  [ ja ]		遼東還付条約	1895 [21]	France   Russia   Germany

Imposed on Korea

Treaty		Year	Imposer	Imposed on
English name	Korean name
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (Treaty of Ganghwa)	강화도 조약 (江華島條約)	1876 [22]	Japan	Joseon dynasty
United States–Korea Treaty of 1882	조미수호통상조약 (朝美修好通商條約)	1882 [23]	United States
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 (Treaty of Chemulpo)	제물포 조약 (濟物浦條約)	1882	Japan
China–Korea Treaty of 1882 (Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules)	조청상민수륙무역장정 (朝淸商民水陸貿易章程)	1882 [24]	Qing dynasty
Germany–Korea Treaty of 1883	조독수호통상조약 (朝獨修好通商條約)	1883 [25]	Germany
United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883	조영수호통상조약 (朝英修好通商條約)	1883 [26]	United Kingdom
Russia–Korea Treaty of 1884	조로수호통상조약 (朝露修好通商條約)	1884 [27]	Russia
Italy–Korea Treaty of 1884	조이수호통상조약 (朝伊修好通商條約)	1884 [28]	Italy
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885 (Treaty of Hanseong)	한성조약 (漢城條約)	1885 [29]	Japan
France–Korea Treaty of 1886	조불수호통상조약 (朝佛修好通商條約)	1886 [30]	France
Austria–Korea Treaty of 1892	조오수호통상조약 (朝奧修好通商條約)	1892 [31]	Austria-Hungary
Belgium–Korea Treaty of 1901	조벨수호통상조약 (朝白修好通商條約)	1901 [32]	Belgium	Korean Empire
Denmark–Korea Treaty of 1902	조덴수호통상조약 (朝丁修好通商條約)	1902 [33]	Denmark
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904	한일의정서 (韓日議定書)	1904 [34]	Japan [35]
Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904	제1차 한일협약 (第一次韓日協約)	1904 [36]	Japan [37]
Japan–Korea Agreement of April 1905		1905 [38]	Japan [39]
Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1905		1905 [40]	Japan [41]
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905	제2차 한일협약 (第二次韓日協約) (을사조약 (乙巳條約))	1905 [42]	Japan [43]
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907	제3차 한일협약 (第三次韓日協約) (정미조약 (丁未條約))	1907 [44]	Japan
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910	한일병합조약 (韓日倂合條約)	1910 [45]	Japan

Modern uses

In 2018, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad compared Chinese Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure projects in Malaysia to unequal treaties. ^{[46] [47]} He said "They know that when they lend big sums of money to a poor country, in the end they may have to take the project for themselves," and "China knows very well that it had to deal with unequal treaties in the past imposed upon China by Western powers. So China should be sympathetic toward us. They know we cannot afford this". ^[48]

See also

• Western imperialism in Asia
• Concessions in China
• List of Chinese treaty ports
• Sick man of Asia
• Century of humiliation
• Client state
• Puppet state
• Most favoured nation
• Normanton incident

References

1. "Unequal Treaties with China". Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
2. Fravel, M. Taylor (October 1, 2005). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes". International Security. 30 (2): 46–83. doi:10.1162/016228805775124534. ISSN   0162-2889. S2CID   56347789.
3. Wang, Dong. (2005). China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 1–2. ISBN   9780739112083.
4. Hsu, Immanuel C. Y. (1970). The Rise of Modern China. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN   0195012402.
5. Cobbs, Elizabeth (2013). American Umpire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 111. ISBN   9780674055476.
6. Dong Wang, China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2005).
7. Akira Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921–1931 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965; Reprinted: Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1990), passim.
8. Akira Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921–1931 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965; Reprinted: Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1990), passim.
9. "CHINA: Nationalist Notes". TIME. June 25, 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
10. Andreas Steen: Deutsch-chinesische Beziehungen 1911-1927: Vom Kolonialismus zur „Gleichberechtigung“. Eine Quellensammlung. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag 2006, S. 221.
11. Andreas Steen: Deutsch-chinesische Beziehungen 1911-1927: Vom Kolonialismus zur „Gleichberechtigung“. Eine Quellensammlung. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag 2006, S. 221.
12. Michael R. Auslin (2006). Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy. Harvard University Press. pp. 17, 44. ISBN   9780674020313.
13. Preston, Peter Wallace. [1998] (1998). Blackwell Publishing. Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction. ISBN   0-631-20238-2
14. I. H. Nish, "Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties: The Anglo-Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894," Journal of Oriental Studies (1975) 13#2 pp 137-146.
15. Auslin, Michael R. (2004) Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy, p. 17. , p. 17, at Google Books
16. Auslin, p. 30. , p. 30, at Google Books
17. Auslin, pp. 1, 7. , p. 1, at Google Books
18. Auslin, p. 71. , p. 71, at Google Books
19. Auslin, Michael R. (2004) Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy, p. 154. , p. 154, at Google Books
20. Howland, Douglas (2016). International Law and Japanese Sovereignty: The Emerging Global Order in the 19th Century. Springer. ISBN   9781137567772.
21. Dreyer, June Teufel (2016). Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun: Sino-Japanese Relations, Past and Present. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN   978-0-19-537566-4.
22. Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 33. , p. 33, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty Between Japan and Korea, dated February 26, 1876."
23. Korean Mission, p. 29. , p. 29, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
24. Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.
25. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Germany and Korea. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated November 23, 1883."
26. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Korea ... dated November 26, 1883."
27. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Russia. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated June 25, 1884."
28. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Italy. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce dated June 26, 1884."
29. Yi, Kwang-gyu and Joseph P. Linskey. (2003). Korean Traditional Culture, p. 63. , p. 63, at Google Books; excerpt, "The so-called Hanseong Treaty was concluded between Korea and Japan. Korea paid compensation for Japanese losses. Japan and China worked out the Tien-Tsin Treaty, which ensured that both Japanese and Chinese troops withdraw from Korea."
30. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and France. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated June 4, 1886."
31. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Austria. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated July 23, 1892."
32. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Belgium. Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated March 23, 1901."
33. Korean Mission, p. 32. , p. 32, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Denmark. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated July 15, 1902."
34. Korean Mission, p. 34. , p. 34, at Google Books; excerpt, "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904."
35. Note that the Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington, D.C., 1921–1922 identified this as "Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea, dated February 23, 1904"
36. Korean Mission, p. 35. , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904."
37. Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 22, 1904"
38. Korean Mission, p. 35. , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905."
39. Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated April 1, 1905"
40. Korean Mission, p. 35. , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905."
41. Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated August 13, 1905"
42. Korean Mission, p. 35. , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
43. Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921–1922 identified this as "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905"
44. Korean Mission, p. 35. , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated July 24, 1907."
45. Korean Mission, p. 36. , p. 36, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated August 20, 1910."
46. Bland, Ben (June 24, 2018). "Malaysian backlash tests China's Belt and Road ambitions". Financial Times. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
47. "Analysis | New Malaysian government steps back from spending, Chinese projects". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved March 22, 2022.
48. Beech, Hannah (August 20, 2018). "'We Cannot Afford This': Malaysia Pushes Back Against China's Vision". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved March 22, 2022.

Bibliography

• Auslin, Michael R. (2004). Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-01521-0; OCLC 56493769
• Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (1970). The Rise of Modern China. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 300287988
• Nish, I. H (1975). "Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties: The Anglo-Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894". Journal of Oriental Studies. 13 (2): 137–146.
• Perez, Louis G (1999). Japan Comes of Age: Mutsu Munemitsu & the Revision of the Unequal Treaties. p. 244.
• Ringmar, Erik (2013). Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Wang, Dong (2003). "The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China". Pacific Affairs. 76 (3): 399–425.
• Wang, Dong. (2005). China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN   9780739112083.
• Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes . Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-1-4008-2887-6
• Halleck, Henry Wager. (1861). International law: or, Rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war. New York: D. Van Nostrand. OCLC 852699
• Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 12923609
• Fravel, M. Taylor (2005). Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes. International Security. 30 (2): 46–83. doi:10.1162/016228805775124534. ISSN 0162-2889.