Z/Architecture

This article is about z/Architecture mode. For z/Architecture in ESA/390 mode, see ESA/390.

z/Architecture

Designer	IBM
Bits	64-bit
Introduced	2000;24 years ago (2000)
Version	ARCHLVL 2 and ARCHLVL 3 (2008)
Design	CISC
Type	Register–Register Register–Memory Memory–Memory
Encoding	Variable (2, 4 or 6 bytes long)
Branching	Condition code, indexing, counting
Endianness	Big
Predecessor	ESA/390
Registers
Access 16× 32, breaking-event-address register (BEAR) 64-bit, Control 16×64, Floating Point Control 32-bit, Prefix 64 bit, PSW 128-bit
General-purpose	16× 64-bit
Floating point	16× 64-bit
Vector	32× 128-bit, VR0-VR15 contain FPR0-FPR15

z/Architecture, initially and briefly called ESA Modal Extensions (ESAME), is IBM's 64-bit complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architecture, implemented by its mainframe computers. IBM introduced its first z/Architecture-based system, the z900, in late 2000. ^[1] Later z/Architecture systems include the IBM z800, z990, z890, System z9, System z10, zEnterprise 196, zEnterprise 114, zEC12, zBC12, z13, z14, z15 and z16.

z/Architecture retains backward compatibility with previous 32-bit-data/31-bit-addressing architecture ESA/390 and its predecessors back to the 32-bit-data/24-bit-addressing System/360. The IBM z13 is the last z Systems server to support running an operating system in ESA/390 architecture mode. ^[2] However, all 24-bit and 31-bit problem-state application programs originally written to run on the ESA/390 architecture will be unaffected by this change.

Features

z/Architecture includes almost all ^{[lower-alpha 1]} of the features of ESA/390, and adds some new features. Among the features ^{[lower-alpha 2]} of z/Architecture are

A channel subsystem with the architecture introduced by S/370-XA

Branch relative instructions introduced by ESA/390

Trimodal (24/31/64-bit) addresses

16 32-bit access registers (ARs) introduced by ESA/370

16 64-bit general registers (GRs)

16 64-bit control registers (CRs) introduced by System/370

16 64-bit floating-point registers (FPRs)

32 128-bit vector registers (VRs); bits 0-63 of VR0-VR15 contain FPR0-FPR15

1 32-bit floating point control (FPC) register

1 128-bit processor status register (PSW), which includes a 64-bit instruction address

An 8-KiB prefix storage area (PSA)

Cryptographic Facility

IEEE Binary-floating-point instructions added by ESA/390

IEEE Decimal-floating point instructions

For information on when each feature was introduced, consult Principles of operation. ^{[3] [4]}

Registers

IBM z/Architecture registers

General Registers 0-15 Two's complement value 0 31 Two's complement value (continued) 32 63

Access Registers 0-15 [5] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P ALESN ALEN 0 6 7 8 15 16 31 z/Architecture Access register abbreviations Bits Field Meaning 0-6 0000000 7 P Primary 0=use dispatchable-unit access list 1=use primary-space access list 8-15 ALESN access-list-entry sequence number 16-31 ALEN access-list-entry number

Breaking-event-address register (BEAR) See Principles of Operation [6] 0 31 (continued) 32 63

Control Registers 0-15 See Principles of Operation [7] or Control Registers 0 31 (continued) 32 63

Floating Point Registers (hexadecimal) 0-15 S Biased exponent Mantissa 0 1 7 8 31 Mantissa (continued) 32 63

Floating Point Registers (binary, single precision) 0-15 S Biased exponent Mantissa 0 1 8 9 31

Floating Point Registers (binary, double precision) 0-15 S Biased exponent Mantissa 0 1 11 12 31 Mantissa (continued) 32 63

Prefix register [8] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 Prefix Bits 33-50 0 n/a 32 33 50 51 52 63

z/Architecture long PSW [9] 0 R 0 0 0 T I O E X Key 0 M W P AS CC Program Mask R I 0 0 0 0 0 0 E A 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 24 30 31 B A 0 32 33 63 Instruction Address 64 95 Instruction Address (Continued) 96 127 Long PSW abbreviations Bits Field Meaning 1 R PER Mask 5 T DAT mode 6 IO I/O mask 7 EX External Mask 8-11 Key PSW key 12 E=0 Must be zero for LPSWE 13 M Machine-check mask 14 W Wait state 15 P Problem state 16-17 AS Address-Space Control 00=primary-space mode 01=Access-register mode 10=Secondary-space mode 11=Home-space mode 18-19 CC Condition Code 20-23 PM Program Mask Bit Meaning 20 Fixed-point overflow 21 Decimal overflow 22 HFP Exponent underflow 23 HFP Significance 24 RI Reserved for IBM 31 EA Extended Addressing mode 0=defined by BA below; 1=64-bit, BA must be zero 32 BA Basic Addressing mode 0=24 or 64; 1=31 64-127 IA Instruction Address

z/Architecture short PSW [10] 0 R 0 0 0 T I O E X Key 1 M W P AS CC Program Mask R I 0 0 0 0 0 0 E A 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 24 25 30 31 B A Instruction Address 32 33 63 Short PSW abbreviations Bits Field Meaning 1 R PER Mask 5 T DAT mode 6 IO I/O mask 7 EX External Mask 8-11 Key PSW key 12 E=1 Must be one for LPSW 13 M Machine-check mask 14 W Wait state 15 P Problem state 16-17 AS Address-Space Control 00=primary-space mode 01=Access-register mode 10=Secondary-space mode 11=Home-space mode 18-19 CC Condition Code 20-23 PM Program Mask Bit Meaning 20 Fixed-point overflow 21 Decimal overflow 22 HFP Exponent underflow 23 HFP Significance 24 RI Reserved for IBM 31 EA Extended Addressing mode 0=defined by BA below; 1=64-bit, BA must be zero 32 BA Basic Addressing mode 0=24 or 64; 1=31 33-63 IA Instruction Address

Each processor has these registers

• Access registers
• Breaking-event-address register (BEAR)
• Control registers
• Floating point Control (FPC) register
• Floating point registers
• General registers
• Prefix register
• Program status word (PSW)
• Vector registers

Access registers

Each CPU has 16 32-bit access registers. ^{[5] [11]} When a program running in AR mode specifies register 1-15 as a base register or as a register operand containing an address, the CPU uses the associated access register during address translation.

Breaking-event-address register (BEAR)

The 64-bit BEAR ^{[6] [12]} contains the address of the last instruction that broke the sequential execution of instructions; an interrupt stores the BEAR in the doubleword at real address 272 (110₁₆). After an Execute of a branch, the BEAR contains the address of the execute, not that of the branch.

Control registers

The 16 64-bit control registers provide controls over and the status of a CPU, except for information included in the PSW. They are an evolutionary enhancement to the control registers on the earlier ESA/390 on the IBM S/390 processors. For details on which fields are dependent on specific features, consult the Principles of Operation. ^[13] Because z/Architecture expands the control registers from 32 bits to 64, the bit numbering differs from that in ESA/390.

z/Architecture mode control registers

CR	bits	Field
0	8	Transactional-execution control
0	9	Transactional-execution program-interruption filtering override
0	10	Clock-comparator sign control
0	13	Cryptography counter controll
0	14	Processor-activity-instrumentation-extension control
0	15	Measurement-counter-extraction-authorization control
0	30	Warning-track subclass mask
0	32	TRACE TOD-clock control
0	33	SSM-suppression
0	34	TOD-clock-sync control
0	35	Low-address-protection control
0	36	Extraction-authority control
0	37	Secondary-space control
0	38	Fetch-protection-override control
0	39	Storage-protection-override control
0	40	Enhanced-DAT-enablement control
0	43	Instruction-execution-protection-enablement control
0	44	ASN-and-LX-reuse control
0	45	AFP-register control
0	46	Vector enablement control
0	48	Malfunction-alert subclass mask
0	48	Malfunction-alert subclass mask
0	49	Emergency-signal subclass mask
0	50	External-call subclass mask
0	52	Clock-comparator subclass mask
0	53	CPU-timer subclass mask
0	54	Service-signal subclass mask
0	56	Initialized to 1
0	57	Interrupt-key subclass mask
0	58	Measurement-alert subclass mask
0	59	Timing-alert subclass mask
0	61	Crypto control
1	0-51	Primary Address-Space Control Element (ASCE) Primary region-table origin Primary segment-table origin Primary real-space token origin
1	54	Primary subspace-group control
1	55	Primary private-space control
1	56	Primary storage-alteration-event
1	57	Primary space-switch-event control
1	58	Primary real-space control
1	60-61	Primary designation-type control
1	62-63	Primary table length
2	33-57	Dispatchable-unit-control-table origin
2	59	Guarded-storage-facility enablement control
2	61	Transaction diagnostic scope
2	62-63	Transaction diagnostic control
3	0-31	Secondary ASN-second-table-entry instance number
3	32-47	PSW-key mask
3	48-63	Secondary ASN
4	0-31	Primary ASN-second-table-entry instance number
4	32-47	Authorization index
4	48-63	Primary ASN
5	33-57	Primary-ASN-second-table-entry origin
6	32-39	I/O-interruption subclass mask
7	0-51	Secondary Address-Space Control Element (ASCE) Secondary region-table origin Secondary segment-table origin Secondary real-space token origin
7	54	Secondary subspace-group control
7	55	Secondary private-space control
7	56	Secondary storage-alteration-event control
7	58	Secondary real-space control
7	60-61	Secondary designation-type control
7	62-63	Secondary table length
8	16-31	Enhanced-monitor masks
8	32-47	Extended authorization index
8	48-63	Monitor masks
9	32	Successful-branching-event mask
9	33	Instruction-fetching-event mask
9	34	Storage-alteration-event mask
9	35	Storage-key-alteration-event mask
9	36	Store-using-real-address-event mask
9	37	Zero-address-detection-event mask
9	38	Transaction-end event mask
9	39	Instruction-fetching-nullification-event mask
9	40	Branch-address control
9	41	PER-event-suppression control
9	43	Storage-alteration-space control
10	0-63	PER starting address
11	0-63	PER ending address
12	0	Branch-trace control
12	1	Mode-trace control
12	2-61	Trace-entry address
12	62	ASN-trace control
12	63	Explicit-trace control
13	0-51	Home Address-Space Control Element (ASCE) Home region-table origin Home segment-table origin Home real-space token origin
13	55	Home private-space control
13	56	Home storage-alteration-eventl
13	57	Home space-switch-event control
13	58	Secondary real-space control
13	60-61	Home designation-type control
13	62-63	Home table length
14	32	Set to 1
14	33	Set to 1
14	34	Extended save-area control (ESA/390-compatibility mode only)
14	35	Channel-report-pending subclass mask
14	36	Recovery subclass mask
14	37	Degradation subclass mask
14	38	External-damage subclass mask
14	39	Warning subclass mask
14	42	TOD-clock-control-override control
14	44	ASN-translation control
14	45-63	ASN-first-table origin
15	0-60	Linkage-stack-entry address

Floating point Control (FPC) register

The FPC register contains Interrupt Masks (IM), Status Flags (SF), Data Exception Code (DXC), Decimal Rounding Mode (DRM) and Binary Rounding Mode (BRM). An interruption only stores the DXC if the FPC register if the AFP-register (additional floating-point register) control bit, bit 13 of control register 0, is one. Also, while individual bits of the DXC usually have significance, programs should normally treat it as an 8-bit integer rather than querying individual bits.

FPC fields

Byte name	Bits	Field name	Use
masks	0	IMi	IEEE-invalid-operation mask
masks	1	IMz	IEEE-division-by-zero mask
masks	2	IMo	IEEE-overflow mask
masks	3	IMu	IEEE-underflow mask
masks	4	IMx	IEEE-inexact mask
masks	5	IMq	Quantum-exception mask
flags	8	SFi	IEEE-invalid-operation flag
flags	9	SFz	IEEE-division-by-zero
flags	10	SFo	IEEE-overflow flag
flags	11	SFu	IEEE-underflow flag
flags	12	SFx	IEEE-inexact flag
flags	13	SFq	Quantum-exception flag
DXC	16-23	DXC	Data-exception code
DXC	16	i	IEEE-invalid-operation
DXC	17	z	IEEE-division-by-zero
DXC	18	o	IEEE-overflow
DXC	19	u	IEEE-underflow mask
DXC	20	x	IEEE-inexact mask
DXC	21	y/q	Quantum-exception mask
	25-27	DRM	DFP rounding mode
	29-31	BRM	BFP rounding mode

Floating point registers

Each CPU had 16 64-bit floating point registers; FP0-15 occupy bits 0-63 of VR0-15.

General registers

Each CPU has 16 64-bit general registers, which serve as accumulators, base registers ^{[lower-alpha 3]} and index registers. ^{[lower-alpha 3]} Instructions designated as Grandé operate on all 64 bits; some instructions added by the Extended-Immediate Facility operate on any halfword or word in the register; most other instructions do not change or use bits 0-31.

Prefix register

The prefix register is used in translating a real address to an absolute address. In z/Architecture mode, the PSA is 2 pages (8 KiB). Bits 0-32 and 51-63 are always zero. If bits 0-50 of a real address are zero then they are replaced by bits 0-50 of the prefix register; if bits 0-50 of the real address are equal to bits 0-50 of the prefix register then they are replaced with zeros.

Program status word (PSW)

The PSW holds the instruction address and other fields reflecting the status of the program currently running on a CPU. The status of the program is also affected by the contents of the Control registers.

Vector registers

Each CPU has 32 128-bit vector registers.{{sfn|z|loc=Vector Registers|pp=2-5–2-6 bits 0-63 of VR0-15 are also FPR0-15. A vector register may contain 16 8-bit fields, 8 16-bit fields, 4 32-bit fields, 2 64-bit fields or 1 128-bit field.

Memory

IBM classifies memory in z/Architecture into Main Storage and Expanded Storage.

Main storage is addressed in 8-bit bytes (octets), with larger aligned ^{[lower-alpha 4]} groupings:

Halfword

Two bytes

16 bits

Word

Four bytes

32 bits

Doubleword

8 bytes

64 bits

Quadword

16 bytes

128 bits

Page

4096 bytes

Although z/Architecture allows real and virtual addresses from 0 to 2⁶⁴-1, engineering constraints limit current and planned models to far less.

Expanded storage is address in 4 KiB blocks, with block numbers ranging fom 0 to 2³².

Addressing

Types of main storage addresses

There are three types of main storage addresses in z/Architecture

Virtual address

The address as seen by application programs. It is an offset into an address space and is subject to address translation via page and segment tables.

Real address

The address after address translation, or the address seen by an OS component running with translation off. It is subject to prefixing.

Absolute address

The address after prefixing references to the first two pages ^{[lower-alpha 5]} via the prefix register.

Address encoding

z/Architecture uses the same truncated addressing as ESA, with some additional instruction formats. As with ESA, in AR mode each nonzero base register is associated with a base register specifying the address space. Depending on the instruction, an address may be provided in several different formats.

R

The address is contained in a general register

Relative

A signed 16-bit halfword offset from the current instruction.

Relative long

A signed 32-bit halfword offset from the current instruction.

RS

A base register and a 12-bit displacement

RX

A base register, an index register, and a 12-bit displacement

Y

A base register, an index register, and a 20-bit displacement; colloquially known as "Yonder".

Addressing modes

In addition to the two addressing modes supported by S/370-XA and ESA, a/Architecture has an extended addressing mode with 64-bit virtual addresses. The addressing mode is controlled by the EA (bit 31) and BA (bit 32) bits in the PSW. The valid combinations are

• 00 24-bit addressing
• 01 31-bit addressing
• 11 64-bit addressing

Translation modes

z/Architecture supports four virtual translation modes, controlled by ^[14] bit 5, the DAT-mode bit, and bits 16-17, the Address-Space Control (AS) bits, of the PSW.

Primary-space mode

All storage references use the translation tables for the primary address space

Access-register mode

All storage references use the translation tables designated by the access register associated with the base register.

Secondary-space mode

All storage references use the translation tables for the secondary address space

Home-space mode

All storage references use the translation tables for the home address space

Operating system support

IBM's operating systems z/OS, z/VSE, z/TPF, and z/VM are versions of MVS, VSE, Transaction Processing Facility (TPF), and VM that support z/Architecture. Older versions of z/OS, z/VSE, and z/VM continued to support 32-bit systems; z/OS version 1.6 and later, z/VSE Version 4 and later, and z/VM Version 5 and later require z/Architecture.

Linux also supports z/Architecture with Linux on IBM Z.

z/Architecture supports running multiple concurrent operating systems and applications even if they use different address sizes. This allows software developers to choose the address size that is most advantageous for their applications and data structures.

On July 7, 2009, IBM on occasion of announcing a new version of one of its operating systems implicitly stated that Architecture Level Set 4 (ALS 4) exists, and is implemented on the System z10 and subsequent machines. ^{[15] [16]} The ALS 4 is also specified in LOADxx as ARCHLVL 3, whereas the earlier z900, z800, z990, z890, System z9 specified ARCHLVL 2. Earlier announcements of System z10 simply specified that it implements z/Architecture with some additions: 50+ new machine instructions, 1 MB page frames, and hardware decimal floating point unit (HDFU). ^{[17] [18]}

Most^{[ citation needed ]} operating systems for the z/Architecture, including z/OS, generally restrict code execution to the first 2 GB (31 address bits, or 2³¹ addressable bytes) of each virtual address space for reasons of efficiency and compatibility rather than because of architectural limits. Linux on IBM Z allows code to execute within 64-bit address ranges.

z/OS

Each z/OS address space, called a 64-bit address space, is 16 exabytes in size.

Code (or mixed) spaces

The z/OS implementation of the Java programming language is an exception. The z/OS virtual memory implementation supports multiple 2 GB address spaces, permitting more than 2 GB of concurrently resident program code.

Data-only spaces

Data-only spaces are memory regions that can be read from and written to, but not used as executable code. (Similar to the NX bit on other modern processors.) By default, the z/Architecture memory space is indexed by 64-bit pointers, allowing up to 16 exabytes of memory to be visible to an executing program.

Dataspaces and hiperspaces

Applications that need more than a 16  exabyte data address space can employ extended addressability techniques, using additional address spaces or data-only spaces. The data-only spaces that are available for user programs are called:

• dataspaces (sometimes referred to as "data spaces") ^{[19] [20]} and
• hiperspaces (High performance space). ^{[21] [22]}

These spaces are similar in that both are areas of virtual storage that a program can create, and can be up to 2  gigabytes. Unlike an address space, a dataspace or hiperspace contains only user data; it does not contain system control blocks or common areas. Program code cannot run in a dataspace or a hiperspace. ^[23]

A dataspace differs from a hiperspace in that dataspaces are byte-addressable, whereas hiperspaces are page-addressable.

IBM mainframe expanded storage

Traditionally IBM Mainframe memory has been byte-addressable. This kind of memory is termed "Central Storage". IBM Mainframe processors through much of the 1980s and 1990s supported another kind of memory: Expanded Storage. It was first introduced with the IBM 3090 high-end mainframe series in 1985. ^[24]

Expanded Storage is 4KB-page addressable. When an application wants to access data in Expanded Storage it must first be moved into Central Storage. Similarly, data movement from Central Storage to Expanded Storage is done in multiples of 4KB pages. Initially page movement was performed using relatively expensive instructions, by paging subsystem code.

The overhead of moving single and groups of pages between Central and Expanded Storage was reduced with the introduction of the MVPG (Move Page) instruction and the ADMF (Asynchronous Data Mover Facility) capability.

The MVPG instruction and ADMF are explicitly invoked—generally by middleware in z/OS or z/VM (and ACP?)—to access data in expanded storage. Some uses are namely:

• MVPG is used by VSAM Local Shared Resources (LSR) buffer pool management to access buffers in a hiperspace in Expanded Storage.
• Both MVPG and ADMF are used by IBM Db2 to access hiperpools. Hiperpools are portions of a buffer pool located in a hiperspace.
• VM Minidisk Caching.

Until the mid-1990s Central and Expanded Storage were physically different areas of memory on the processor. Since the mid-1990s Central and Expanded Storage were merely assignment choices for the underlying processor memory. These choices were made based on specific expected uses: For example, Expanded Storage is required for the Hiperbatch function (which uses the MVPG instruction to access its hiperspaces).

In addition to the hiperspace and paging cases mentioned above there are other uses of expanded storage, including:

• Virtual I/O (VIO) to Expanded Storage which stored temporary data sets in simulated devices in Expanded Storage. (This function has been replaced by VIO in Central Storage.)
• VM Minidisk Caching.

z/OS removed the support for Expanded Storage. All memory in z/OS is now Central Storage. z/VM 6.4 fulfills Statement of Direction to drop support for all use of Expanded Storage.

MVPG and ADMF

MVPG

IBM described MVPG as "moves a single page and the central processor cannot execute any other instructions until the page move is completed." ^[25]

The MVPG mainframe instruction ^[26] (MoVe PaGe, opcode X'B254') has been compared to the MVCL (MoVe Character Long) instruction, both of which can move more than 256 bytes within main memory using a single instruction. These instructions do not comply with definitions for atomicity, although they can be used as a single instruction within documented timing and non-overlap restrictions. ^{[27] : Note 8, page 7–27  [28]}

The need to move more than 256 bytes within main memory had historically been addressed with software ^[29] (MVC loops), MVCL, ^[30] which was introduced with the 1970 announcement of the System/370, and MVPG, patented ^[31] and announced by IBM in 1989, each have advantages. ^[32]

ADMF

ADMF (Asynchronous Data Mover Facility), which was introduced in 1992, goes beyond the capabilities of the MVPG (Move Page) instruction, which is limited to a single page, ^[33] and can move groups of pages between Central and Expanded Storage.

A macro instruction named IOSADMF, which has been described as an API that avoids "direct, low-level use of ADMF", ^[34] can be used to read ^{[lower-alpha 6]} or write data to or from a hiperspace. ^[35] Hiperspaces are created using DSPSERV CREATE.

To provide reentrancy, IOSADMF is used together with a "List form" and "Execute form." ^[36]

Non-IBM implementations

Platform Solutions Inc. (PSI) previously marketed Itanium-based servers which were compatible with z/Architecture. IBM bought PSI in July 2008, and the PSI systems are no longer available. ^[37] FLEX-ES, zPDT and the Hercules emulator also implement z/Architecture. Hitachi mainframes running newer releases of the VOS3 operating system implement ESA/390 plus Hitachi-unique CPU instructions, including a few 64-bit instructions. While Hitachi formally collaborated with IBM on the z900-G2/z800 CPUs introduced in 2002, Hitachi's machines are not z/Architecture-compatible.

Notes

1. The ESA asynchronous-pageout, asynchronous-data-mover, program-call-fast, and ESA/390 vector facilities are not present in z/Architecture. The z/Architecture vector feature has been replaced by a very different vector facility.
2. For a complete list see Chapter 1. Introduction in Principle of Operation. ^{[3] [4]}
3. Except for general register 0.
4. Some instructions allow references to unaligned data.
5. References to the first page in ESA mode, but that is not available on current models.
6. AREAD - transfer data from a hiperspace to the program's primary address space.

References

z

z/Architecture Principles of Operation (PDF) (Fourteenth ed.). IBM. May 2022. SA22-7832-13. Retrieved June 28, 2024.

1. Development and Attributes of z/Architecture Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine , IBM Journal of Research and Development, 2002.
2. "Accommodate functions for the z13 server to be discontinued on future servers". IBM . 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
3. z, pp. 1-2–1-7, Highlights of Original z/Architecture.
4. z, pp. 1-7–1-31, Additions to z/Architecture.
5. z, p. 5-50, Access-Register-Specified Address Spaces.
6. z, p.  4-46, Breaking-Event-Address Register.
7. z, pp. 4-9–4-11, Figure 4-5. Assignment of Control-Register Fields.
8. z, pp. 3-22–3-23, Prefixing in the z/Architecture Architectural Mode.
9. z, pp. 4-5–4-8, Program-Status-Word Format.
10. z, p. 4-8, Short PSW Format.
11. z, pp. 6-15–6-16, Access Registers.
12. z, p. 4-464-46, Breaking-Event-Address Register.
13. z, pp.  4-9–4-12, Control Registers.
14. z, pp.  3-41, 3-42, Figure 3-15. Translation Modes.
15. Preview: IBM z/VM V6.1 - Foundation for future virtualization growth Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine , IBM United States Software Announcement 209-207, dated July 7, 2009
16. ALS 1 was 9672 G2; ALS 2 was 9672 G5; ALS 3 was the original z/Architecture: "IBM CMOS Processor Table". 18 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
17. "IBM System z10 Business Class (z10 BC) Reference Guide" (PDF). IBM . 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
18. "z/Architecture Principles of Operation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
19. Hoskins, Jim; Frank, Bob (2002). Exploring IBM Eserver Zseries and S/390 Servers. Maximum Press. p. 26. ISBN   1885068913. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2017-10-19. VM Data Spaces architecture is standard on all System/390 processors.
20. "CA Defends VSE Policy". InformationWeek. October 21, 1991. p. 15. Computer Associates International is now providing data space technology to VSE/ESA or System/370 users.
21. "Analyzing data in memory". IBM.
22. Hemanth Nandas (October 15, 2007). "What is hiperspace? Which was the first OS to support hiperspace?". Newsgroup:  ibmmainframes.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017. HIGH PERFORMANCE SPACE or "High Performance Dataspace" (author Anuj Dhawan, same date)
23. "CheatSheet #54 zTidBits z/OS Extended Addressing" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-17.
24. Sakaki, M.; Samukawa, H.; Honjou, N. (1988). "Effective utilization of IBM 3090 large virtual storage in the numerically intensive computations of ab initio molecular orbitals". IBM Systems Journal. 27 (4): 528–540. doi:10.1147/sj.274.0528. ISSN   0018-8670.
25. US 5442802  Asynchronous co-processor data mover method and means
26. "HLASM - MVPG = MoVe PaGe". Archived from the original on 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
27. MOVE LONG, note 8. "GA22-7000-10, IBM System/370, Principles of Operation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
28. "things are done immediately, and there is no chance of the instruction being half-completed or of another being interspersed. Used especially to convey that an operation cannot be interrupted." "Atomic from FOLDOC".
29. "$MVCL – Move more than 256 bytes of storage". IBM . 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
30. "Move Long". Archived from the original on 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
31. US 5237668  Process using virtual addressing in a non-privileged instruction to control the copying of a page of data in or between multiple media
32. "MVPG faster than MVCL for aligned pages?". IBM-MAIN (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
33. IBM's patent EP0549924A1 describes MVPG as "moves a single page."
34. Celestini, Art (Aug 20, 1997). "admf". IBM-MAIN (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-24– via Google Groups.
35. z/OS MVS Programming: Extended Addressability Guide - SA23-1394-00
36. "IOSADMF — Transfer hiperspace data". IBM . 7 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
37. "IBM Acquires Platform Solutions" (Press release). IBM. 2008-07-02. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

Further reading

• Preshing on Programming - Atomic vs. Non-Atomic Operations
• Principles of Computer Design - Atomicity