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 Mexico |  Peru |
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The nations of Mexico and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1823. [1] Diplomatic relations were briefly cut in 1932 and reinstated again in 1933. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Lima Group, Organization of Ibero-American States, Organization of American States, Pacific Alliance and the United Nations.
Historically, both nations were host to great indigenous cultures; the Aztecs and Mayas in Mexico and the Incas in Peru. During colonization, both nations were part of the Spanish Empire until the early 19th century. Mexico was part of Viceroyalty of New Spain while Peru was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Peru were established in 1823, two years after Peru gained its independence from Spain. [1] In October 1892, Mexico opened its first consulate in Lima followed by the opening of an embassy on 14 June 1937. [1]
In 1932, a Peruvian newspaper published a letter by Peruvian politician Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre where he talks about wanting to establish different styles of governing in Latin America. The letter was addressed to a colleague and states the plan in detail to another friend who he sent a letter (but never arrived) via a Mexican diplomatic pouch to Lima. [2] This letter caused such an outrage in Peru that the government accused the Mexican government of 'meddling' in its internal affairs and severed diplomatic relations with Mexico. Diplomatic relations were once again restored in 1933 with the incoming of a new president in Peru. [2]
In 1960, President Adolfo López Mateos was the first highest ranking Mexican official to visit Peru, followed by President Luis Echeverría in 1974. It was not until the 1990s that Peruvian Presidents Alan Garcia and Alberto Fujimori paid official visits to Mexico. Since then, there have been a continuous flow of official visits by both nations to each other's countries, respectively. [1]
In 2012, both nations became founding founders of the Pacific Alliance (along with Colombia and Chile). In July 2016, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto attended the inauguration of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. In December 2018, Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra attended the inauguration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
In December 2022, López Obrador revealed that Peruvian President Pedro Castillo intended to request political asylum following the backlash to Castillo's attempted self-coup. [3] Castillo was arrested before reaching the Mexican Embassy in Lima. [3] On December 20, the family of former President Castillo was granted asylum and flown to Mexico. The Mexican ambassador in Lima was declared "persona non grata" and ordered to leave Peru. [4] In February 2023, Peruvian President Dina Boluarte withdrew the ambassador of Peru in Mexico. [5] In May 2023, the Peruvian Congress declared Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador persona non grata citing "his meddling in Peru's internal affairs and marking a deepening diplomatic split in the region". [6] President López Obrador has also refused to hand over the presidency of the Pacific Alliance to Peru as the Mexican Government refuses to recognize President Boluarte and her Government since the removal of President Pedro Castillo, however, the presidency was passed on to Boluarte by Chilean President Gabriel Boric in 2023. [7]
In April 2024, Mexico's Secretariat of the Interior announced that it will return to asking visas for Peruvian citizens entering the country, arguing that there has been an increase in the influx of Peruvian citizens trying to illegally cross the Mexican border to the United States. [8] Mexico had previously stopped asking visas for Peruvian citizens back in 2012 as an agreement to boost tourism and business between Pacific Alliance members. [9] In response to the unilateral visa resumption, citing reciprocity, the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the country will also be asking visas for Mexican citzens entering the country. [10] However, four days later, Peru reversed its stance and decided to repeal the official decree imposing visas for Mexican citizens, mostly due to concerns from local business unions about the measure's impact on the tourism sector. [11] [12]
Presidential visits from Mexico to Peru [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Presidential visits from Peru to Mexico [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as an Arbitration Treaty (1902); Agreement for the Exchange of Diplomatic Pouches (1919); Agreement for Cultural and Educational Cooperation (1975); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (1987); Agreement on Air Transportation (1989); Agreement of Cooperation in Combating Drug Trafficking and Drug Dependency (1991); Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation (1996); Extradition Treaty (2000); Agreement on Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2000); Agreement on the Execution of Criminal Judgments (2002); Agreement for Protection, Conservation, Recovery and Return of Stolen Archaeological, Artistic, Historical and Cultural Goods (2002); Agreement for Commercial Integration (2011); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and to Prevent Fiscal Evasion in relation to Taxes on Income (2011) and an Agreement of Strategic Association (2014). [23]
There are direct flights between both nations with the following airlines: Aeroméxico, LATAM Perú, Sky Airline Peru and Volaris.
On 1 February 2012, a free trade agreement between the two nations came into effect. [24] In 2023, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$2.7 billion. [25] Mexico's main exports to Peru include: flat screen TVs; tractors for semi-trailers; shampoos; corrugated bars; silver minerals; electronics and automobiles. Peru's main exports to Mexico include: natural gas; minerals from copper; tomato; calamari; boxes, crates and cages; lead minerals; chilies sweets or peppers; tables, planks and beams. [25]
Several Mexican multinational companies such as América Móvil, Cinépolis, FEMSA, Grupo Bimbo, Grupo México, Grupo Salinas, Orbia, Oxxo and Sigma Alimentos (among others) operate in Peru. Peruvian multinational company Ajegroup (Kola Real) operates in Mexico. In 2022, Mexican companies invested US$16 billion in Peru. [26] Mexico is Peru's third largest trading partner in Latin America (after Brazil and Chile). [26]
The nations of Canada and Mexico established formal diplomatic relations in 1944. Initially, ties between the two nations were dormant, but since the 1990s relations between Canada and Mexico have positively developed as both countries brokered NAFTA.
The nations Mexico and Russia initially established diplomatic relations in 1890. In 1924, Mexico recognized and established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In 1930, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the USSR and granted asylum to Leon Trotsky. In 1943, Mexico and the USSR re-established diplomatic relations. After the dissolution of the union, Mexico once again established diplomatic relations with the current Russian Federation in 1992.
The nations of Chile and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1831, however, relations were severed in 1974 in the aftermath of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1990 and have continued unabated since.
Ties between Mexico and Spain date back to the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and subsequent Spanish colonialism in the country which lasted until the end of the Mexican War of Independence in 1821. Formal diplomatic relations between both nations commenced in 1836 and were severed with the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War in 1939. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1977 and have continued unabated since.
The nations of Argentina and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1888. Both nations are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, G-20 major economies, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Colombia and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1821 when Colombia became the first country in Latin-America to recognize Mexico's independence. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, Pacific Alliance and the United Nations.
The nations of Mexico and Paraguay established diplomatic relations in 1831. Both countries are full members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Mexico and Venezuela established diplomatic relations in 1831, however, diplomatic relations between both nations have been historically unstable on several occasions. During the Venezuelan presidential crisis, Mexico took a neutral position and has continued to maintain diplomatic relations with the government of President Nicolás Maduro.
Guatemala and Mexico are neighboring nations who established diplomatic relations in 1848. In January 1959 both nations broke diplomatic relations as a result of the Mexico–Guatemala conflict, however, diplomatic relations were re-established 8 months later in September of that same year. Since then diplomatic relations have continued unabated since. Diplomatic relations between both nations are based on close proximity, trade, cultural similarities and a shared history.
The nations of Mexico and Sweden established diplomatic relations in 1885. Both members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.
Belize and Mexico are neighboring nations. They established official diplomatic relations in 1981 after Belize obtained its independence. However, diplomatic relations between Mexico and British administered British Honduras existed as early as 1893. Relations between both nations are based on proximity, trade and cultural connections between the Maya peoples of Belize and southern Mexico.
The nations of Ecuador and Mexico first established diplomatic relations in 1830. In April 2024, Mexico severed diplomatic relations due to a police raid on the Mexican Embassy in Quito.
The nations of Honduras and Mexico established diplomatic relations in 1879. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Mexico and Nicaragua established diplomatic relations in 1839, however, relations were briefly severed in May 1979 and restored a few months later in July 1979 with the ousting of Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Diplomatic relations between both nations have continued unabated since.
The nations of Costa Rica and Mexico established diplomatic relations 1838. Both nations are members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.
The nations of Mexico and Panama established diplomatic relations in 1904. Both nations are mutual members of the Association of Caribbean States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Latin American Integration Association, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Organization of American States.
Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations are the diplomatic relations between Mexico and Saudi Arabia. Both nations are mutual members of the G-20 major economies and the United Nations.
Mexico–Vietnam relations are the diplomatic relations between Mexico and Vietnam. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation and the United Nations.
Japan–Peru relations are the current and historical relations between Japan and Peru. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Forum of East Asia–Latin America Cooperation.
France–Peru relations are the diplomatic relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Peru. Both nations are members of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.
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