Woman's Relief Corps

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E. F. Barker, 1st National President E.FlorenceBarker.png
E. F. Barker, 1st National President
K. B. Sherwood, 2nd Natl. Pres. KATE BROWNLEE SHERWOOD A woman of the century (page 663 crop).jpg
K. B. Sherwood, 2nd Natl. Pres.
S. E. Fuller, 3rd Natl. Pres. Sarah E. Fuller.png
S. E. Fuller, 3rd Natl. Pres.
E. D. Kinne, 4th Natl. Pres. Elizabeth D'Arcy Kinne (The New England Magazine, 1890).png
E. D. Kinne, 4th Natl. Pres.
E. S. Hampton, 5th Natl. Pres. Emma Stark Hampton (The New England Magazine, 1890).png
E. S. Hampton, 5th Natl. Pres.
C. R. Craig, 6th Natl. Pres. CHARITY RUSK CRAIG.jpg
C. R. Craig, 6th Natl. Pres.
A. T. Wittenmyer, 7th Natl. Pres. Annie Wittenmyer.jpg
A. T. Wittenmyer, 7th Natl. Pres.
M. S. McHenry, 8th Natl. Pres. MARY SEARS McHENRY A woman of the century (page 497 crop).jpg
M. S. McHenry, 8th Natl. Pres.
S. A. Sanders, 9th Natl. Pres. SUE A. PIKE SANDERS A woman of the century (page 640 crop).jpg
S. A. Sanders, 9th Natl. Pres.
M. R. Wickens, 10th Natl. Pres. MARGARET R. WICKENS A woman of the century (page 781 crop).jpg
M. R. Wickens, 10th Natl. Pres.

The Woman's Relief Corps (WRC) is a charitable organization in the United States, originally founded as the official women's auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) in 1883. [1] The organization was designed to assist the GAR and provide post-war relief to Union veterans. [2] The GAR had been created as a "fraternal" organization and refused to allow women to join up until the creation of this auxiliary. [2] It is largely dedicated to historical preservation of research and official documentation related to the WRC and GAR. [1]

Contents

Background

The WRC expresses that among other tenets, a primary purpose is to perpetuate the memory of the Grand Army of the Republic, a veterans' advocacy organization for Union Army soldiers during the American Civil War. The WRC is the GAR's only legally recognized auxiliary and was organized at the specific request of the GAR. A formal Charter was drawn on July 25 and 26, 1883 in Denver, Colorado. It was subsequently incorporated by Public Act of the 87th Congress on September 7, 1962. [3] The first elected National President of the organization was E. Florence Barker. [4] [5]

Creation

As a result of women's roles in the war effort, they became equipped with the leadership and organizational skills that positioned them well for philanthropic organizations. They mobilized to provide aid to veterans and their families following the war. The creation of these local charities paved the basis for the origin of the WRC. From 1879, the primary criterion for eligibility to become a member of the WRC was loyalty to the Union cause, and membership was not necessarily restricted to residents of Union States. [2]

The first chapter of the WRC began in Portland, Maine 10 years prior to the more notable one in Massachusetts. In 1879, a group of Massachusetts women from different associations started a "secret" organization that sought to more effectively unify the various local and state relief programs that had been loyal to the North during the American Civil War. In 1890, a chapter of the WRC was introduced in New Hampshire and it, along with the Massachusetts post, formed the Union Board of New England. [2]

Black Chapters

While most organizations prevented African Americans from joining, the WRC had numerous all black chapters in many urban cities across the country and various southern states also had detached black corps. Although the south kept their chapters segregated, the majority of the corps in the north were desegregated. [2]

One notable African-American WRC member was Susie Taylor, who helped organize Corps 67 in Boston, Massachusetts in 1886, and over the next twelve years served as its secretary, treasurer, and president. [ citation needed ] Two other black women, Anna Hughes and Marilla Bradbury also held officer positions in the Martin Delaney Corps. [2]

Julia Mason Layton, a black WRC member, fought for the 1893 National Convention decision that allocated funds to African American southern members so that they could be trained to more efficiently organize and finance black veterans. She also helped to create the first all-black chapter in the Department of Potomac. [6]

In Massachusetts, African American woman R. Adelaide Washington was elected as the president of the St. John Chambre Corps. Her election was incredibly impressive considering, at the time, this chapter was dominated by white members. [7]

Rules

Being the official auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic, the WRC could not just operate as it wished or do whatever it pleased. The founding members of the WRC had to write rules and regulations that the GAR would approve of and also ran along similar lines of what the GAR was doing. The Rules and Regulations for the Government of the Woman's Relief Corps stipulated three main objectives. The third of these objectives was to "maintain true allegiance to the United States of America" and teach patriotism and "love of country." [8]

State/Territory departments and post

The numbers of state and territory departments and posts changed regularly from year to year. In 1892, the WRC was made up of 45 departments, provisional departments, and detached corps of various territories and states. There was a combined total of 2,797 corps (chapters) across the country. In 1892, the WRC also had 98,209 members. [9] Arizona, Florida, Georgia (U.S. state), Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, New Mexico, New York (state), North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington, D.C. all also had WRC posts, detached and attached, by 1916. [2]

As desegregation of the state departments continued, members at the national level, such as president Abbie Addams, wanted to halt black corps from being created. She proposed this idea on the basis that black women were not educated enough nor interested in joining such an organization. She also wanted to investigate black chapters and dissolve them if they did not have proper permits or licenses to hold group meetings. [7]

Interdependence of the GAR and WRC

The WRC began as an auxiliary to the GAR, but as the GAR began to decline, the WRC was able to help promote the longevity of the republic. Because the GAR required members to be veterans of the Union, their numbers began to dwindle as generations passed. In New Jersey, the Ladies Loyal League was an auxiliary that was created by women who had evidence that they were related to Union veterans. This group never reached the same level of importance nor power of the WRC whose members were abundant and reputable. In the 20th century, the WRC gained a political foothold as it lobbied for feminist policies and pensions for Union nurses, as well as patriotic education. [7]

Memorial Day

Early on in the creation of the WRC, Memorial Day was used to teach patriotism and nationalism to children of all ages across the North (there was an effort in the South, but there was a great deal of resistance). The members of the Woman's Relief Corps with the assistance of children would make floral wreaths and place them alongside American Flags at the graves of Union veterans and nurses who died during and since the Civil War. [10]

The members of the GAR and WRC viewed Memorial Day as a holy day, but by 1915, the organizations were combating the view that Memorial Day was now a holiday and the memory of the Civil War began to dwindle. [11]

Conventions

  1. 1883, Denver: 13 states; 45 members [12]
  2. 1884, Minneapolis: 10,000 members [12]
  3. 1885, Portland, Maine: 22 departments, 23,000 members [12]
  4. 1886, San Francisco: 33,000 members [12]
  5. 1887, St. Louis, Missouri: 49,000 members [12]
  6. 1888, Columbus, Ohio: 63,000 members [12]
  7. 1889, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: 73,000 members [12]
  8. 1890, Boston, Massachusetts: 92,000 members [12]
  9. 1891, Detroit, Michigan: 100,000 members [12]
  10. 1892, Washington, D.C. [12]
  11. 1893, Indianapolis, Indiana [12]

Quotes

"For the women are much better at seeking out soldiers who are really in need of assistance than we are…A woman’s eyes are much quicker to perceive distress than a man’s." – Van Deer Voort, The National Tribune, December 21, 1882

“I cannot forget that our white soldiers, flying for their lives, were often glad to sleep in the beds, and share the coarse food of the loyal colored people. And I never knew or heard during all those terrible years of strife and blood, of a colored man, woman or child proving a traitor to the Union cause, or to the men who upheld it.......It seems to me that the question in the Woman’s Relief Corps should not be: whether a woman’s face is white or black, but whether her heart is white and loyal, and her life pure and generous.” Annie Wittenmyer Journal of the Eighth Annual Convention of the Woman’s Relief Corps, Auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic, Boston, Massachusetts, August 13-14, 1890, 25-26.

"Although fifty-one corps were organized in Kentucky, they did not flourish as well as they might have, and in the course of time some disbanded, due to the fact that so many colored members met at the Department Convention with the white members. Although in entire sympathy with the Lincoln Proclamation, white women of the Southland do not associate so closely with the colored race, and thus the downward pathway was started." – Martha Francis Boyd, historian

Notable people

National presidents

  1. E. Florence Barker [13]
  2. Kate Brownlee Sherwood [13]
  3. Sarah E. Fuller [13]
  4. Elizabeth D'Arcy Kinne [13]
  5. Emma Stark Hampton [13]
  6. Charity Rusk Craig [13]
  7. Annie Turner Wittenmyer [13]
  8. Mary Sears McHenry [13]
  9. Sue A. Sanders [13]
  10. Margaret Ray Wickens [13]
  11. Sarah C. Mink [13]
  12. Emma Gilson Wallace [13]
  13. Lizabeth A. Turner [13]
  14. Agnes Hitt [13]
  15. Sarah J. Martin [13]
  16. Flo Jamison Miller [13]
  17. Harriet J. Bodge [13]
  18. Mary L. Carr [13]
  19. Calista Robinson Jones [13]
  20. Lodusky J. Taylor [13]
  21. Sarah D. Winans [13]
  22. Fanny E. Minot [13]
  23. Abbie A. Adams [13]
  24. Carrie R. Read [13]
  25. Kate E. Jones [13]
  26. Mary C. Gilman [13]
  27. Jennie Iowa Berry [13]
  28. Belle C. Harris [13]
  29. Michelle Colburn [13] National President 2016–2018
  30. Jessica Harrocks [13] National President 2019–2022
  31. Beth Thurston [14]
  32. Cher Petrovic

Other

Related Research Articles

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The J.D. Craven Women's Relief Corps Hall is a historic building located in Macksburg, Iowa, United States. The J. D. Craven Post #198 of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was organized in 1883. They organized an auxiliary, the J.D. Craven Post #322 of the Women's Relief Corps (WRC), in 1898. They built this two-story frame building in 1901 with donated labor and lumber. It is a rare example of a vaulted roof commercial building. In addition to the functions of the WRC, the building has also served as a community building. It also housed the local public school during the 1920–21 school year when their new building was under construction. The WRC continued in existence, even after the GAR folded. When the hall was nominated for National Register of Historic Places, the J.D. Craven Post was still in existence. It was the only one left in Madison County, and one of 34 in Iowa at that time. They added seasonal assistance to the elderly to their aid for veterans. The building was listed on the National Register in 1984.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fanny E. Minot</span> American public worker, social reformer and clubwoman

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Ray Wickens</span>

Margaret Ray Wickens was an American public affairs organizer, social reformer, and charitable organization leader who served as tenth National President of the Woman's Relief Corps (WRC). Eloquent, Wickins was called the "Golden-tongued orator of the Woman's Relief Corps". Her executive abilities during the years that she was actively engaged in WRC advanced the organization's patriotic work. As an orator, philanthropist and industrial worker, Wickens had no peer. She served as president of the Kansas State Assembly of Rebekahs, and was active in the temperance movement, filling the role of district president of her Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) for several years. She was a teacher, a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), and a prominent Good Templar. In her later life, she held a number of state positions in Illinois.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lizabeth A. Turner</span>

Lizabeth A. Turner was an American charitable organization leader who served as twelfth National President of the Woman's Relief Corps (WRC). Turner was involved in the Andersonville prison work, being chair of the board of managers of the National Reservation at Andersonville. She was also a model financier, and her service as a treasurer of large charitable enterprises was in great demand.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary E. Elliot</span> American writer, lecturer (1851–1942)

Mary E. Elliot (1851–1942) was an American writer and lecturer. She was active within the Woman's Relief Corps (W.R.C.) where she served for 50 years as Secretary of the Department of Massachusetts, and was also the organization's National Press Correspondent, 1908. Elliot was a regular contributor to the military department of The Boston Globe. From 1867 to 1885, she was active in temperance work.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarah E. Fuller</span> American philanthropist, social leader (1838–1913)

Sarah E. Fuller (1838–1913) was an American philanthropist and social leader. For many years, she was affiliated with the Woman's Relief Corps (WRC). She served as the first President of its Massachusetts Department (1879–1882), and third President of the National organization. Fuller had a record of 40 years' service for the soldiers of the Union Army, having enrolled herself as a worker in the United States Christian Commission during the early days of the Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charity Rusk Craig</span>

Charity Rusk Craig (1849–1913) was a civic-minded leader of an American charitable organization, serving as the sixth National President of the Woman's Relief Corps (WRC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth D'Arcy Kinne</span>

Elizabeth D'Arcy Kinne (1843–1918) was the leader of an American charitable organization, serving as the fourth National President of the Woman's Relief Corps (WRC). She lived in the San Francisco Bay Area for 52 years, making her home in San Francisco the greater part of the time. Kinne was a pioneer clubwoman of Berkeley, California.

References

  1. 1 2 "womansreliefcorps.org – auxiliary to Grand Army of the Republic" . Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kennedy, John Christopher (2017). A Perfect Union: The Woman's Relief Corps and Women's Organizational Activism: 1861–1930.
  3. ↑ "WRC – National Woman's Relief Corps, Auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic, Inc". suvcw.org. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  4. ↑ Woman's Relief Corps, Department of Massachusetts (1895). History of the Department of Massachusetts, Woman's Relief Corps. The Library of Congress. Boston, E. B. Stillings & Co., Printers. p. 289.
  5. ↑ Graves, Mary H. Representative Women of New England.
  6. ↑ Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (December 2011). "Barbara A. Gannon . The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic . (Civil War America.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2011. Pp. xiv, 282. $39.95". The American Historical Review. 116 (5): 1503–1504. doi:10.1086/ahr.116.5.1503. ISSN   0002-8762.
  7. 1 2 3 Chamberlain, Adam; Yanus, Alixandra B. (March 22, 2021). ""Our One Great Hope": The Interdependence of the Woman's Relief Corps and the Grand Army of the Republic". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2110015. doi:10.1177/0095327x211001536. ISSN   0095-327X. S2CID   233700796.
  8. ↑ Woman's Relief Corps (1894). Rules and Regulations for the Government of the Woman's Relief Corps, Auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic. Boston: E.B. Stillings and Co. p. 3.
  9. ↑ Woman's Relief Corps (1892). Journal of the Tenth National Convention. Boston: E.B. Stillings and Co. pp. 507–511.
  10. ↑ Woman's Relief Corps (1885). Proceedings of the Third National Convention. Boston: E.B. Stillings and Co. pp. 110, 120.
  11. ↑ Woman's Relief Corps (1918). Journal of the Thirty-Sixth National Convention. Washington, D.C.: The National Tribune Company. p. 77.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Women of the G.A.R." Oakland Enquirer. April 19, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved March 14, 2024– via Newspapers.com.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 "Women of the Woman's Relief Corps". www.ahgp.org. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  14. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/share/p/ZTPrhujNC4xUVFy/?mibextid=K35XfP
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