1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya

1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya
Date	21 July – 7 October 1970
Location	Libya
Motive	To "regain wealth stolen from the Libyan people by Italian oppressors"
Perpetrator	Libyan Arab Republic Revolutionary Command Council ;
Organized by	Muammar Gaddafi
Outcome	20,000 Italians expelled from Libya

Last updated January 13, 2024

The expulsion of Italians from Libya took place following 21 July 1970, when the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) issued a special law to "regain wealth stolen from the Libyan people by Italian oppressors", as stated by Muammar Gaddafi in a speech a few days later. With this law, Italians who had long lived in Libya were required to leave the country by October 1970.

Background

On 1 September 1969, while King Idris of Libya was in Turkey for medical treatment, he was deposed in a coup d'état by a group of Libyan army officers under the leadership of Captain (later Colonel) Muammar Gaddafi. The Kingdom of Libya was abolished and the Libyan Arab Republic proclaimed. The coup pre-empted Idris' abdication and the succession of his heir, Crown Prince Hasan as-Senussi, the following day.

Over the next few months, Libyan policy towards foreigners changed drastically. The revolutionary council approved a new constitution, which described Libya as Arab, free, and democratic. In the name of Arab nationalism the new government nationalized most oil holdings, seized Italian possessions, closed U.S. and British military bases (including the American Wheelus Air Base, renamed " Oqba ibn Nafi " after the first Arab-Muslim conqueror of North Africa.

Expulsions of Italians

On 21 July 1970 the revolutionary council issued a special law to 'regain wealth stolen from the Libyan people by Italian oppressors' (as stated by Gaddafi in a speech a few days later). With this law, Italians who had long lived in Libya were required to leave the country by 7 October 1970. 7 October would be celebrated as the Day of Revenge, a Libyan national holiday. About 20,000 Italians were expelled from the country.^[1]

The coup d'état of Muammar al-Gaddafi (influenced by Gamal Abdel Nasser's Arab nationalism) was driven by the conviction that foreigners were still exploiting Libya, and Gaddafi made their eviction a hallmark of his program. By the end of 1970 all foreign holdings were seized, and nearly all Italians had left the country. Gaddafi officially abolished the celebrations in 2004, after a treaty between Libya and Italy was signed. In 2009 he invited the expelled Italians, as well as their descendants, back to Libya.^[2]

Italians in Libya

The Italian invasion of Libya dated back to 1911, as a result of Italian ambitions in North Africa. Libya was annexed to the Italian Kingdom with the Lausanne Treaty of 1923, which concluded the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12.

For several years, few Italian nationals lived in the new colony. When the Fascist regime gained power in Italy, the colonization of Libya was increased; thousands of Italian settlers poured into the country with promises of free land and financial aid. By 1939, Italians in Libya numbered 108,419 (12.37 percent of the total population) according to census figures; plans envisioned 500,000 Italian settlers by the 1960s. The Italian population was concentrated in the coast around the cities of Tripoli (37 percent of its population) and Benghazi (31 percent). With the Italian defeat in World War II, Italian influence waned as a result.

After several years under British mandate, on 24 December 1951 Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya (a constitutional, hereditary monarchy under King Idris). Between 1951 (the independence of Libya) and 1970, the Italian population was not granted Libyan citizenship. Although many Italians had already left the former colony, many remained as well (primarily farmers and craftsmen). King Idris was a tolerant monarch, and generally treated the Italian population well.

Remembrance

The Day of Revenge (Arabic : يوم الانتقامYūm al-Intiqāmi) was a Libyan holiday celebrating the expulsion of Italians from Libyan soil in 1970.^[3] It was cancelled in 2004 after Silvio Berlusconi apologized for Italian colonization in Libya, but reintroduced the next year.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Later, it was renamed the Day of Friendship because of improvement in Italy–Libya relations.^[8]^[9]^[10]

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References

↑ Hollifield, James F.; Foley, Neil (2022-03-01). Understanding Global Migration. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-2958-5.
↑ "Gaddafi invites back Italians expelled from Libya". Reuters. June 13, 2009.
↑ Wells, Audrey (2022-01-01). The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-87552-7.
↑ Albahari, Maurizio (2015). "Genealogies of Rescue and Pushbacks". Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the World's Deadliest Border. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.9783/9780812291728-003. ISBN 978-0-8122-9172-8.
↑ Paoletti, Emanuela (2010). "Historical Background on the Agreements between Italy and Libya". The Migration of Power and North-South Inequalities: The Case of Italy and Libya. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 107–138. ISBN 978-0-230-29928-3.
↑ John, Ronald Bruce St (2014). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-8108-7876-1.
↑ Wells, Audrey (2022). The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics. Springer Nature. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-030-87552-7.
↑ Zoubir, Yahia H. (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 17 (3): 401–415 [403, 411]. doi:10.1080/14782800903339354. S2CID 153625134.
↑ Brambilla, Chiara (2014). "Shifting Italy/Libya Borderscapes at the Interface of EU/Africa Borderland: A "Genealogical" Outlook from the Colonial Era to Post-Colonial Scenarios". ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies. 13 (2): 220–245. ISSN 1492-9732.
↑ Van Genugten, Saskia (2016). "Reconciliation and Fighting Islamic Extremism Together". Libya in Western Foreign Policies, 1911–2011. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 127–146. ISBN 978-1-137-48950-0.

Bibliography

Angelo Del Boca, The Italians in Libya, from Fascism to Gaddafy. Bari: Laterza, 1991.

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[1] Hollifield, James F.; Foley, Neil (2022-03-01). Understanding Global Migration. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-2958-5.

[2] "Gaddafi invites back Italians expelled from Libya". Reuters. June 13, 2009.

[3] Wells, Audrey (2022-01-01). The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-87552-7.

[4] Albahari, Maurizio (2015). "Genealogies of Rescue and Pushbacks". Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the World's Deadliest Border. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.9783/9780812291728-003. ISBN 978-0-8122-9172-8.

[5] Paoletti, Emanuela (2010). "Historical Background on the Agreements between Italy and Libya". The Migration of Power and North-South Inequalities: The Case of Italy and Libya. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 107–138. ISBN 978-0-230-29928-3.

[6] John, Ronald Bruce St (2014). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-8108-7876-1.

[7] Wells, Audrey (2022). The Importance of Forgiveness and the Futility of Revenge: Case Studies in Contemporary International Politics. Springer Nature. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-030-87552-7.

[8] Zoubir, Yahia H. (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 17 (3): 401–415 [403, 411]. doi:10.1080/14782800903339354. S2CID 153625134.

[9] Brambilla, Chiara (2014). "Shifting Italy/Libya Borderscapes at the Interface of EU/Africa Borderland: A "Genealogical" Outlook from the Colonial Era to Post-Colonial Scenarios". ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies. 13 (2): 220–245. ISSN 1492-9732.

[10] Van Genugten, Saskia (2016). "Reconciliation and Fighting Islamic Extremism Together". Libya in Western Foreign Policies, 1911–2011. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 127–146. ISBN 978-1-137-48950-0.

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