European People's Party group

This article is about the parliamentary group. For the political party, see European People's Party.

European People's Party parliamentary group
European Parliament group
Name	European People's Party parliamentary group
English abbr.	EPP (22 June 2009 to present) Older: EPP-ED [1] (20 July 1999 [2] to 22 June 2009) EPP [1] (17 July 1979 [3] to 20 July 1999 [2] ) CD [2] (23 June 1953 [3] to 17 July 1979 [3] )
French abbr.	PPE (22 June 2009 to present) Older: PPE-DE [4] (20 July 1999 [2] to 22 June 2009) PPE [3] (17 July 1979 [3] to 20 July 1999 [2] ) DC [3] (23 June 1953 [3] to 17 July 1979 [3] )
Formal name	Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) (22 June 2009 to present) Older: Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats [4] [5] [6] (20 July 1999 [2] to 22 June 2009) Group of the European People's Party (Christian-Democratic Group) [3] [7] [8] [9] (17 July 1979 [3] to 20 July 1999 [2] ) Christian Democratic Group (Group of the European People's Party) [3] [9] (14 March 1978 [3] to 17 July 1979 [3] ) Christian Democratic Group [2] [9] (23 June 1953 [3] to 14 March 1978 [3] )
Ideology	Christian democracy [10] [11] Conservatism [11] Liberal conservatism [10] Pro-Europeanism
Political position	Centre-right [12] [13]
European parties	European People's Party European Christian Political Movement (partly)
From	11 September 1952 (unofficially) [14] 23 June 1953 (officially) [14]
To	present
Chaired by	Manfred Weber [15]
MEP(s)	175 / 705
Website	www.eppgroup.eu

The European People's Party group (EPP Group) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP). It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties. ^{[16] [17] [18]} The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic, conservative and liberal-conservative orientation. ^{[19] [20] [21]}

The European People's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976. However, the European People's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953, from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, making it one of the oldest European level political groups. It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999.

History

The Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (the predecessor of the present day European Parliament) first met on 10 September 1952 ^[22] and the first Christian Democratic group was unofficially formed the next day, with Maan Sassen as President. ^{[14] [23]} The group held 38 of the 78 seats, two short of an absolute majority. ^{[14] [24]} On 16 June 1953 the Common Assembly passed a resolution ^[25] enabling the official formation of political groups, and on 23 June 1953 the constituent declaration ^[26] of the group was published and the group was officially formed. ^{[14] [24]}

EPP share of votes in elections to the Eur. Parliament 1999–2019

The Christian Democrat group was the biggest group at formation, but as time wore on it lost support and was the second-biggest group by the time of the 1979 elections. As the European Community expanded into the European Union, the dominant centre-right parties in the new member states were not necessarily Christian democratic, and the EPP (European People's Party, the pan-continental political party founded in 1976 which all group members are now affiliated to) feared being sidelined. ^[27] To counter this, the EPP expanded its remit to cover the centre-right regardless of tradition and pursued a policy of integrating liberal-conservative parties. ^[27]

This policy led to Greek New Democracy and Spanish People's Party MEPs joining the EPP Group. ^[27] The British Conservative Party and Danish Conservative People's Party tried to maintain a group of their own called the European Democrats (ED), but lack of support and the problems inherent in maintaining a small group forced ED's collapse in the 1990s, and its members crossed the floor to join the EPP Group. ^[27] The parties of these MEPs also became full members of the EPP (with the exception of the British Conservatives who did not join the Party) and this consolidation process of the European centre-right throughout the 1990s with the acquisition of members from the Italian party Forza Italia. However, the consolidation was not unalloyed and a split emerged with the Eurosceptic MEPs who congregated in a subgroup within the group, also called the European Democrats (ED).

Nevertheless, the consolidation held through the 1990s, assisted by the group being renamed to the European People's Party – European Democrats (EPP-ED) group, and after the 1999 European elections the EPP-ED reclaimed its position as the largest group in the Parliament from the Party of European Socialists (PES) group.

Size was not enough, however: the group did not have a majority. It continued therefore to engage in the Grand Coalition (a coalition with the PES Group, or occasionally the Liberals) to generate the majorities required by the cooperation procedure under the Single European Act. This coalition has held, although occasionally the group adopts a government-opposition dynamic with the other groups, notably during the budget crisis when it opposed the PES and brought about the resignation of the Santer Commission.^{[ citation needed ]}

Meanwhile, the parties in the European Democrats subgroup were growing restless ^[28] and finally left following the 2009 elections, when the Czech Civic Democratic Party and British Conservative party formed their own right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group on 22 June 2009, abolishing the European Democrats subgroup from that date. The EPP-ED Group reverted to its original name – the EPP Group – immediately.

In the 7th European Parliament the EPP Group remains the largest parliamentary group with 275 MEPs. It is currently the only political group in the European parliament to fully represent its corresponding European political party, i.e. the European People's Party. The United Kingdom was the only member to not be represented in the group until 28 February 2018, when two MEPs suspended from the Conservative Party left the European Conservatives and Reformists and joined the EPP. ^[29] The two MEPs later joined a breakaway political party in the UK, The Independent Group. ^[30]

After twelve member parties in the EPP called for Hungary's Fidesz's expulsion or suspension, Fidesz's membership was suspended with a common agreement on 20 March 2019. ^{[31] [32]} The suspension was applied only to the EPP but not to its group in the Parliament. ^[33] On 3 March 2021, Fidesz decided to leave the EPP group, after the group's new rules, however still kept their membership in the party. ^{[34] [35]} On 18 March 2021, Fidesz decided to leave the European People's Party. ^[36]

Logo of European People's Party Group from 1999 to 2015.

Membership at formation

The 38 members in the group on 11 September 1952 were as follows:

Member state	MEPs	Party	MEPs	Notes	Sources
Belgium	5	Christian Social Party	5	Théodore Lefevre Paul Struye Pierre Wigny Pierre De Smet Alfred Bertrand	[22] [37]
France	5	Christian People's Party (Saar)	2	Franz Singer Erwin Mueller	[22] [37]
		Republican People's Movement	3	François de Menthon Pierre-Henri Teitgen Alain Poher	[22] [37]
Germany	8	Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union	7	Günter Henle Eugen Gerstenmaier Heinrich von Brentano Hermann Pünder Franz Josef Strauss Georg Pelster Hermann Kopf	[22] [37]
		Federal Union Party	1	Helmut Bertram	[22] [37]
Italy	12	Christian Democracy	12	Pietro Campilli Antonio Azara Lodovico Benvenuti Mario Cingolani Francesco Dominedo Lodovico Montini Angelo Giacomo Mott Italo Mario Sacco Vinicio Ziino Giuseppe Togni Antonio Boggiano-Pico Armando Sabatini	[22] [37]
Luxembourg	2	Christian Social People's Party	2	Fernand Loesch Nicolas Margue	[22] [37]
Netherlands	6	Anti-Revolutionary Party	2	J. A. H. J. S. Bruins Slot W. Rip	[22] [37]
		Catholic People's Party	3	M. A. M. Klompé E. M. J. A. Sassen P. A. Blaisse	[22] [37]
		Christian Historical Union	1	G. Vixseboxe	[22] [37]

Structure

Organisation

The EPP Group is governed by a collective (referred to as the Presidency) that allocates tasks. The Presidency consists of the Group Chair and a maximum of ten Vice-Chairs, including the Treasurer. The day-to-day running of the EPP Group is performed by its secretariat in the European Parliament, led by its Secretary-General. The Group runs its own think-tank, the European Ideas Network, which brings together opinion-formers from across Europe to discuss issues facing the European Union from a centre-right perspective.

The EPP Group Presidency includes:

Name	Position	Sources
Manfred Weber	Chair	[38]
Arnaud Danjean	Vice-Chair	[39]
Esther de Lange	Vice-Chair	[39]
Esteban González Pons	Vice-Chair	[39]
Sandra Kalniete	Vice-Chair	[39]
Andrey Kovatchev	Vice-Chair	[39]
Vangelis Meimarakis	Vice-Chair	[39]
Siegfried Mureşan	Vice-Chair	[39]
Jan Olbrycht	Vice-Chair	[39]
Paulo Rangel	Vice-Chair	[39]

The chairs of the group and its predecessors from 1952 to 2020 are as follows:

From	To	Chair	Member State	National party
1953	1958	Maan Sassen	Netherlands	Catholic People's Party
1958	1958	Pierre Wigny	Belgium	Christian Social Party
1958	1966	Alain Poher	France	Popular Republican Movement
1966	1969	Joseph Illerhaus	West Germany	Christian Democratic Union
1969	1975	Hans Lücker	West Germany	Christian Democratic Union
1975	1977	Alfred Bertrand	Belgium	Christian People's Party
1977	1982	Egon Klepsch	West Germany	Christian Democratic Union
1982	1984	Paolo Barbi	Italy	Christian Democracy
1984	1992	Egon Klepsch	West Germany/  Germany	Christian Democratic Union
1992	1994	Leo Tindemans	Belgium	Christian People's Party
1994	1999	Wilfried Martens	Belgium	Christian People's Party
1999	2007	Hans-Gert Pöttering	Germany	Christian Democratic Union
2007	2014	Joseph Daul	France	Union for a Popular Movement
2014	present	Manfred Weber	Germany	Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Membership

9th European Parliament

Main article: List of members of the European Parliament, 2019–2024

The EPP Group has MEPs from each of the 27 member states. The national parties that have Members of the EPP Group are as follows:

Country	Party	European party		MEPs
Austria	Austrian People's Party Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP)		EPP	7 / 19
Belgium	Christian Democratic and Flemish Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams (CD&V)		EPP	2 / 21
	Humanist Democratic Centre Centre Démocrate Humaniste (CDH)		EPP	1 / 21
	Christian Social Party Christlich Soziale Partei (CSP)		EPP	1 / 21
Bulgaria	Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria Граждани за европейско развитие на България (GERB)		EPP	5 / 17
	Union of Democratic Forces Съюз на демократичните сили (SDS)		EPP	1 / 17
	Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria Демократи за силна България (DSB)		EPP	1 / 17
Croatia	Croatian Democratic Union Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ)		EPP	4 / 12
Cyprus	Democratic Rally Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (DISY)		EPP	2 / 6
Czech Republic	Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová (KDU–ČSL)		EPP	2 / 21
	Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 Tradice Odpovědnost Prosperita 09 (TOP 09)		EPP	2 / 21
	Mayors and Independents Starostové a nezávislí (STAN)		None	1 / 21
Denmark	Conservative People's Party Konservative Folkeparti (KF)		EPP	1 / 14
Estonia	Fatherland Isamaa		EPP	1 / 7
Finland	National Coalition Party Kansallinen Kokoomus (KK)		EPP	3 / 14
France	The Republicans Les Républicains (LR)		EPP	7 / 79
	The Centrists Les Centristes (LC)		None	1 / 79
Germany	Christian Democratic Union Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)		EPP	23 / 96
	Christian Social Union of Bavaria Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V. (CSU)		EPP	6 / 96
	Family Party of Germany Familienpartei Deutschlands (FAMILIE)		ECPM	1 / 96
Greece	New Democracy Νέα Δημοκρατία (ND)		EPP	8 / 21
Hungary	Christian Democratic People's Party Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt (KDNP)		EPP	1 / 21
Ireland	Fine Gael (United Ireland) Fine Gael (FG)		EPP	5 / 13
Italy	Forza Italia		EPP	8 / 76
	South Tyrolean People's Party Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP)		EPP	1 / 76
	Sud in the Head Sud in Testa (SUD)		None	1 / 76
Latvia	Unity Vienotība		EPP	2 / 8
Lithuania	Homeland Union Tėvynės Sąjunga (TS-LKD)		EPP	3 / 11
	Aušra Maldeikienė (Independent)		Independent	1 / 11
Luxembourg	Christian Social People's Party Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV)		EPP	2 / 6
Malta	Nationalist Party Partit Nazzjonalista (PN)		EPP	2 / 6
Netherlands	Christian Democratic Appeal Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA)		EPP	5 / 29
	Christian Union ChristenUnie (CU)		ECPM	1 / 29
Poland	Civic Platform Platforma Obywatelska (PO)		EPP	12 / 52
	Polish People's Party Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL)		EPP	3 / 52
	Janina Ochojska, Magdalena Adamowicz (Independent)		Independent	2 / 52
Portugal	Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata (PSD)		EPP	6 / 21
	Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular (CDS–PP)		EPP	1 / 21
Romania	National Liberal Party Partidul Național Liberal (PNL)		EPP	10 / 33
	Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR)		EPP	2 / 33
	People's Movement Party Partidul Mișcarea Populară (PMP)		EPP	2 / 33
Slovakia	TOGETHER – Civic Democracy SPOLU – občianska demokracia (SPOLU)		EPP	2 / 14
	Christian Democratic Movement Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie (KDH)		EPP	2 / 14
	Ordinary People and Independent Personalities Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti (OĽaNO)		None	1 / 14
Slovenia	Slovenian Democratic Party Slovenska Demokratska Stranka (SDS)		EPP	2 / 8
	New Slovenia – Christian Democrats Nova Slovenija – Krščanski demokrati (NSi)		EPP	1 / 8
	Slovenian People's Party Slovenska ljudska stranka (SLS)		EPP	1 / 8
Spain	People's Party Partido Popular (PP)		EPP	13 / 59
Sweden	Moderate Party Moderata Samlingspartiet (M)		EPP	4 / 21
	Christian Democrats Kristdemokraterna (KD)		EPP	2 / 21
European Union	Total			178 / 705

Former members

Country	Party	European party		MEPs
Hungary	Fidesz		None	12 / 21
Netherlands	50PLUS (50+)		None	0 / 29

7th and 8th European Parliament

Country	Names	Names (English)	MEPs 2009–14	MEPs 2014–19
Austria	Österreichische Volkspartei	Austrian People's Party	6	5
Belgium	Dutch : Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams	Christian Democratic and Flemish	3	2
	French: Centre Démocrate Humaniste	Humanist Democratic Centre	1	1
	German: Christlich Soziale Partei	Christian Social Party*	1	1
Bulgaria	Граждани за европейско развитие на България (Grazhdani za Evropeysko Razvitie na Balgariya)	Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria	5	6
	Съюз на демократичните сили (Sayuz na Demokratichnite Sili)	Union of Democratic Forces	1	0
	Демократи за силна България (Demokrati za Silna Balgariya)	Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria	1	1
Croatia	Hrvatska demokratska zajednica	Croatian Democratic Union	4	4
	Hrvatska seljačka stranka	Croatian Peasant Party	1	1
Cyprus	Greek : Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (Dimokratikós Sinayermós)	Democratic Rally	2	1
Czech Republic	Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová	Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party	2	3
	TOP 09	TOP 09	—	3
	Starostové a nezávislí	Mayors and Independents [40]	—	1
Denmark	Det Konservative Folkeparti	Conservative People's Party	1	1
Estonia	Erakond Isamaa	Pro Patria	1	1
Finland	Kansallinen Kokoomus	National Coalition Party	3	3
	Suomen kristillisdemokraatit	Christian Democrats	1	0
France	Les Républicains	The Republicans	27	18
	Union des Démocrates et Indépendants	Union of Democrats and Independents	6	0
	—	Independent	—	2
Germany	Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands	Christian Democratic Union	34	29
	Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V.	Christian Social Union of Bavaria	8	5
Greece	Νέα Δημοκρατία (Néa Dimokratiá)	New Democracy	7	5
Hungary	Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt	Christian Democratic People's Party	1	1
Ireland	Fine Gael	Fine Gael	4	4
Italy	Forza Italia (2013)	Forza Italia	19	12
	Alternativa Popolare	Popular Alternative	—	1
	Unione di Centro	Union of the Centre	6	1
	German: Südtiroler Volkspartei	South Tyrolean People's Party	1	1
Latvia	Vienotība	Unity	4	4
Lithuania	Tėvynės Sąjunga – Lietuvos Krikščionys Demokratai	Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats	4	2
	—	Independent	—	1
Luxembourg	Luxembourgish : Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei French: Parti Populaire Chrétien Social German: Christlich Soziale Volkspartei	Christian Social People's Party	3	3
Malta	Partit Nazzjonalista	Nationalist Party	2	3
Netherlands	Christen-Democratisch Appèl	Christian Democratic Appeal	5	5
Poland	Platforma Obywatelska	Civic Platform	25	18
	Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe	Polish People's Party	4	4
Portugal	Partido Social Democrata	Social Democratic Party	8	6
	Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular	Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party	2	1
Romania	Partidul Național Liberal	National Liberal Party	12	8
	Hungarian : Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség Romanian : Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România	Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania	3	2
	Partidul Mișcarea Populară	People's Movement Party	—	—
	—	Independent	—	2
Slovakia	Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie	Christian Democratic Movement	2	3
	Strana Maďarskej Koalície – Magyar Koalício Pártja	Party of the Hungarian Community	2	1
	Most–Híd	Most–Híd	—	1
	—	Independent	—	1
Slovenia	Slovenska Demokratska Stranka	Slovenian Democratic Party	3	3
	Nova Slovenija – Krščanska Ljudska Stranka	New Slovenia – Christian People's Party	1	1
	Slovenska ljudska stranka	Slovenian People's Party	—	1
Spain	Spanish: Partido Popular	People's Party	24	16
	—	Independent	—	1
Sweden	Moderata Samlingspartiet	Moderate Party	4	3
	Kristdemokraterna	Christian Democrats	1	1
United Kingdom	'Change UK'	Change UK (defection from Conservative Party/ECR) [41]	0	1
	—	Renew Party (defection from Conservative Party/ECR) [42]	0	1
Total			274	219

Activities

In the news

Activities performed by the group in the period between June 2004 and June 2008 include monitoring elections in Palestine ^[43] and the Ukraine; ^[44] encouraging transeuropean rail travel, ^[45] telecoms deregulation, ^[46] energy security, ^[47] a common energy policy, ^[48] the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Union, ^[49] partial reform of the CAP ^[50] and attempts to tackle illegal immigration; ^{[51] [52] [53]} denouncing Russian involvement in South Ossetia; ^{[54] [55] [56] [57] [58]} supporting the Constitution Treaty ^{[59] [60] [61]} and the Lisbon Treaty; ^{[62] [63]} debating globalisation, ^{[48] [64]} relations with China, ^[65] and Taiwan; ^[66] backing plans to outlaw Holocaust denial; ^[67] nominating Anna Politkovskaya for the 2007 Sakharov Prize; ^[68] expelling Daniel Hannan from the Group; ^[69] the discussion about whether ED MEPs should remain within EPP-ED or form a group of their own; ^{[70] [71] [72]} criticisms of the group's approach to tackling low turnout for the 2009 elections; ^[73] the group's use of the two-President arrangement; ^[74] and the group's proposal to ban the Islamic Burka dress EU wide.

Parliamentary activity profile

Group parliamentary activity profile, 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 (see description for sources).

  EPP-ED: 659 motions

The debates and votes in the European Parliament are tracked by its website ^[75] and categorised by the groups that participate in them and the rule of procedure that they fall into. The results give a profile for each group by category and the total indicates the group's level of participation in Parliamentary debates. The activity profile for each group for the period 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 in the Sixth Parliament is given on the diagram on the right. The group is denoted in blue.

The website shows the group as participating in 659 motions, making it the third most active group during the period.^{[ citation needed ]}

Publications

The group produces many publications, which can be found on its website. ^[76] Documents produced in 2008 cover subjects such as dialogue with the Orthodox Church, study days, its strategy for 2008–09, Euro-Mediterranean relations, and the Treaty of Lisbon. It also publishes a yearbook and irregularly publishes a presentation, a two-page summary of the group.

Academic analysis

Main article: Academic studies of the political groups of the European Parliament

The group has been characterised as a three-quarter male group that, prior to ED's departure, was only 80% cohesive and split between centre-right Europhiles (the larger EPP subgroup) and right-wing Eurosceptics (the smaller ED subgroup). The group as a whole is described as ambiguous on hypothetical EU taxes, against taxation, Green issues, social liberal issues (LGBT rights, abortion, euthanasia) and full Turkish accession to the European Union, and for a deeper Federal Europe, deregulation, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and controlling migration into the EU.

See also

• conservatism portal

• European People's Party
• Members of the European Parliament 2019-2024
• Movement for European Reform

References

1. "Democracy in the European Parliament" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
2. "Political Groups of the European Parliament". Kas.de. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
3. "EPP-ED on Europe Politique". Europe-politique.eu. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
4. "Political Groups Annual Accounts 2001–2006". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
5. European Parliament archive entry for Hans-Gert Pöttering (incl. Membership)
6. European Parliament archive entry for Joseph Daul (incl. Membership)
8. "Group names 1999". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
9. European Parliament archive entry for Egon Klepsch (incl. Membership)
10. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
11. Slomp, Hans (26 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN   978-0-313-39182-8 . Retrieved 20 September 2018.
12. "Hungary's Orban faces exclusion from EU centre-right group". BBC News . 5 March 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
13. de Carbonnel, Alissa (29 March 2019). "Centre-right to top European Parliament vote, edging out nationalists: poll". Reuters . Retrieved 27 October 2019.
14. "EPPED Chronology 02". Epp-ed.eu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
15. "Weber elected new EPP leader". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014.
16. Andreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN   978-0-253-00164-1 . Retrieved 5 August 2013.
17. Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making Before and After Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN   978-1-139-50517-8 . Retrieved 9 August 2013.
18. Senem Aydin-Düzgit (2012). Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN   978-1-137-28351-1.
19. Tapio Raunio (2012). "Political Interests: the European Parliament's Party Groups". In John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (eds.). The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford University Press. p. 340. ISBN   978-0-19-957498-8 . Retrieved 7 August 2013.
20. Lluís Maria de Puig (2008). International Parliaments. Council of Europe. p. 61. ISBN   978-92-871-6450-6 . Retrieved 9 August 2013.
21. Lori Thorlakson (2013). "Federalism and the European party system". In Alexander H. Trechsel (ed.). Towards a Federal Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN   978-1-317-99818-1.
22. "Composition of the Common Assembly (10–13 September 1952)". Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
23. "Sassen, Emanuel Marie Joseph Anthony (1911–1995)" . Retrieved 17 June 2010.
24. "Microsoft Word – 2006EN-3-DEF-CH.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2010.
25. Common Assembly Resolution (16 June 1953) in Journal officiel de la CECA, 21 July 1953, S. 155 Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
26. "Statement of formation of the Christian-Democratic Group (Strasbourg, 23 June 1953)". Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
27. ""Shaping Europe – 25 years of the European People's Party" by Wilfried Martens, President of the European People's Party". Epp-ed.europarl.eu.int. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
28. Mulvey, Stephen (11 July 2006). "article 5169268". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
29. "Manfred Weber on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.^{[ non-primary source needed ]}
30. "Change UK party approved for European elections". BBC News. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
31. Őry, Mariann (2 March 2021). "Orbán emelte a tétet a Néppárt vitájában". magyarhirlap.hu. Magyar Hírlap Kiadói Kft.
32. "Politics this week". The Economist. 23 March 2019. p. 7. Retrieved 24 March 2019. The European People's Party, a grouping of centre-right parties at the European Parliament, voted to suspend Fidesz, Hungary's ruling party, as a protest against what many in the parliament believe are repeated attempts by the government to undermine the rule of law
33. Fidesz MEPs remain in the EPP for now Retrieved 27 January 2020.
34. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/03/hungarys-fidesz-party-to-leave-european-parliament-centre-right-group
35. https://www.politico.eu/article/epp-suspension-rules-fidesz-european-parliament-viktor-orban-hungary/
36. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Hungary: Viktor Orban's ruling Fidesz party quits European People's Party | DW | 18.03.2021". DW.COM. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
37. "EPPED Member List". Epp-ed.eu. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
38. "Chairman's page". Eppgroup.eu. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
39. "Our Vice-Chairs". Eppgroup.eu. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
40. Hověžák, Zdeněk. "Programovou konference poslaneckého klubu ELS". Starostové a nezávislí. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
41. "Two MEPs elected as Tories defect to join Jean-Claude Juncker's parliamentary group". The Independent. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
42. Kevin Schofield [@PolhomeEditor] (10 May 2019). "Change UK say she's never been a member or one of their MEPs, as she confirmed to Adam" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
43. "European Parliament website document 20041208". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
44. "The Parliament Magazine article "eu-parliament-group-demands-ukraine-election-observers"". Theparliament.com. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
45. "The Parliament Magazine article "epp-ed-group-backs-eu-rail-shake-up"". Theparliament.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
46. "The Parliament Magazine article "epp-ed-backs-eu-telecoms-shake-up"". Theparliament.com. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
47. "Economy". Archived from the original on 11 June 2007.
48. "Scoop article S00580". Scoop.co.nz. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
49. "European Commission article 290906 EN". European Commission. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
50. "EurActiv article 112860". Euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
51. "MaltaMedia Online Network article 2582". Maltamedia.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
52. "MaltaMedia Online Network article 2912". Maltamedia.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
53. "MaltaMedia Online Network article 2257". Maltamedia.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
54. "The Parliament Magazine article "epp-ed-chief-slams-russian-recognition-of-georgian-regions"". Theparliament.com. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
55. "The Parliament Magazine article "meps-brok-and-karas-sent-to-georgia-to-report-on-developments"". Theparliament.com. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
56. "The Parliament Magazine article "top-mep-brands-moscow-brutal-over-georgia"". Theparliament.com. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
57. "The Parliament Magazine article "eu-aid-to-georgia-too-slow-says-mep"". Theparliament.com. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
58. "The Parliament Magazine article "meps-call-on-eu-leaders-to-condemn-russian-intimidation"". Theparliament.com. 30 March 2005. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
59. "The Parliament Magazine article "meps-call-for-eu-constitution-re-run-in-france"". Theparliament.com. 31 August 2005. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
60. "EurActiv article 140105". Euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
61. "Forbes article 2081969". Forbes.com. 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
62. "The Parliament Magazine article "meps-appeal-to-irish-to-back-eu-reform-treaty"". Theparliament.com. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
63. "The Parliament Magazine article "meps-kosovo-and-lisbon-treaty-should-top-eu-agenda"". Theparliament.com. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
64. "The Parliament Magazine article "eu-debates-21st-century-globalisation"". Theparliament.com. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
65. [e-mail] (29 April 2008). "People's Daily article 6401313". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
66. "The Parliament Magazine article "more-meps-call-for-taiwans-membership-of-un-agencies"". Theparliament.com. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
67. "The Parliament Magazine article "eu-plans-to-outlaw-holocaust-denial"". Theparliament.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
68. "European Parliament website document 20070906FCS10161". European Parliament. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
69. EurActiv article 170049 Archived 20 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
70. Castle, Stephen; Grice, Andrew (13 July 2006). "Independent on Sunday article 407730". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
71. "article 5053682". BBC News. 6 June 2006. Archived from the original on 22 December 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
72. Times article 766719 ^{[ dead link ]}
73. EurActiv article 171155 Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
74. Bernd Riegert (dsl) (20 July 2004). "Deutsche Welle article 1272316". Dw-world.de. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
75. Plenary sitting – Home Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . European Parliament. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
76. "EPP Group: Publications". Epp-ed.eu. Retrieved 17 June 2010.

External links

• EPP Group in the European Parliament
• European People's Party (EPP)