Dall's porpoise

Last updated

Dall's porpoise [1]
Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's porpoise).jpg
Dall's porpoise size.svg
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [3]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Phocoenidae
Genus: Phocoenoides
(Andrews, 1911)
Species:
P. dalli
Binomial name
Phocoenoides dalli
(True, 1885)
Cetacea range map Dall's Porpoise.PNG
  Dall's porpoise range

Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) is a species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific. It is the largest of porpoises and the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The species is named after American naturalist W. H. Dall.

Contents

William Healey Dall's 1873 field notes on Phocoenoides from the Smithsonian Institution's Field Books collection Field Notes, 1873 (Pages 13 and 14) BHL45850430.jpg
William Healey Dall's 1873 field notes on Phocoenoides from the Smithsonian Institution's Field Books collection

Taxonomy

Dall’s porpoise is the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The dalli- and truei-types were initially described as separate species in 1911, but later studies determined that the available evidence only supported the existence of one species. [4] [5] Currently, these two color morphs are recognized as distinct subspecies, Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli dalli) and True's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli truei). [2]

Description

Dorsal view of a Dall's porpoise Dalls Porpoise Back.jpg
Dorsal view of a Dall's porpoise

Dall's porpoises can be easily distinguished from other porpoises and cetacean species within their range. They have a wide, robust body, a comparatively tiny head, and no distinguished beak. Their flippers are positioned at the front of the body and a triangular dorsal fin sits mid-body. Patterns of coloration are highly variable, but Dall’s porpoises are mostly black, have white to grey patches on the flank and belly, and frosting on the dorsal fin and trailing-edge of the fluke. [6] [7]

They are the largest porpoise species, growing up to 7.5 ft (2.3 m) in length and weighing between 370 and 490 lbs (130 and 220 kg). [7] Sexual dimorphism is apparent in body size and shape, with mature males being larger, developing a deeper caudal peduncle, and having a dorsal fin that’s significantly angled forward in comparison to a female’s. [6] Dall’s porpoise calves have a greyish coloration with no frosting on flippers and flukes. Calves measure about 100 cm at birth. [8] Growth rates are similar at first, but at about 2 years old males begin to grow faster than females. [8] Externally, maturity is measured by length which is usually attained at 3 – 5 years old. [9] Sizes vary between populations, but on average females reach a maximum size of 210 cm and males grow to about 220 cm, except in the southern Okhotsk Sea where males can grow as long as 239 cm. [8]

Two colormorphs have been identified: the dalli-type and truei-type. The truei-type, found only in the western Pacific, has a white belly patch that extends farther forward across the body than that of the dalli-type. [6] [4] [10]

Distribution and habitat

A Dall's porpoise on a calm day in the Shelikof Strait Dall's porpoise Alaska 2009 124.jpg
A Dall's porpoise on a calm day in the Shelikof Strait

Dall’s porpoises are limited to the North Pacific: in the east from California to the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea, and in the west down to the Sea of Japan. [11] They have been sighted as far south as Scammon’s Lagoon in Baja California when water temperature was unseasonably cold. [11]

Dall’s porpoises generally prefer cold waters less than 64 °F (18 °C). [7] Although mostly an offshore species, they do occur in deeper coastal waters, near submarine canyons or in fjords. [7] [11]

Behavior

A group of Dall's porpoises near Point Reyes Dalls porpoises.jpg
A group of Dall's porpoises near Point Reyes

Foraging

Dall’s porpoises are opportunistic, hunting a variety of surface and mid-water species. Common prey are mesopelagic fish, such as myctophids, and gonatid squid. [6] [11] [2] Stomach content analyses have also found cases of crustacean consumption, including krill and shrimp, but this is abnormal and likely not an important part of their diet. [11] A previous study revealed that tagged Dall’s porpoises spent most of their time within 10 m of the surface, [12] but have been recorded diving to depths of up to 94 m. [13]

Social

Dall's porpoises live in small, fluid groups of 2–10 individuals, [7] but aggregations of hundreds have been reported. [11] They have a polygynous mating system in which males compete for females. [14] During the mating season, a male will select a fertile female and guard her to ensure paternity. [14] While guarding, males may sacrifice opportunities to forage on deep dives. [14] Births usually take place in the summer after a gestation period of 11–12 months. [11] Females generally give birth every 3 years, depending on their condition. [7] Life expectancy is about 15–20 years, but a lot about their mortality is unknown. [15]

Dall’s porpoises are prey to transient killer whales. [16] They have, however, been observed in association with resident killer whales, engaging in apparent play behaviors with their calves, and swimming with them. [17] One recognizable Dall’s porpoise was observed travelling with the AB pod of resident orca from May through October 1984. [17] Great White Sharks are also a known predator, with at least one documented case on the eastern North Pacific Ocean. [18]

Movement

Dall's porpoise in Prince William Sound causing a "rooster tail" DallPorpoise BA 2.JPG
Dall's porpoise in Prince William Sound causing a "rooster tail"

Dall’s porpoises are highly active swimmers. Rapid swimming at the surface creates a characteristic spray called a "rooster tail". They are commonly seen approaching boats to bowride, and they will also ride on the waves formed at the heads of larger swimming whales. [7] [11]

Population status

Abundance throughout their range and is estimated to be over 1 million, but current population trends are unknown. [2]

Surveys along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington between 2008 and 2014 estimated a population abundance of 25,800. [19] [20] Alaska’s population is estimated to be 83,400. [21] [22] Abundance in coastal British Columbia is nearly 5,000 individuals. [23]

Populations in the western North Pacific are divided by both subspecies and migratory patterns. Abundance of the offshore dalli-type is about 162,000. [24] It is estimated that there are about 173,000 dalli-type that travel between Japan and the southern Okhotsk Sea. [24] [25] The dalli-type that migrates to the Okhotsk Sea in the summer is estimated at 111,000. [25] The population of truei-type porpoises migrating between Japan and the central Okhotsk Sea number about 178,000. [24]

Threats

Fisheries bycatch

Dall’s porpoises are vulnerable to fisheries bycatch. Thousands were killed in commercial driftnet fisheries until the United Nations issued a moratorium in the 1990s. [2] [26] Before the moratorium went into effect, 8,000 Dall’s porpoises are estimated to have been bycaught in one year alone (1989–1990). [27] Smaller numbers, from several hundred to a few thousand, are estimated to have been bycaught in Japanese salmon fisheries in US waters and in the Bering Sea from 1981 to 1987. [28] Driftnet and trawl fisheries still operate in some areas throughout their range, [2] with particularly high levels of bycatch in Russian waters. [29]

Hunting

Dall's porpoises at market in Japan Porpoise market.jpg
Dall's porpoises at market in Japan

The Dall's porpoise is still harvested for meat in Japan. The number of individuals taken each year increased following the 1980s moratorium on whaling of larger cetacean species. [30] In 1988, more than 45,000 Dall’s porpoises were harpooned. [30] In 1990, after international attention was drawn to the issue, the Japanese government introduced a reduction on take. A quota of over 17,000 a year is in effect today (9,000 dalli-type in the Japan-southern Okhotsk Sea population; 8,700 from the truei-type population that migrates into the central Okhotsk Sea) [2] making it the largest direct hunt of any cetacean species in the world. [31] The hunt of Dall’s porpoises has been criticized by scientific committees which question the sustainability of large quotas on regional populations. [32] [33] Assessments are outdated for these targeted populations, and given the level of annual reported take, there may be regional declines in abundance. [30] [24]

Pollution

Environmental contaminants, including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are another threat to Dall’s porpoises. Pollutants accumulate in the blubber layer, and in high concentrations can reduce hormone levels, affect the reproductive system, [34] and result in calf death. [35]

Conservation status

Dall’s porpoise is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. [2] Levels of both bycatch and commercial hunting are likely underestimates because they account only for reported data; however, there is no evidence for a range-wide decline of the species. [2]

The species is also listed on Appendix II [36] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), and, like all other marine mammal species, is protected in the United States under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray whale</span> Baleen whale that is the sole living member of Eschrichtius

The gray whale, also known as the grey whale, gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, Korean gray whale, or California gray whale, is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. It reaches a length of 14.9 meters (49 ft), a weight of up to 41 tonnes (90,000 lb) and lives between 55 and 70 years, although one female was estimated to be 75–80 years of age. The common name of the whale comes from the gray patches and white mottling on its dark skin. Gray whales were once called devil fish because of their fighting behavior when hunted. The gray whale is the sole living species in the genus Eschrichtius. It is the sole living genus in the family Eschrichtiidae, however some recent studies classify it as a member of the family Balaenopteridae. This mammal is descended from filter-feeding whales that appeared during the Neogene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porpoise</span> Small cetacean of the family Phocoenidae

Porpoises are small cetaceans classified under the family Phocoenidae. Although similar in appearance to dolphins, they are more closely related to narwhals and belugas than to the true dolphins. There are eight extant species of porpoise, all among the smallest of the toothed whales. Porpoises are distinguished from dolphins by their flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins, and lack of a pronounced beak, although some dolphins also lack a pronounced beak. Porpoises, and other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine mammal</span> Mammals that rely on marine environments for feeding

Marine mammals are mammals that rely on marine (saltwater) ecosystems for their existence. They include animals such as cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, sea otters and polar bears. They are an informal group, unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding and survival.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common minke whale</span> Species of mammal

The common minke whale or northern minke whale is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Right whale</span> Three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena

Right whales are three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena: the North Atlantic right whale, the North Pacific right whale and the Southern right whale. They are classified in the family Balaenidae with the bowhead whale. Right whales have rotund bodies with arching rostrums, V-shaped blowholes and dark gray or black skin. The most distinguishing feature of a right whale is the rough patches of skin on its head, which appear white due to parasitism by whale lice. Right whales are typically 13–17 m (43–56 ft) long and weigh up to 100 short tons or more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Pacific right whale</span> Species of mammal

The North Pacific right whale is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Short-finned pilot whale</span> Species of mammal

The short-finned pilot whale is one of the two species of cetaceans in the genus Globicephala, which it shares with the long-finned pilot whale. It is part of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sei whale</span> Large species of baleen whale

The sei whale is a baleen whale. It is one of ten rorqual species, and the third-largest member after the blue and fin whales. They can grow up to 19.5 m (64 ft) in length and weigh as much as 28 t. Two subspecies are recognized: B. b. borealis and B. b. schlegelii. The whale's ventral surface has sporadic markings ranging from light grey to white, and its body is usually dark steel grey in color. It is among the fastest of all cetaceans, and can reach speeds of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) over short distances. 

<i>Berardius</i> Genus of mammals

The four-toothed whales or giant beaked whales are beaked whales in the genus Berardius. They include Arnoux's beaked whale in cold Southern Hemispheric waters, and Baird's beaked whale in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific. A third species, Sato's beaked whale, was distinguished from B. bairdii in the 2010s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melon-headed whale</span> Species of mammal

The melon-headed whale, also known less commonly as the electra dolphin, little killer whale, or many-toothed blackfish, is a toothed whale of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The common name is derived from the head shape. Melon-headed whales are widely distributed throughout deep tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, but they are rarely encountered at sea. They are found near shore mostly around oceanic islands, such as Hawaii, French Polynesia, and the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern right whale dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The northern right whale dolphin is a small, slender species of cetacean found in the cold and temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Lacking a dorsal fin, and appearing superficially porpoise-like, it is one of the two species of right whale dolphin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pantropical spotted dolphin</span> Species of mammal

The pantropical spotted dolphin is a species of dolphin found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines. In the 1980s, the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods saved millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean and it is now one of the most abundant dolphin species in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf sperm whale</span> Species of whale

The dwarf sperm whale is a sperm whale that inhabits temperate and tropical oceans worldwide, in particular continental shelves and slopes. It was first described by biologist Richard Owen in 1866, based on illustrations by naturalist Sir Walter Elliot. The species was considered to be synonymous with the pygmy sperm whale from 1878 until 1998. The dwarf sperm whale is a small whale, 2 to 2.7 m and 136 to 272 kg, that has a grey coloration, square head, small jaw, and robust body. Its appearance is very similar to the pygmy sperm whale, distinguished mainly by the position of the dorsal fin on the body–nearer the middle in the dwarf sperm whale and nearer the tail in the other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetacean bycatch</span> Accidental capture of porpoises, whales and dolphins

Cetacean bycatch is the accidental capture of non-target cetacean species such as dolphins, porpoises, and whales by fisheries. Bycatch can be caused by entanglement in fishing nets and lines, or direct capture by hooks or in trawl nets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bowhead whale</span> Species of mammal

The bowhead whale is a species of baleen whale belonging to the family Balaenidae and is the only living representative of the genus Balaena. It is the only baleen whale endemic to the Arctic and subarctic waters, and is named after its characteristic massive triangular skull, which it uses to break through Arctic ice. Other common names of the species included the Greenland right whale, Arctic whale, steeple-top, and polar whale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whale conservation</span> Conservation of whales

Whale conservation refers to the conservation of whales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William F. Perrin</span> American biologist (1938–2022)

William F. Perrin was an American biologist specializing in the fields of cetacean taxonomy, reproductive biology, and conservation biology. He is best known for his work documenting the unsustainable mortality of hundreds of thousands of dolphins per year in the tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific. This work became a primary motivation for the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972). His work on cetacean taxonomy was acknowledged in 2002 when a newly recognized species of beaked whale, Perrin's beaked whale, which was named in his honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amanda Bradford</span> Marine mammal biologist

Dr. Amanda Bradford is a marine mammal biologist who is currently researching cetacean population dynamics for the National Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Bradford is currently a Research Ecologist with the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center's Cetacean Research Program. Her research primarily focuses on assessing populations of cetaceans, including evaluating population size, health, and impacts of human-caused threats, such as fisheries interactions. Bradford is a cofounder and organizer of the Women in Marine Mammal Science (WIMMS) Initiative.

References

  1. ↑ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jefferson, TA; Braulik, G (2018). "Phocoenoides dalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T17032A50370912.
  3. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. 1 2 Morejohn, GV (1979). The Natural History of Dall's Porpoise in the North Pacific Ocean. In: Winn HE, Olla BL (eds) Behavior of Marine Animals. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 45–83. ISBN   978-1-4684-2985-5.
  5. ↑ Benson, SB; Groody, TC (1942). "Notes on the Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)". Journal of Mammalogy. 23 (1): 41–51. doi:10.2307/1374854. JSTOR   1374854.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jefferson, TA (1989). "Sexual dimorphism and development of external features in Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)". Master's Theses. 3149. doi: 10.31979/etd.9b8a-t74q .
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stewart, BS; Clapham, PJ; Powell, JA; Reeves, RR (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. p.  470–473. ISBN   978-0-375-41141-0.
  8. 1 2 3 Houck, WJ; Jefferson, TA (1999). Dall's Porpoise (Poceonoides dalli). In: Ridgeway SH, Harrison R (eds) Handbook of Marine Mammals Volume 9 (1st ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 443–473. ISBN   9780125885065.
  9. ↑ Ferrero, RC; Walker, WA (1999). "Age, growth, and reproductive patterns of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) in the central North Pacific Ocean". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (2): 273–313. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00803.x.
  10. ↑ Amano, M; Miyazaki, N (1996). "Geographic variation in external morphology of Dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli". Aquatic Mammals. 22 (3): 167–174.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jefferson, TA (2008). Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli. In: Würsig B, Perrin W, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 296–298. ISBN   9780080919935.
  12. ↑ Baird, RW; Hanson, MB (1998). "A preliminary analysis of the diving behavior of Dall's porpoise in the transboundary waters of British Columbia and Washington". Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act Implementation Program 1997. Alaska Fisheries Science Center Processed Report No. 98-10. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA. pp. 99–110.
  13. ↑ Hanson, MB; Baird, RW (1998). "Dall's porpoise reactions to tagging attempts using a remotely-deployed suction-cup attached tag" (PDF). Marine Technology Society Journal. 32 (2): 18–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  14. 1 2 3 Willis, PM; Dill, LM (2007). "Mate guarding in male Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli)". Ethology. 113 (6): 587–597. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01347.x.
  15. ↑ "Dall's Porpoise". NOAA Fisheries. 27 June 2019.
  16. ↑ Deecke, VB; Ford, JKB; Slater, PJB (2005). "The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: communicating with costly calls". Animal Behaviour. 69 (2): 395–405. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.014. S2CID   16899659.
  17. 1 2 Saulitis, E; Matkin, C; Barrett-Lennard, L; Heise, K; Ellis, G (2000). "Foraging strategies of sympatric killer whales (Orcinus orca) populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska". Marine Mammal Science. 16 (1): 94–109. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00906.x.
  18. ↑ Peter Klimley, A.; Ainley, David G. (3 April 1998). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. ISBN   9780080532608.
  19. ↑ Caretta, JV; Forney, KA; Muto, MM; Barlow, J; Baker, J; Hanson, J; Lowry, MS (2006). "U.S.Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2005". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-388.
  20. ↑ Barlow, J (2016). "Cetacean abundance in the California current estimated from ship-based line transect surveys in 1991-2014". NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report LJ-2016-01.
  21. ↑ Angliss, RP; Outlaw, RB (2005). Alaska marine mammal stock assessments (Report). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC.
  22. ↑ Muto, M; Helker, VT; Angliss, RP; Allen, BA; Boveng, PL; Breiwick, JM; Cameron, MF; Clapham, P; Dahle, SP; Dahlheim, ME; Fadley, BS (2017). "Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2016". NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-355.
  23. ↑ Williams, R; Thomas, L (2007). "Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 9: 15–28.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Kasuya, T (2017). Small Cetaceans of Japan: Exploitation and Biology. CRC Press. ISBN   9781498779005.
  25. 1 2 International Whaling Commission (1998). "Report of the scientific committee". Report of the International Whaling Commission. 48: 53–302.
  26. ↑ Reeves, RR; Smith, BD; Crespo, EA; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G (2003). Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  27. ↑ Hobbs, RC; Jones, LL (1993). "Impacts of high seas driftnet fisheries on marine mammal populations in the North Pacific". International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin. 53 (3): 409–434.
  28. ↑ International Whaling Commission (1991). "Report of the scientific committee". Report of the International Whaling Commission. 41: 51–219.
  29. ↑ Burkanov, VN; Nikulin, VS (2001). "By-catch of the marine mammals at the Japanese fishing in the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone of the Bering Sea". Rybnoye Khozioaystvo-Moskva (Partnership LTD. Journal). 5: 32.
  30. 1 2 3 Kasuya, T (2007). "Japanese whaling and other cetacean fisheries" (PDF). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 14 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1065/espr2006.09.346. PMID   17352127. S2CID   93253645.
  31. ↑ "Phocoenoides dalli (Dall's porpoise, Dall porpoise)". The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
  32. ↑ Report of the Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans (Report). International Whaling Commission. 2008.
  33. ↑ Wells, RS. "Letter to Japanese Government Regarding Dolphin and Small Whale Hunts". The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
  34. ↑ Subramanian, A; Tatsukawa, R; Saito, S; Miyazaki, N (1987). "Reduction on the testosterone levels by PCBs and DDE in Dall's porpoises of northwestern North Pacific". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 18 (12): 643–646. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(87)90397-3.
  35. ↑ Vos, JG; Bossart, GD; Fournier, M; O'Shea, TJ (2003). Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis. ISBN   0-203-26010-4.
  36. ↑ "Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009" (PDF). CMS.
  37. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Marine Mammal Protection Act". International Affairs.

To learn more about the Dall's porpoise and other cetacean species visit:

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.