The complete Bible has been translated into three of the dialects of Inupiat language (Greenland, Labrador and Inuktitut (East Arctic)), the New Testament in two more and portions in another.
The Ethnologue lists five major Inuit dialects: Eastern Canadian, Western Canadian, North Alaskan, Northwest Alaskan and Greenlandic. Each of these dialects have at least a New Testament translated. Even though Inuit language is very spread out it is rather arbitrary to decide where to draw the lines of dialects. Labrador and East Arctic/Baffin Inuit are both the same dialect according to Ethnologue, but both have their own translation of the Bible in their own orthographies.
Greenland Dialect (kal)
The Norwegian missionaries, Hans and Paul Egede, were the first to translate any part of the Bible into the Inuit language. Their version of the New Testament in the Greenlandic was printed in part in 1744, and as a whole in 1766.
Hans Poulsen Egede was a Dano-Norwegian Lutheran missionary who launched mission efforts to Greenland, which led him to be styled the Apostle of Greenland. He established a successful mission among the Inuit and is credited with revitalizing Dano-Norwegian interest in the island after contact had been broken for hundreds of years. He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk.
Paul or Poul Hansen Egede was a Dano-Norwegian theologian, missionary, and scholar, principally concerned with the Lutheran mission among the Kalaallit people of the Greenland established by his father Hans in 1721.
A second translation by Otto Fabricius, was published in 1794 and in 1799. Niels Giessing Wolf's revision of Fabricus' translation was published in 1827 in Kopenhagen.
A third translation was translated by Johan Kleinschmidt in 1822, this ran through several editions. H.F. Jorgensen's revised edition Kleinschmidt's translation was published in 1893.
Nearly three-quarters of the Old Testament was printed in the same language from 1822. It took 150 years to complete the whole Bible, but it was eventually done (prior to 1902).
The Danish Bible Society translated the whole Bible into a modern Greenlandic dialect, which was completed in 1999.
Labrador/Eastern Canadian (ike)
Benjamin Kohlmeister's harmony of the gospels was published in 1810 in London by W. McDowall. Kohlmeister also translated the entire gospel of John (mostly extracted from the harmony) and this was published later in 1810, also by W. McDowall, at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society. 1000 copies were published. This was very well received and Kohlmeister's translation of the other three gospels was published in 1813. C.F. Burghardt may have been involved in the 1813 publication.
A version of the Acts and Epistles prepared by the labour of the Moravian missionaries was published by the Society in 1819 and in 1826 a complete edition of the New Testament left the Society's press in London. In 1839 a revised edition of the Acts Epistles and book of Revelation was completed.
Psalms was published in 1826 and again in 1830, and Genesis in 1834. The complete New Testament was published again in 1840, followed by the Pentateuch which was published in London in 1847, Proverbs and the prophetical books were published in 1849.[1] The whole Old Testament was published before 1867.
A version of the gospels and Acts was printed in Stolpen by Gustav Winterib for the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1876.
Even though the whole Bible had been translated by 1867, it had never been published as a whole book. The Moravian Church in Newfoundland & Labrador and the Canadian Bible Society partnered together to revise the whole Bible in the Labrador dialect, and to publish it as one volume.[2] It was officially launched on January 20, 2009.
North Slope (Alaska) (esi)
Roy Amaogak, together with Donald & Thelma Webster of Wycliffe Bible Translators translated the New Testament into the North Slope dialect of Inupiaq. It was published in 1967 by the American Bible Society. It was reprinted in 1992 as "Uqalugiksuat". Translation of the Old Testament continues with a team of translators in Utqiaġvik. So far they have at least translated Jonah, Ruth, and Obadaiah.[3]
North West (Alaska) (esk)
Wilfried Zibell's translation of selected parts of the New Testament, "Agaayutim Ukałhi" was published in 1971. Wolf and Hildegard Seiler also of Wycliffe Bible Translators finished it, and the complete New Testament was published in 1997 by the International Bible Society as "Ipqitchuat Makpiġaat".
Inuinaktun (Copper Eskimo) /Western Canadian (ikt)
H. Girling translated the gospel of Mark into the Mackenzie dialect and had it published with interlinear readings and instructions for Inuinaktun speakers. This was published in 1920 by the BFBS. The note in the front of it read: "adapted to the use of the "Copper" Eskimo of Coronation Gulf by means of interlinear renderings printed in smaller type. These Eskimo should read the lower line of the alternative renderings, and, in addition, always pronounce the letter s as h, and change the final t of all plural nouns or verbs to n; e.g., in verse 1 of chapter i. 'tussanaktut' should be read as 'tussanaktun". Even with all his trouble, however, this gospel wasn't accepted by speakers of Inuinaktun.
The Four gospels and Acts has been translated and published as "Godim Ukauhiit Gospelit Hitamanguyun Apostlit Havaangillu" in 1972 by the Canadian Bible Society. Ruth has also been translated and published. Ruth was published in 1979. The New Testament was published in 1983. John R. Sperry was involved in this translation.
Eastern Arctic (ike)
Anglican missionary Edmund James Peck, who was a major influence pushing for Inuit to use syllabics, transcribed extracts of New Testament which was published in 1878 followed by the four gospels in 1897. This was almost identical in the 1878 Labrador translation, the main, and perhaps only difference being in the orthography
The New Testament was published in 1912 by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Psalms was published in 1917.
The Canadian Bible Society and Anglican Church sponsored a project to translate the Bible into modern the East Arctic Inuktitut dialect.
Modern Bible translation into the Eastern Arctic dialect began in 1978 with a translation workshop conducted by Dr. Eugene Nida of the United Bible Societies. The work was sponsored jointly by the United Bible Societies and the Anglican Diocese of the Arctic. The translation work was done by a team of Inuit Anglican ministers ( Benjamin Arreak (team leader), Joshua Arreak, Jonas Allooloo, and Andrew Atagotaaluk) trained and supervised by consultants from the UBS and later the Canadian Bible Society under the leadership of the Director of Scripture Translation, Dr. Harold Fehderau. Dr. Fehderau continued the work of training the translators and consulting on the project to ensure the accuracy of the translation until his death in 1997. Their New Testament was published in 1992 (4,000 copies). Psalms, and Ruth were published first. The complete Bible was published by the Canadian Bible Society in 2012 and inaugurated in Iqaluit, Nunavut on June 3, 2012.[4]
The Inuit languages are a closely related group of indigenous American languages traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and to some extent in the subarctic in Labrador. The related Yupik languages are spoken in western and southern Alaska and in the far east of Russia, but are severely endangered in Russia today and spoken only in a few villages on the Chukchi Peninsula. The Inuit live primarily in three countries: Greenland, Canada, and the United States.
Edmund James Peck, known in Inuktitut as Uqammaq, was an Anglican missionary in the Canadian North on the Quebec coast of Hudson Bay and on Baffin Island. He founded the first permanent mission on Baffin Island, Nunavut. He developed Inuktitut syllabics, derived from the Cree syllabary and the first substantial English-Inuktitut dictionary.
Inuktitut syllabics is an abugida-type writing system used in Canada by the Inuktitut-speaking Inuit of the territory of Nunavut and the Nunavik region in Quebec. In 1976, the Language Commission of the Inuit Cultural Institute made it the co-official script for the Inuit languages, along with the Latin script.
The Peshitta is the standard version of the Bible for churches in the Syriac tradition.
Inuktitut, also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is one of the aboriginal languages written with Canadian Aboriginal syllabics.
Bible translations into Welsh have existed since at least the 15th century, but the most widely used translation of the Bible into Welsh for several centuries was the 1588 translation by William Morgan, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan sef Yr Hen Destament, a'r Newydd as revised in 1620. The Beibl Cymraeg Newydd was published in 1988 and revised in 2004. Beibl.net is a new translation in colloquial Welsh which was recently completed.
Inuttitut, or Inuttut is a Canadian dialect of Inuktitut. It is spoken across northern Labrador by Inuit people, whose traditional lands are known as Nunatsiavut.
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and Alaska. The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo-Aleut family. Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut.
Samuel Petrus Kleinschmidt was a German/Danish missionary linguist born in Greenland known for having written extensively about the Greenlandic language and having invented the orthography used for writing this language from 1851 to 1973. He also translated parts of the Bible into Greenlandic.
Thomas Boys (1792–1880) was an Anglican priest and theologian.
Bible translations into Cree can be subdivided by dialect of the Cree language. The main dialects are Plains Cree language, Woods Cree language, Swampy Cree language, Moose Cree language, Northern East Cree language, Southern East Cree language, Kawawachikamach, Atikamekw language and the Montagnais language.
The earliest preserved translation of the Bible into the Mongolian language dates to 1827, but there is a written record of a translation existing as early as 1305. Since 1827, numerous other translations have been made.
Part of the Bible was first available in the Kurdish language in 1856 in the Kurmanji dialect. The Gospels were translated by Stepan, an Armenian employee of the American Bible Society and were published in 1857. Isaac Grout Bliss, of the American Bible Society translated the rest of the NT books, and the entire New Testament was published in Istanbul by A.H. Bohajian in 1872. It was published in the Armenian alphabet. Ludvig Olsen Fossum of the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America translated the Bible into the Mukri dialect of Sorani Kurdish of Iran. It was published in the Arabic script under the title Injil Muqqades, in 1919. A part of the Bible was first available in the Mukri dialect in 1909. Part of the Bible was first available in Kermanshahi in 1894.
Biblical translations into the indigenous languages of North and South America have been produced since the 16th century.
The Athabaskan language family is divided into the Northern Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan and Southern Athabaskan groups. The full Bible has been translated into two Athabaskan languages, and the complete New Testament in five more. Another five have portions of the Bible translated into them. There are no Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages with portions of the Bible translated into them.
The Bible, or portions of it, have been translated into over 1,000 languages of Africa. Many of these are indexed by the Forum of Bible Agencies, Find.Bible site and available online in text and audio form, as print on demand versions, or through churches and book sellers. This effort continues. Not all are (yet) listed below.
Traditionally Russia used the Old Church Slavonic language and Slavonic Bible, and in the modern era Bible translations into Russian. The minority languages of Russia usually have a much more recent history, many of them having been commissioned or updated by the Institute for Bible Translation.
The history of all Bible translations into Slavic languages begins with Bible translations into Church Slavonic. Other languages include:
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