| Anak Tomb No. 3 | |
 | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 안악삼호무덤 |
| Hancha | 安岳三號墳 |
| Revised Romanization | Anak-samho-mudeom |
| McCune–Reischauer | Anak-samho-mudŏm |
Anak Tomb No. 3 is a chamber tomb of Goguryeo located in Anak,South Hwanghae,North Korea. It is known for mural paintings and an epitaph. It is part of the Complex of Koguryo Tombs.
It was discovered in 1949 with valuable treasures stolen,but murals in good condition.
The Anak Tomb No.3 is one of few Goguryeo tombs that have epitaphs so that their dates can be determined. Its seven-lined epitaph contains the date 357,the personal name Dong Shou (冬壽),his title,his birthplace and his age at death. [1] Accordingly,some scholars generally regard this site as the tomb of Dong Shou. [1] [2] The inscription of Dong Shou relates that he was a general from the Xianbei state of Former Yan in Liaodong (modern Liaoning,China),who fled to Goguryeo in 336 and was given a position in the former territory of the Lelang commandery. [3] Chinese scholar Yeh Pai who deciphered the inscription in 1951 and published his findings in North Korea's Institute of Archeology report and argued that the man was the same Dong Shou,a refugee from Liaodong who fled the Xianbei invasions in 337,as the one who appeared in two Chinese histories,the Chin shu and Tzu-chih t'ung-chien. [2] Yeh Pai's conclusions were accepted in the 1958 formal Korean report;however some Korean scholars still maintained that the tomb belongs to King Mi-chon. [2] While K. H. J. Gardiner and Wonyong Kim believe this to be a Chinese tomb of excellent quality,North and other South Korean scholars believe that Dong Shou was an emigre official. Moreover,the quality of these paintings and the size of the tomb indicate that it is a royal tomb of Koguryo—a theory advocated recently by Hwi-joon Ahn and Youngsook Pak. [3] North Korean scholars claim that it is the mausoleum of King Micheon or King Gogugwon.
The epitaph reflects a complex situation in which Dong Shou,and Goguryeo,were put. He claimed various titles including "Minister of Lelang" and "Governor of Changli,Xuantu and Daifang." It is not clear whether these titles were given by the Eastern Jin or just self-designation. Scholars associate one of his title "Minister of Lelang" with the title "Duke of Lelang",which was bestowed on King Gogugwon by Murong Jun of the Former Yan in 354.
The Anak Tomb No. 3 is the host to multiple famous mural paintings,each giving a greater insight to the life and hierarchy of the Goguryeo people. [4] It contains two portraits,one on the front wall of the west side chamber and one on the southern wall,portraying a man and a woman,respectively. [4] Scholars have disputed the owner of this tomb and thus the identity of people portrayed in these murals;because of the epitaph,many believe that the images depict Dong Shou,a refugee from Former Yan,and his wife,while others believe that the person depicted was the Goguryeo king,King Gogukwon. [4] [5] The man in the mural is shown to be sitting upright and is flanked by other men who are smaller than him. He is dressed in red silk clothes with a white kwan [6] over a black inner kwan [4] and is staring straight out with an impersonal expression. [5] The painting of the woman resides on the southern wall of the tomb,next to that of the man,and her sitting position is slightly turned in to face him. [4] The woman also wears an impersonal expression,but with a notable face shape;her face,as well as the faces of the women who flank her,is round and full,different from the typical facial structure of the Goguryeo people,who had long and oval faces. [5] The woman is however wearing Chinese set of attire called guiyi,which is a multi-lap swallow-tail clothing; [7] [8] this reflects Chinese influences in the tomb and may indicate the clothing style worn in the Chinese six dynasties. [3] The woman's hairstyle is identical to the hairstyle in Northern Wei. [8]
The next mural in this tomb is a procession scene and resides in the corridor. It contains 250 people,including the owner of the tomb who is sitting in a cow-pulled wagon. [4] Other Goguryeo people displayed in this mural include members of a marching band,flag bearers,maids and civil officials. [4] The large number of people suggests the high social status of the owner. [4] It is also important to note the seemingly identical,impersonal facial structure of the people included in this scene. This can be attributed to the fact that at the time when this mural was developed,the expression of individuality was not yet a developed technique in Goguryeo paintings. [5]
The inside of the eastern chamber contains a colorful mural illustrating the typical life of the Goguryeo people. The scene includes a kitchen,a meat storage room,a barn,a carriage shed,and household staff,along with other commonplace features. [4] [5] This mural allows scholars to analyze the daily rituals of the Goguryeo culture,and gain insight on what the house of the tomb's owner may have looked like.
Goguryeo also later known as Goryeo,was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of modern-day Northeast China (Manchuria). At its peak of power,Goguryeo conquered most of the Korean Peninsula and large parts of Manchuria,along with parts of eastern Mongolia,Inner Mongolia,and modern-day Russia.
The Lelang Commandery was a commandery of the Han dynasty established after it had conquered Wiman Joseon in 108 BC and lasted until Goguryeo conquered it in 313. The Lelang Commandery extended the rule of the Four Commanderies of Han as far south as the Han River in present-day South Korea. South Korean scholars have described its administrative areas as being limited to the Pyongan and Hwanghae regions,whose southern bounds lie roughly 75 miles north of the Han River.
The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain are the burial sites of twelve royal figures from the Balhae (Bohai) kingdom. It is located on Longtou Mountain,southeast of Toudao Town (头道镇) in Helong,Jilin Province,China,a region possibly called the "Western Field of the Ran Valley" (染谷之西原) by the Balhae people. The mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo is located here.
Gongsun Kang was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He became a vassal of the state of Cao Wei in the early Three Kingdoms period.
Gwanggaeto the Great was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo. His full posthumous name means "Entombed in Gukgangsang,Broad Expander of Domain,Peacemaker,Supreme King",sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang. His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang. Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China.
Yan,known in historiography as the Former Yan,was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Murong clan of the Xianbei during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Goguryeo tombs,officially designated as the Complex of Koguryo Tombs,are tombs in North Korea. In July 2004,they became the first UNESCO World Heritage site in the country. The site consists of 30 individual tombs from the later Goguryeo kingdom,one of Three Kingdoms of Korea,located in the cities of P'yŏngyang and Namp'o. Goguryeo was one of the strongest ancient Korean kingdoms located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Manchuria. The kingdom was founded in the present day area of North Korea,and part of Manchuria around 37 BCE,and the capital was transferred to P'yŏngyang in 427 CE.
Jangsu of Goguryeo was the 20th monarch of Goguryeo,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was born in 394 as the eldest son of Gwanggaeto. He became the crown prince in 408,and upon his father's death in 413,became the ruler at the age of 19.
Korean painting (Korean: 한국화) includes paintings made in Korea or by overseas Koreans on all surfaces. The earliest surviving Korean paintings are murals in the Goguryeo tombs,of which considerable numbers survive,the oldest from some 2,000 years ago,with varied scenes including dancers,hunting and spirits. It has been hypothesized the Takamatsuzuka Tomb in Japan,from the 7th-century end of the Goguryeo period,has paintings with Goguryeo influence,either done by Goguryeo artists,or Japanese one trained by Goguryeo people. Since a lot of influences came into the Korean peninsula from China during the Three Kingdoms period. Until the Joseon dynasty the primary influences came from Chinese painting though done with Korean landscapes,facial features,Buddhist topics,and an emphasis on celestial observation in keeping with the rapid development of Korean astronomy.
King Gogugwon of Goguryeo was the 16th king of Goguryeo,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the son of King Micheon and Lady Ju.
Gungnaeseong or Guonei was the capital of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo,which was located in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula. The perimeter of its outer fortress measures 2,686m. It is located in present day Ji'an city,Jilin province,northeast China. Because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture,Gungnae was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. It is part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom World Heritage Site,together with nearby Hwando Mountain City and the Onyeosan City,in modern northeast China.
The Four Commanderies of Han were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD,for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former Gojoseon area as far south as the Han River,with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such,these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars,Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula,and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far south as the Han River. However,South Korean scholars assumed its administrative areas to Pyongan and Hwanghae provinces.
The military history of Goguryeo involves wars with other Korean kingdoms,Chinese dynasties,nomadic states and tribes,and Wa Japan. Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state;it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia,until it was defeated by a Silla–Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife caused by the death of Yeon Gaesomun.
The Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom is an UNESCO World Heritage Site which includes a number of archaeological sites currently in Ji'an,Jilin Province and Huanren,Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Goguryeo,was a Korean Kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Manchuria.
Hwando is a mountain fortress of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo,built to protect Goguryeo's second capital,Gungnae. It is located in present-day Ji'an city of the province of Jilin,China.
Durumagi is a variety of po,or overcoat,in hanbok,the traditional Korean attire. It is a form of outerwear which is usually worn as the topmost layer of clothing,over a jeogori (jacket) and baji (pants). It also goes by the names jumagui,juchaui,or juui,
The Tomb of King Dongmyeong,also known as the Tomb of King Tongmyŏng,is a mausoleum located in near Ryongsan Village,Ryokpo-guyok,Pyongyang,North Korea. One of the tombs is the royal tomb of Jumong,the founder of the ancient Goguryeo Kingdom,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Jumong was given the posthumous name of King Dongmyeong. In total,there are 63 individual tombs of the period. The area around Dongmyeong's grave contains at least fifteen known tombs believed to belong to various vassal lords. The tomb has achieved World Heritage status as part of the Complex of Goguryeo Tombs inscribed by UNESCO in 2004 under Criteria (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv) covering an area of 233 hectares with a buffer zone of 1,701 hectares. A unique feature of it and the other extant tombs in the area are the wall paintings depicting blossoming lotuses,indicative of Buddhism practiced and perhaps prevalent in Korea around 277 BC to 668 AD.
Anak County is a county in South Hwanghae province,North Korea.
Zaju chuishao fu,also called Guiyi,and sometimes referred as "Swallow-tailed Hems and Flying Ribbons clothing" or "swallow tail" clothing for short in English,is a form of set of attire in hanfu which was worn by Chinese women. The zaju chuishao fu can be traced back to the pre-Han period and appears to have originated the sandi of the Zhou dynasty;it then became popular during the Han,Cao Wei,Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties. It was a common form of aristocratic costumes in the Han and Wei dynasties and was also a style of formal attire for elite women. The zaju chuishao fu can be further divided into two categories of clothing style based on its cut and construction:the guipao,and the guichang.
Nakrang Kingdom was a kingdom located in the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula according to Samguk Sagi. The kingdom's independence,however,is debated. According to the ancient Korean record of Samguk Sagi,the King of Nakrang named Choi Ri met the Prince Hodong of Goguryeo and let him marry his daughter,the Princess of Nakrang. When Prince Hodong asked the princess to break drums and horns in the Nakrang's armory to prevent the kingdom's guards from alerting the attack by Goguryeo,the princess followed Hodong's instructions,leading to Nakrang being conquered by Goguryeo.
Media related to Anak Tomb No.3 at Wikimedia Commons