St Edern's Church, Bodedern

Last updated

St Edern's Church, Bodedern
Eglwys S Edern Bodedern - geograph.org.uk - 577735.jpg
The porch and south side of the nave and chancel
Isle of Anglesey UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
St Edern's Church, Bodedern
Location in Anglesey
53°17′41″N4°30′07″W / 53.294727°N 4.501893°W / 53.294727; -4.501893
OS grid reference SH 333 804
Location Bodedern, Anglesey
Country Wales, United Kingdom
Denomination Church in Wales
History
Status Parish church
Founded6th century; earliest parts of present building are 14th-century
Founder(s) St Edern
Dedication St Edern
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Heritage designation Grade II*
Designated5 April 1971
Architect(s) Henry Kennedy (1871 rebuilding and restoration)
Architectural type Church
Style Perpendicular
Specifications
Length59 ft 6 in (18.1 m) (nave)
Nave width16 ft 9 in (5.1 m)
Other dimensionsChancel: 17 by 16 ft (5.2 by 4.9 m)
Materials Stone, slate roof
Administration
Province Province of Wales
Diocese Diocese of Bangor
Archdeaconry Bangor
Deanery Llifon and Talybolion
Parish Bodedern with Llanfaethlu
Clergy
Vicar(s) Vacant since September 2009

St Edern's Church, Bodedern (sometimes referred to as St Edeyrn's Church) [nb 1] is a medieval parish church in the village of Bodedern, in Anglesey, north Wales. Although St Edern established a church in the area in the 6th century, the oldest parts of the present building date from the 14th century. Subsequent alterations include the addition of some windows in the 15th century, and a chancel, transept and porch in the 19th century, when the nave walls were largely rebuilt. Stained glass was also inserted into the windows of the chancel and transept.

Contents

The church contains a 6th-century inscribed stone found near the village, a medieval font, and some 17th-century decorated wooden panels from Jesus College, Oxford, which was formerly connected with the church. St Edern's also owns three pieces of 19th-century church silverware, but a silver chalice dated 1574 was lost some time during the 19th century. An 18th-century gallery at the west end rests on two oak crossbeams, one of which was previously used to support the rood loft.

The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales, one of nine in a combined parish, but as of 2013 there has not been a vicar in the parish since September 2009. It is a Grade II* listed building, a national designation given to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest", [5] in particular because it is regarded as "a good example of a late medieval church, its character maintained in the late 19th-century restoration and rebuilding work, and retaining some of the medieval fabric and windows." [3]

History and location

Bodedern is a village in Anglesey, Wales, about 5 miles (8 km) from the port town of Holyhead. [6] "Aeternus", known in Welsh as St Edern or sometimes in a variant spelling as "St Ederyn", is recorded in the Welsh genealogies as the son or grandson of Beli ap Rhun (a 6th-century king of Gwynedd). He appears as "Edern ap Nudd", one of the knights of King Arthur, in the Mabinogion (a collection of medieval Welsh prose tales). [7] He established a church in the area in the 6th century, perhaps at Pen Eglwys Edern, a site about half a mile away (800 m) from the present building (eglwys means "church" and pen means "head" or "top"). [8] Excavations there in the early 1970s revealed a cemetery from the 5th or 6th century. [9] The village takes its name from the saint; the Welsh prefix bod means "dwelling of". [8] The present building stands in a churchyard in the centre of Bodedern, on the north side of Church Street. [2] [3]

St Edern's is medieval in origin, with later additions and alterations. The oldest part is the nave, which has been described as "essentially 14th-century", although it was rebuilt in 1871 during restoration work under Henry Kennedy, architect of the Diocese of Bangor. [10] It was one of many churches in Anglesey to be rebuilt or restored in the 19th century – few remained untouched – and Kennedy was responsible for much of the work carried out from the 1840s to the 1890s. [11] The north wall was rebuilt above the tops of the windows, whereas only the bottom 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 m) of the south wall was left unaltered. During this work, some of the nave windows inserted in the 15th century were repositioned, and a chancel (at the east end), a porch (south-west corner) and a transept or side chapel (north-east corner of the nave) were added. [3] The "extensive" work cost about £1,000. [8] [nb 2]

St Edern's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales (the Anglican church within Wales), as one of nine parish churches in the combined benefice of Bodedern with Llanfaethlu. The nine churches do not have an incumbent priest as of 2013, and have not had one since September 2009. [4] The church is within the deanery of Llifon and Talybolion, the archdeaconry of Bangor, and the Diocese of Bangor. [13]

The church was at one time an ecclesiastical dependency (or "daughter church") of St Cybi's, Holyhead. [14] The right of patronage (the power to appoint the rector of Holyhead and its associated churches and the right to receive income from the church) was bequeathed to Jesus College, Oxford, in 1648. The college was the patron of the parish until 1920, when the Welsh Church Act 1914 came into force and the Church in Wales was disestablished. [15] In 1849, the writer Samuel Lewis noted that the college and Queen Anne's Bounty (a fund to support poor clergy) had recently each paid £400 for a new parsonage. He also recorded that the college received a rent charge of £476 and 8 shillings each year from the parish instead of receiving the tithes. [16] The college donated £200 towards the restoration work in 1871. [15]

Architecture and fittings

Construction and layout

St Edern's is built in the Perpendicular style using local stone, with blocks of cut sandstone as the external face. The roof is made from slate with stone copings and has a bellcote at the west end, with one bell (dating probably from the 17th century). [3] [8] There is one external buttress to the south-east of the nave to help support the weight of the building, and there are crosses on the roof of the porch and at the east end of the nave and chancel roofs. [3]

The church's entrance is an arched outer doorway in the porch, with a 15th-century pointed inner door set in a square frame described by one architectural guide as "boldly moulded". [10] The roof of the porch reuses medieval wood. [6] The nave, which has five bays, measures 59 feet 6 inches by 16 feet 9 inches (18.1 by 5.1 m). [3] [6] A gallery at the west end is supported by two oak crossbeams, one of which has the date of 1777 inscribed. [3] According to one 19th-century writer, an old rood loft had previously rested on one of the beams supporting the gallery. [2] The late-medieval internal roof timbers are exposed. [3] The chancel, which is 17 by 16 feet (5.2 by 4.9 m), is raised two steps above the nave and is separated from it by a Victorian pointed arch; there is also a Victorian arch between the nave and the north transept. [3] [6] [10] The second of the three steps leading up from the chancel to the sanctuary at the east end is decorated with encaustic tiles, with the Welsh words Golchaf fy nwylaw mewn diniweidrwydd ath allor o Arglwydd a amglych hynaf ("Wash my passion away with innocence at the altar of the Lord here"). [3]

Windows

There are five windows on the south side of the nave; the one to the west of the porch is set in a pointed frame, and the others are in square frames. The middle and easternmost of the five date originally from the 15th century but have been repositioned; the other three are 19th-century. On the north side, there is a pointed doorway from the early 14th century, with a 19th-century window to the west and two repositioned 15th-century windows with two lights (sections of window separated by mullions) to the east. The west wall has a repositioned 15th-century window. The chancel's east window is also 15th-century, with three lights headed by trefoils (a three-leaf pattern) and decorated with tracery. It has 19th-century glass depicting the Ascension. The south side of the chancel and the north transept have 19th-century windows; the south chancel window has three lights with tracery headed by cinquefoils (a five-leaf pattern), with geometric patterns of glass. [3]

The east and south chancel stained glass is in memory of the wife, son, and daughter of Hugh Wynne Jones, who died in the mid-19th century. [3] He was the first priest to be vicar of the parish (1868–1888); his predecessors had been curates, a lower position. He is depicted as Simeon, who in Luke's Gospel receives Jesus and his family when they visit the Temple of Jerusalem after the birth of Jesus (an event celebrated as the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple). [8] The north transept has a three-light window to the north depicting St Edern, by Franz Mayer & Co. [3] There are also windows with two lights on the east and west sides of the transept, one of which has a window from 1951 by Celtic Studios. [3] [10]

Panelwork and other fittings

St Edern's has several pieces of 17th-century panelwork, possibly of Dutch origin. [3] [6] There is a softwood panel screen between the nave and chancel, decorated with carved flowers and fruit, with a frieze of acanthus leaf. The reredos (the screen behind the altar) has further carved panelling, as does the upper section of the rectangular pulpit, a reading desk, the communion rail and a table. The panels of the communion rail, set between wooden columns decorated with fruit, flowers and ribbons, are topped by a long balustrade, also decorated with acanthus leaf. The panels came from Jesus College, possibly from the college chapel which was renovated in 1864 by the architect G. E. Street, or from a disused gallery in the library; the balustrade previously ran along the tops of the chapel's pews. The college's archivist has described the chancel as containing "a startling assemblage" of panels, "patched together in jigsaw fashion" and "heavily varnished". [15]

A stone dating from the 6th century and inscribed with the name "Ergagni" is kept in the transept. [10] It was discovered during excavations of the Pen Eglwys Edern site in 1972. [8] [9] The font, which is medieval in date, is a plain octagonal bowl set on an octagonal column. [3] Memorials include a "chunky Grecian memorial" to an officer of the Bengal Native Infantry who died in 1835, a tablet in neoclassical style from 1839, and a slate tablet to an army officer who died in 1914. [10] A survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire in 1937 also noted an oak communion table and two oak chairs of simple design, both from the early 18th century, and various memorials inside and outside the church from the 17th and 18th centuries. [6]

A survey of church plate within the Bangor diocese in 1906 recorded three silver items: a plain chalice dated 1887–88, a paten dated 1803–04, and a flagon inscribed "Bodedern 1809". The author noted that church records from 1776 to 1831 included mention of another silver chalice, dated 1574, with other references to a flagon and a paten made from pewter, but these were no longer to be found. [17]

Churchyard

The churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Field Artillery soldier of World War I. [18]

Assessment

The church as seen from the road Eglwys S Edern Bodedern - geograph.org.uk - 577730.jpg
The church as seen from the road

The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II* listed building  – the second-highest of the three grades of listing, designating "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". [5] It was given this status on 5 April 1971 because it was regarded as "a good example of a late medieval church, its character maintained in the late 19th-century restoration and rebuilding work, and retaining some of the medieval fabric and windows". [3] Cadw (the Welsh Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists) also notes "some finely detailed fittings including the chancel screen, reredos, pulpit and reading desk with 17th-century carved panels, and also a late 18th-century gallery at the west end." [3]

There are various descriptions of the church as it stood before Kennedy's 1871 rebuilding. In 1833, the Anglesey antiquarian Angharad Llwyd described the church as "a small ancient structure, displaying some good architectural details". [1] She also noted that it contained "some fine monuments" to members of local families. [1] The Welsh politician and church historian Sir Stephen Glynne visited the church in 1851. He said that the church was "little superior in size or architecture to the generality of Anglesey churches", but added that it was in "a neat and creditable state". [19] He also commented upon the "neat and uniform" pews. [19] In 1862, the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones wrote that the church was "of good work, and with the details of doors and windows carefully elaborated." [2] He compared the east window to that at St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yng-Nghornwy (also on Anglesey), and noted that there was an ambry or recess in the east wall beneath the window. [2]

Notes

  1. ↑ Some 19th-century writers record the church's dedication as "St Ederyn", using a variant spelling of the saint's name, and some also give the village as "Bodereryn"; [1] [2] Cadw uses "Edeyrn" but "Bodedern"; [3] the Church in Wales uses "Edern" and "Bodedern". [4]
  2. ↑ The cost of restoration can be inflated to contemporary values using changes in the British Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This measures the social cost of construction or investment as a proportion of the economy's total output of goods and services. This allows consideration of the equivalent social impact in current terms: how much contemporary Britons would need to forgo to invest a similar proportion of the current British economy. As of 2012, the figures are updated using data from 2010, the latest year for which data is available. [12] On that basis, £1,000 in 1871 is worth £1.26 million in today's terms. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Pabo's Church, Llanbabo</span> Church in Wales

St Pabo's Church, Llanbabo is a medieval church in Llanbabo, in Anglesey, North Wales. Much of the church dates to the 12th century, and it is regarded as a good example of a church of its period that has retained many aspects of its original fabric. The church houses a tombstone slab from the 14th century, depicting a king with crown and sceptre, bearing the name of Pabo Post Prydain, the reputed founder of the church. However, there is no evidence that Pabo, a 5th-century prince, lived in the area and the tradition that he founded the church has little supporting basis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Cristiolus's Church, Llangristiolus</span> Church in Wales

St Cristiolus's Church, Llangristiolus is a medieval church near the village of Llangristiolus, in Anglesey, north Wales. The village, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the building, takes its name from the church. Reputedly founded by St Cristiolus in 610, the present building dates from the 12th and 13th centuries. Alterations were made in the 16th century, when the large east window in Perpendicular style was added to the chancel – a window which has been described by one guide to the buildings of north Wales as "almost too big to fit" in the wall. Some restoration work took place in the mid-19th century, when further windows were added and the chancel largely rebuilt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Iestyn's Church, Llaniestyn</span> Church in Anglesey, Wales

St Iestyn's Church, Llaniestyn is a medieval church in Llaniestyn, Anglesey, in Wales. A church is said to have been founded here by St Iestyn in the 7th century, with the earliest parts of the present building dating from the 12th century. The church was extended in the 14th century, with further changes over the coming years. It contains a 12th-century font and a 14th-century memorial stone to Iestyn, from the same workshop as the stone to St Pabo at St Pabo's Church, Llanbabo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Cwyllog's Church, Llangwyllog</span> Church in Wales

St Cwyllog's Church, Llangwyllog, is a medieval church near Llangwyllog, in Anglesey, north Wales. St Cwyllog founded a church here in the 6th century, although the exact date is unknown. The existence of a church here was recorded in 1254 and parts of the present building may date from around 1200. Other parts are from the 15th century, with an unusual annexe added in the 16th century. The church contains some 18th-century fittings, including a rare Georgian three-decker pulpit and reading desk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Church, Pentraeth</span> Church in Wales

St Mary's Church, Pentraeth is a small medieval parish church in the village of Pentraeth, in Anglesey, north Wales. The date of construction is unknown, but is probably from some time between the 12th to 14th centuries. A church dedicated to St Mary was recorded here in 1254, but there is a tradition that there was an older church dedicated to St Geraint, an early British saint. Some medieval stonework remains in three walls of the building. A chapel was added to the south side in the 16th or 17th century. The church was altered and refurbished during the 19th century, including an extensive rebuilding by Henry Kennedy, the architect for the Diocese of Bangor, in 1882. St Mary's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales, and is one of three churches in a combined parish. Its conservation is specifically included in the aims of a Chester-based charity that promotes health and the arts in Anglesey and the north-west of England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Church, Bodewryd</span> Church in Wales

St Mary's Church, Bodewryd is a small medieval church in the hamlet of Bodewryd, in Anglesey, north Wales. The date of construction is unknown, but there was a church on this site in 1254 and the earliest feature to which a date can be given is a doorway in a 15th-century style dating to around 1500. When the church was restored in 1867 after being struck by lightning, stained glass with Islamic-influenced patterns was included in the windows, a requirement of Lord Stanley of Alderley, the church's benefactor, who was a convert to Islam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Church, Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf</span> Church in Wales

St Mary's Church, Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf is a small medieval church in Anglesey, north Wales. The earliest parts of the building, including the nave and the north doorway, date from the 14th century. Other parts, including the chancel and the east window, date from the 15th century. It is associated with the Welsh poet and clergyman Goronwy Owen, who was born nearby and served as curate here. He later travelled to America to teach at The College of William & Mary, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog</span> Church in Wales

St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog is a small medieval church, in Llandyfrydog, Anglesey, north Wales. The date of establishment of a church on this site is unknown, but one 19th-century Anglesey historian says that it was about 450. The oldest parts of the present building are dated to about 1400, with the chancel dating from the late 15th or early 16th century. It is built from rough, small, squared stones, dressed with limestone. One of the windows on the south side is raised to illuminate the pulpit, a decision that in the eyes of one 19th-century commentator "disfigures the building."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Deiniol's Church, Llanddaniel Fab</span> Church in Wales

St Deiniol's Church, Llanddaniel Fab, is a small 19th-century parish church in the centre of Llanddaniel Fab, a village in Anglesey, north Wales. The first church in this location is said to have been established by St Deiniol Fab in 616. He was the son of St Deiniol, the first Bishop of Bangor. The current building, which is in Early English style, incorporates some material and fittings from an earlier church on the site, including the font and an 18th-century memorial in the porch. The vestry door has medieval jambs and the keystone of its arch, which is also medieval, is a carved human face. Some parts of the nave walls may also come from a previous building here.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Caffo's Church, Llangaffo</span> Church in Wales

St Caffo's Church, Llangaffo is a 19th-century church, in the south of Anglesey, north Wales, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the county town, Llangefni. It was constructed in 1846 to replace the previous medieval church in the village of Llangaffo. The new building includes a number of monuments from the old church, and has a spire which is a prominent local landmark. The churchyard has part of a stone cross dating from the 9th or 10th century, and some gravestones from the 9th to 11th centuries. It is dedicated to St Caffo, a 6th-century martyr who was killed in the vicinity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Gallgo's Church, Llanallgo</span> Church in Wales

St Gallgo's Church, Llanallgo is a small church near the village of Llanallgo, on the east coast of Anglesey, north Wales. The chancel and transepts, which are the oldest features of the present building, date from the late 15th century, but there has been a church on the site since the 6th or early 7th century, making it one of the oldest Christian sites in Anglesey. Some restoration and enlargement took place during the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Beuno's Church, Trefdraeth</span> Church in Wales, UK

St Beuno's Church, Trefdraeth is the medieval parish church of Trefdraeth, a hamlet in Anglesey, north Wales. Although one 19th-century historian recorded that the first church on this location was reportedly established in about 616, no part of any 7th-century structure survives; the oldest parts of the present building date are from the 13th century. Alterations were made in subsequent centuries, but few of them during the 19th century, a time when many other churches in Anglesey were rebuilt or were restored.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Nidan's Church, Llanidan</span> Church in Wales

St Nidan's Church, Llanidan is a 19th-century parish church near the village of Brynsiencyn, in Anglesey, north Wales. Built between 1839 and 1843, it replaced the Old Church of St Nidan, Llanidan, which needed significant repair, providing a place of Anglican worship nearer to the village than the old church. Some items were moved here from the old church, including the 13th-century font, two bells from the 14th and 15th century, and a reliquary thought to hold the remains of St Nidan. The tower at the west end has been described as "top heavy" and looking like "a water tower".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Eugrad's Church, Llaneugrad</span> Church in Wales

St Eugrad's Church, Llaneugrad is an isolated church near the village of Marian-glas, in Anglesey, north Wales. A church was supposedly founded here by St Eugrad in about 605, although the earliest parts of the present structure are the nave, chancel and chancel arch, which date from the 12th century. A side chapel was added to the north in the 16th century, and some moderate restoration work was carried out in the 19th century. It contains a 12th-century font, a 13th-century carved stone depicting the crucifixion, and a memorial to one of the officers killed when the Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in 1859.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yng-Nghornwy</span> Church in Wales

St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yng-Nghornwy is a medieval parish church in the north-west of Anglesey, north Wales. The date of foundation of the church, which is in the village of Llanfair-yng-Nghornwy, is unknown, but the oldest parts date from the 11th or 12th century. It has twice been enlarged: in the 15th century, when the chancel was rebuilt, and in the 16th century, when a chapel was added to the south of the chancel, separated by three arches. The tower at the west end is from the 17th century. A south porch of unknown date has been converted into a vestry, and the church is now entered through the tower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Cynfarwy's Church, Llechgynfarwy</span> Church in Wales

St Cynfarwy's Church is a medieval parish church in Llechgynfarwy, Anglesey, north Wales. The first church in the vicinity was established by St Cynfarwy in about 630, but no structure from that time survives. The present building contains a 12th-century baptismal font, indicating the presence of a church at that time, although extensive rebuilding in 1867 removed the datable features of the previous edifice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yn-y-Cwmwd</span> Church in Wales

St Mary's Church, Llanfair-yn-y-Cwmwd is a small medieval parish church near the village of Dwyran, in Anglesey, north Wales. The building probably dates from the 15th century, with some alterations. It contains a 12th-century carved stone font and a 13th-century decorated coffin lid. The bell is inscribed with the year of its casting, 1582. The historian Henry Rowlands was vicar of St Mary's in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Maurice Wilks, who invented the Land Rover, is buried in the churchyard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Ceinwen's Church, Cerrigceinwen</span> Church in Wales

St Ceinwen's Church, Cerrigceinwen, is a former parish church in the countryside of central Anglesey, north Wales. The present building dates from 1860, although the site has been used for worship since at least the 7th century. The doorway reuses some old carved gravestones, one from the 9th to 11th centuries, and another from the 12th century. The church grounds contain a well, once thought to have healing properties. The church and the well are both named after St Ceinwen, an early Celtic female saint.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Peter's Church, Llanbedrgoch</span> Church in Anglesey, Wales

St Peter's Church, Llanbedrgoch, is a small medieval parish church near the village of Llanbedrgoch in Anglesey, north Wales. The oldest parts of the building date from the 15th century; it was extended in the 17th century and restored twice in the 19th century. The doorway is decorated with carvings of two human heads, one wearing a mitre. The church contains a reading desk made from 15th-century bench ends, one carved with a mermaid holding a mirror and comb.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Michael's Church, Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog</span> Church in Anglesey, Wales

St Michael's Church, Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog, is a former parish church in Anglesey, Wales, which is now closed and in ruins. The structure dates from the 15th century and a chapel was added to the north side in the 17th century. A replacement church was built elsewhere in the parish in 1847, and the old church was closed, partly demolished and abandoned. Some restoration work has taken place in the 21st century and some occasional services have been held.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Llwyd, Angharad (2007) [1833]. A History of the Island of Mona. Llyfrau Magma. pp. 93–94. ISBN   1-872773-73-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Jones, Harry Longueville (1862). "Mona Mediaeva No. XXVII". Archaeologia Cambrensis . Third. Cambrian Archaeological Association. VIII: 117.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Cadw. "Church of Ederyn (5276)". National Historic Assets of Wales . Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  4. 1 2 "Church in Wales: Benefices". Church in Wales . Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  5. 1 2 What is listing? (PDF). Cadw. 2005. p. 6. ISBN   1-85760-222-6.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire (1968) [1937]. "Bodedern". An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Anglesey. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 16–17.
  7. ↑ Baring-Gould, Sabine (1907). The lives of the British Saints: the Saints of Wales and Cornwall and such Irish Saints as have dedications in Britain (volume 2). Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. pp. 405–406.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jones, Geraint I. L. (2006). Anglesey Churches. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. pp. 35–36. ISBN   1-84527-089-4.
  9. 1 2 "Site: Arfryn". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project, University College London . Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Haslam, Richard; Orbach, Julian; Voelcker, Adam (2009). "Anglesey". The Buildings of Wales: Gwynedd. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN   978-0-300-14169-6.
  11. ↑ Clarke, M. L. (1961). "Anglesey Churches in the Nineteenth Century". Transactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club. Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club: 53–54.
  12. 1 2 Officer, Lawrence H. (2011). "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  13. ↑ "Deanery of Llifon and Talybolion: St Edern, Bodedern". Church in Wales. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  14. ↑ Carr, Antony (1982). Medieval Anglesey. Anglesey Antiquarian Society. pp. 38–39.
  15. 1 2 3 Allen, Brigid (2000). "The college chapel, the Fellows' Library and the woodwork mystery". The Jesus College Record. Jesus College, Oxford: 59–69.
  16. ↑ Lewis, Samuel (1849). "Bôdedern (Bôd-Edeyrn)". A Topographical Dictionary of Wales.
  17. ↑ Jones, E. Alfred (1906). The church plate of the Diocese of Bangor. Bemrose and Sons Ltd. p. 8.
  18. ↑ CWGC casualty record.
  19. 1 2 Glynne, Sir Stephen (1900). "Notes on the Older Churches of the Four Welsh Dioceses". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 5th. Cambrian Archaeological Association. XVII: 87.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.