The Woman's Exchange Movement (or Women's Exchange Movement) refers to a system of benevolent consignment stores, usually established and managed by women, to benefit women. A number of them are members of the Federation of Woman's Exchanges (1934), which is still active.
The Woman's Exchange Movement in the United States dates to 1832, with the establishment of the Philadelphia Ladies' Depository. [1] [2]
Exchanges are non-profit establishments. In the 19th century they were mainly set up by philanthropic women, providing a setting for women to sell their embroidery, sewing, and fancywork. This allowed women to earn a living without working outside their homes. [3] :1 Initially, the exchanges in Philadelphia and New Brunswick appear to have catered for women who had seen better days and had now become self-supporting. [4] At the time it was socially unacceptable for "genteel women" to work and the Women's Exchanges allowed them to sell their work anonymously. [5] The managers and organizers of the exchanges added to their philanthropic status. [3] :2 These women were also able to use their entrepreneurial skills in a socially acceptable way. [3] :3
Philadelphia, known colloquially as Philly, is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138. Since 1854, the city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area, with over 6 million residents as of 2017. Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley, located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, within the Northeast megalopolis. The Delaware Valley's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States, in the New York City metropolitan area. The city is the county seat of Middlesex County, and the home of Rutgers University. New Brunswick is on the Northeast Corridor rail line, 27 miles (43 km) southwest of Manhattan, on the southern bank of the Raritan River. As of 2016, New Brunswick had a Census-estimated population of 56,910, representing a 3.1% increase from the 55,181 people enumerated at the 2010 United States Census, which in turn had reflected an increase of 6,608 (+13.6%) from the 48,573 counted in the 2000 Census. Due to the concentration of medical facilities in the area, including Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Saint Peter's University Hospital, as well as Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey's Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick is known as both the Hub City and the Healthcare City. The corporate headquarters and production facilities of several global pharmaceutical companies are situated in the city, including Johnson & Johnson and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Many exchanges added tearooms and lunchrooms, which provided more revenue and became fashionable meeting places for upper-class women. [3] :95 While almost all the exchanges were unsuccessful as businesses, they nevertheless set high standards for the items they accepted, charging a commission of only 10 percent on sales. Consumers were therefore able to benefit from an interesting selection of hand-made articles at interesting prices. [4]
While many depositories and exchanges were local or regional operations, the Federation of Woman's Exchanges was established in 1934 and is still active. [6] While the Woman's Exchange Movement continued through the twentieth century and some exchanges are still in business, the movement has faded, due to a changing work force, rising rents, and a resistance to high-priced, hand-made merchandise. [7]
A table of Woman's Exchanges from 1832 through 1891 compiled from the 1891 publication Directory of Exchanges for Woman's Work and other sources. [3] :121–123
| Name | City | State | Year Founded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Woman's Exchange | Albany | New York | 1881 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | Atchison | Kansas | 1888 |
| Woman's Exchange | Augusta | Georgia | 1888 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | Baltimore | Maryland | 1880 [8] |
| Women's Educational and Industrial Union | Boston | Massachusetts | 1880 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Bridgeport | Connecticut | 1887 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Bristol | Rhode Island | 1885 |
| Brooklyn Female Employment Society | Brooklyn | New York | 1854 [9] |
| Woman's Exchange | Buffalo | New York | 1886 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Charlestown | South Carolina | 1885 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Charlottesville | Virginia | 1888 |
| Exchange for Woman's of Work Chicago | Chicago | Illinois | 1879 |
| Cincinnati Ladies' Depository | Cincinnati | Ohio | 1868 |
| Woman's Exchange | Cincinnati | Ohio | 1883 |
| Woman's Exchange | Cleveland | Ohio | 1890 |
| Woman's Exchange | Columbus | Ohio | 1885 |
| Woman's Exchange | Decatur | Illinois | 1889 |
| Woman's Exchange | Denver | Colorado | 1886 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Detroit | Michigan | 1889 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Duluth | Minnesota | 1889 |
| Woman's Exchange | Elizabeth | New Jersey | 1887 |
| Woman's Work Exchange | Englewood | New Jersey | 1884 |
| United Workers and Woman's Exchange | Hartford | Connecticut | 1888 |
| Woman's Exchange | Houston | Texas | 1887 |
| Woman's Exchange | Jackson | Illinois | 1891 |
| Woman's Exchange | Lancaster | Pennsylvania | 1885 |
| Woman's Exchange | Lexington | Kentucky | 1885 |
| Woman's Exchange | Little Rock | Arkansas | 1887 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | Los Angeles | California | 1887 |
| Woman's Exchange | Louisville | Kentucky | 1885 |
| Woman's Exchange | Lynchburg | Virginia | 1890 |
| Woman's Exchange | Madison | Wisconsin | 1887 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Memphis | Tennessee | 1887 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | Milwaukee | Wisconsin | 1882 |
| Women's Work and Art Exchange | Morristown | New Jersey | 1885 |
| Woman's Exchange | Mount Vernon | New York | 1888 |
| Depository of the Union for Good Works | New Bedford | Massachusetts | 1881 |
| Woman's Depository and Exchange | New Brunswick | New Jersey | 1856 |
| Christian Woman's Exchange | New Orleans | Louisiana | 1881 [10] |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | New York | New York | 1878 [11] |
| Madison Avenue Depository and Exchange for Woman's Work | New York | New York | 1886 |
| Harlem Exchange for Woman's Work | New York | New York | 1888 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Newark | New Jersey | 1881 |
| Woman's Exchange | Newport | Rhode Island | 1887 |
| Woman's Work Exchange | Norfolk | Virginia | 1884 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Northampton | Massachusetts | 1888 |
| Woman's Exchange | Oshkosh | Wisconsin | 1890 |
| Philadelphia Ladies' Depository | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 1832 [1] |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 1888 |
| Pittsburgh Ladies' Depository | Pittsburg | Pennsylvania | 1873 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | Pittsburg | Pennsylvania | 1886 |
| Woman's Exchange | Plainfield | New Jersey | 1889 |
| Rhode Island Exchange for Woman's Work | Providence | Rhode Island | 1881 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Richmond | Virginia | 1883 |
| Rochester Art Exchange | Rochester | New York | 1880 |
| Woman's Work Exchange | San Antonio | Texas | 1890 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | San Diego | California | 1887 |
| Woman's Exchange | San Francisco | California | 1885 |
| Woman's Industrial Exchange | Santa Barbara | California | 1890 |
| Woman's Exchange | Springfield | Illinois | 1886 |
| Woman's Exchange | St. Joseph | Missouri | 1886 |
| St. Louis Ladies' Depository | St. Louis | Missouri | 1879 |
| Woman's Exchange | St. Louis | Missouri | 1883 [12] |
| Woman's Work Exchange | St. Paul | Minnesota | 1882 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Stamford | Connecticut | 1885 |
| Exchange for Woman's Work | Staunton | Virginia | 1890 |
| Ladies' Exchange | Topeka | Kansas | 1889 |
| Woman's Exchange | Troy | New York | 1887 |
| Woman's Exchange | Utica | New York | 1888 |
| Woman's Exchange | Washington, DC | 1890 | |
| Woman's Exchange | Waterbury | Connecticut | 1890 |
| Woman's Exchange | Wichita | Kansas | 1889 |
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