Shoubak revolts

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Shoubak Revolt of 1905
Ottoman Syria.png
View of Syria Vilayet
DateMay 1905
Location
30°31′53″N35°33′39″E / 30.531378°N 35.560825°E / 30.531378; 35.560825
Result Rebellion brutally suppressed
Belligerents
Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg  Ottoman Empire Inhabitants of Shoubak
Strength
100 armed horsemen N/A
Casualties and losses
10 dead 150 dead
Jordan location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within Jordan

The Shoubak revolts were a series of uprisings against Ottoman authority in the Transjordanian town of Shoubak that took place in 1900 and 1905. The second uprising started after the Ottoman forces started to put women of the town into forced labor, considered to be a deliberate act of punishment against the inhabitants of Shoubak who were frequently insubordinate. [1] Shoubak rose in revolt and managed to rally the neighboring Bedouins with them; the perpetuators were brutally punished by military force through an Ottoman expedition sent from Al-Karak, just north of Shoubak. [2]

Ottoman Empire Former empire in Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa

The Ottoman Empire, historically known to its inhabitants and the Eastern world as Rome (Rûm), and known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin, it was thoroughly Persianised in terms of language, culture, literature and habits. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

Transjordan, the East Bank, or the Transjordanian Highlands, is the part of the Southern Levant east of the Jordan River, mostly contained in present-day Jordan.

Shoubak Town in Maan Governorate, Jordan

Shoubak is a municipality that lies at the northwestern edge of the Ma'an Governorate in Jordan. It had a population of 19297. At one of the highest elevations above sea level in Jordan, this municipality is famous for apple and fruit farms. The Crusader castle Montreal is located in Shoubak.

Contents

Shoubak revolt of 1900

Heavy taxation by the Ottoman Empire authorities with no state-provided services in return led to a rebellion by the inhabitants of Shoubak in 1900. During that rebellion, the inhabitants of Shoubak climbed the town's Montreal Crusader Castle and killed a number of Ottoman soldiers. After the revolt failed to spread to neighboring towns and was quickly suppressed, the inhabitants of Shoubak were eager for another revolt. [3]

Crusades A series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period

The crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most commonly known crusades are the campaigns in the eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The term crusade is also applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns. These were fought for a variety of reasons including the suppression of paganism and heresy, the resolution of conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or for political and territorial advantage. At the time of the early crusades, the word did not exist and it only became the leading descriptive term in English around the year 1760.

Shoubak revolt of 1905

Inhabitants of Shoubak surrounding ruins of a church in 1900. Inhabitants of Shoubak, Transjordan, surrouding church ruins in March 1900.jpg
Inhabitants of Shoubak surrounding ruins of a church in 1900.

The second revolt started in May 1905, after Ottoman forces started to put women of the town into forced labor, tasking them with carrying water from springs deep in the valley to the Montreal Castle up above where the troops where stationed. [1] This may have been a deliberate act of punishment against the inhabitants of Shoubak, who were frequently insubordinate. [2] The people of Shoubak revolted because they considered the humiliation of their women as an attack on their honour. The townsmen assaulted and expelled Ottoman soldiers from the castle, and took shelter in it. [3]

Historian Suleiman Mousa argues that Ottoman authorities intentionally humiliated the Arabs they governed in order to provoke them into a rebellion. [3] The Mutasarrıf of the nearby town of Al-Karak sent a special expedition consisting of 100 armed horsemen to confront the rebels. The Bedouins of the area joined the rebels and together refused to surrender the castle to the Ottomans. The horsemen raided the town, killed a number of its inhabitants, reoccupied the castle, and confiscated a number of the townsmen's possessions. [3]

Suleiman Mousa Jordanian historian

Suleiman Mousa was a Jordanian author and historian born in Al-Rafeed, a small village north of the city of Irbid. He wrote up to fifty books of which most prominent are Biography of Sharif Hussein Bin Ali, Jordan in the 1948 War, Great Arab Revolt, History of Jordan in the 20th century, and was the first and only Arab author to write about Lawrence of Arabia and show the Arab perspective.

Mutasarrıf Administrative authority of certain sanjaks, appointed directly by the Sultan

In the Ottoman Empire, a mutasarrıf was an administrative authority of any of certain sanjaks, who were appointed directly by the Sultan.

Al-Karak City in Karak Governorate, Jordan

Al-Karak, known in the Kingdom of Jerusalem as Kerak, is a city in Jordan known for its Crusader castle, the Kerak Castle. The castle is one of the three largest castles in the region, the other two being in Syria. Al-Karak is the capital city of the Karak Governorate.

Aftermath

The events at Shoubak caused further tensions between the Arabs and the Ottoman authorities, and is believed to have contributed to local support for the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916. [3]

Arab Revolt uprising against the ruling Ottoman Turks of the Committee of Union and Progress during World War I

The Arab Revolt or Great Arab Revolt was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, an agreement between the British government and Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, the revolt was officially initiated at Mecca on June 10, 1916. The aim of the revolt was to create a single unified and independent Arab state stretching from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen, which the British had promised to recognize.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Kamal S. Salibi (1998-12-15). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. ISBN   9781860643316 . Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  2. 1 2 Eugene L. Rogan (2002-04-21). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN   9780521892230 . Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "ثورات الشوبك: 1900م و 1905م". Jordan Heritage (in Arabic). 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-06-11.