Lysophosphatidylserine

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Lysophosphatidylserine is a lysophospholipid which triggers TLR 2.[ citation needed ]

A recent study showed that it does not stimulate normal leukocytes. [1] It also enhances glucose transport, lowering blood glucose levels while leaving secretion of insulin unaffected. [2]

Glucose A simple form of sugar

Glucose (also called dextrose) is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. There it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, which is the most abundant carbohydrate. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is partially stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is D-glucose, while L-glucose is produced synthetically in comparably small amounts and is of lesser importance.

Insulin Hormone in vertebrates

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of carbohydrates, especially glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism, especially of reserve body fat.

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References

  1. ↑ Park KS, Lee HY, Kim MK, Shin EH, Bae YS (Jul 2005). "Lysophosphatidylserine stimulates leukemic cells but not normal leukocytes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 333 (2): 353–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.109. PMID   15946646.
  2. ↑ Yea K, Kim J, Lim S, Kwon T, Park HS, Park KS, Suh PG, Ryu SH (Jan 2009). "Lysophosphatidylserine regulates blood glucose by enhancing glucose transport in myotubes and adipocytes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 378 (4): 783–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.122. PMID   19063864.

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