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Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form. He was the first to prepare several inorganic compounds, including silane and silicon nitride.
Justus Freiherr von Liebig was a German scientist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry. As a professor at the University of Giessen, he devised the modern laboratory-oriented teaching method, and for such innovations, he is regarded as one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. He has been described as the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his emphasis on nitrogen and trace minerals as essential plant nutrients, and his popularization of the law of the minimum, which described how plant growth relied on the scarcest nutrient resource, rather than the total amount of resources available. He also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and with his consent a company, called Liebig Extract of Meat Company, was founded to exploit the concept; it later introduced the Oxo brand beef bouillon cube. He popularized an earlier invention for condensing vapors, which came to be known as the Liebig condenser.
The year 1825 science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
The year 1831 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
The year 1833 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
The year 1840 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
The year 1791 in science and technology involved some significant events.
The year 1811 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
The year 1795 in science and technology involved some significant events.
The year 1882 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
University of Giessen, official name Justus Liebig University Giessen, is a large public research university in Giessen, Hesse, Germany. It is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the German-speaking world. It is named after its most famous faculty member, Justus von Liebig, the founder of modern agricultural chemistry and inventor of artificial fertiliser. It covers the areas of arts/humanities, business, dentistry, economics, law, medicine, science, social sciences and veterinary medicine. Its university hospital, which has two sites, Giessen and Marburg, is the only private university hospital in Germany.
Benzoin ( or ) is an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph. It is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups. It appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor. Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation. It is chiral and it exists as a pair of enantiomers: (R)-benzoin and (S)-benzoin.
Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie was one of the oldest and historically most important journals in the field of organic chemistry worldwide. It was established in 1832 and edited by Justus von Liebig with Friedrich Wöhler and others until Liebig's death in 1873. The journal was originally titled Annalen der Pharmacie; after the death of von Liebig, its name was changed to Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. The journal has been noted to contain rebuttals and criticism of the works it published, inserted by Justus von Liebig during his tenure as an editor.
Events from the year 1811 in France.
Events from the year 1873 in Germany.
Liebig–Pasteur dispute is the dispute between Justus von Liebig and Louis Pasteur on the processes and causes of fermentation.
Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds. The theory was pioneered by Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Wöhler and Auguste Laurent around 1830 and is not related to the modern understanding of free radicals. In this theory, organic compounds were thought to exist as combinations of radicals that could be exchanged in chemical reactions just as chemical elements could be interchanged in inorganic compounds.
The Palais Universitaire in Strasbourg is a large, neo-Renaissance style building, constructed between 1879 and 1884 under the direction of the German architect Otto Warth. It was inaugurated in 1884 by Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany. Through Avenue de la Liberté, it faces the equally monumental former imperial palace (Kaiserpalast).
The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.
References
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- ↑ "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute.
- ↑ Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences . Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83–87. ISBN 9780941901123.
- ↑ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ↑ As an appendix to a mathematics textbook by his father, Farkas Bolyai, published in Maros Vásárhelyini.
- ↑ "'Slum Saint' honoured with statue". BBC News . 4 February 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ↑ Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927), Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786-1860, H. Young & Sons
- ↑ Hellman, S. (2007). "Brief Consideration of Thomas Hodgkin and His Times". In Hoppe, R. T.; Mauch, P. T.; Armitage, J. O.; Diehl, V.; Weiss, L. M. (eds.). Hodgkin Lymphoma (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-7817-6422-3.
- ↑ Hodgkin, T. (1832). "On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 17. London: 69–97.
- ↑ "James Rennell – the father of oceanography". Southampton: National Oceanography Centre, James Rennell Division for Ocean Circulation and Climate. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ↑ Necker, L. A. (1832). "Observations on some remarkable optical phaenomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phaenomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid". London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1080/14786443208647909.
- ↑ Bailie, William (1906). "X. Inventions in Printing". Josiah Warren, the First American Anarchist: A Sociological Study. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co.
- ↑ Butler, Ann (1978). "Josiah Warren, peaceful revolutionist". Virtual Press. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
- ↑ "16. Josiah Warren". libcom.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
- ↑ Wilbur, Shawn P. (2017-07-20). "Josiah Warren, "Reduction in the Cost of Printing Apparatus" (1830)". The Libertarian Labyrinth. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
- ↑ "Josiah Warren's Universal Typography". faculty.evansville.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
- ↑ Reece, Erik (2016). "A Simple Act of Moral Commerce". Utopia Drive: A Road Trip through America's Most Radical Idea (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-10657-7. LCCN 2015041553. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
- ↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.