Arabian babbler

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Arabian babbler
Argya squamiceps.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Leiothrichidae
Genus: Argya
Species:
A. squamiceps
Binomial name
Argya squamiceps
(Cretzschmar, 1827)
Synonyms

Turdoides squamiceps

The Arabian babbler (Argya squamiceps) is a passerine bird until recently placed in the genus Turdoides . It is a communally nesting resident bird of arid scrub in the Middle East which lives together in relatively stable groups with strict orders of rank.

Contents

Taxonomy

The Arabian babbler was formerly placed in the genus Turdoides but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Argya . [2] [3]

The Leiothrichidae primarily occur in the Ethiopian and Oriental realms, but a few species in the genera Turdoides and Argya have penetrated into the Palearctic zone north of the tropics where they live in arid areas of North and East Africa, India and the Middle East. [4]

Description

It is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11 in) long with a wingspan of 31 to 33.5 cm (12.2 to 13.2 in) and a weight of 64 to 87.9 g (2.26 to 3.10 oz). It has a fairly long curved bill, a long tail, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. The plumage is grey-brown above, paler below. There are dark streaks on the back and the throat is whitish. It has a variety of calls including whistles, trills and chattering.

Distribution and habitat

The Arabian babbler prefers to settle along dry river beds with few trees and bushes. It is found in eastern, southern and western Arabia, occurring in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and western Saudi Arabia but absent from the central and north-eastern parts of the peninsula. Its range extends north to Jordan, Israel and eastern Sinai. It inhabits arid scrubland and savanna, occurring up to 2800 metres above sea-level in Yemen.

Behaviour

Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE Arabian Babbler.jpg
Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Babblers dance and take baths together, offer each other gifts, clean themselves, and sometimes enter into conflict with each other for the privilege of helping another babbler. They may also feed their counterparts. This peculiar behaviour made them a privileged example for ethological theories concerning altruism among animals.

Starting in the 1970s, Amotz Zahavi observed the babbler at length, giving rise to his theory of signal and its correlative, the handicap principle. Although babblers were considered particularly altruistic animals, Zahavi reinterpreted their behaviours according to his theory. Thus, Zahavi (1974) theorized that chick feeding by Arabian babbler helpers acts as a signal by the helper to gain social prestige within the group. [5] [6]

Yitzchak Ben-Mocha of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology has studied Arabian babblers in Israel's Shezaf Nature Reserve. He has found evidence of intentional communication in the process used by adult babblers to encourage fledglings to move to a new shelter through calls and movement. [7] [8]

Group structure and breeding biology

Arabian babblers are cooperative breeders that live in groups and defend territories year round. Group size varies from two to 10 individuals. Their territories vary with the group size as well as the presence of neighboring groups. Groups consist of a reproductive pair and other non-breeding members who may or may not be direct offspring or close relatives. Helpers usually do not reproduce, but they participate in rearing the offspring, that is, in providing food, as well as other parental behavior like incubation, territory defense and defense against predators. [9]

Groups are labelled according to the relatedness of helpers to the reproductive pair:

  1. Simple group: where all helpers are direct offspring of the breeding pairs.
  2. Polyandrous group: where helpers include potential male breeder
  3. Polygynous group: where helpers include potential female breeders
  4. Complex group: which has non-related helpers of both sexes.

Nest

Babblers build open cup-shaped nests in the dense part of the tree or bush. Their breeding period starts generally from February and varies up to July and is highly dependent on the seasonal rainfall of the region which in turn regulates the food availability. They copulate throughout the year. Eggs are laid usually from February to July. Most clutches contain four eggs, laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually starts after laying the last egg and continues for 14 days until the chicks hatch. [10] The nestlings fledge about 14 days after hatching. [11]

Diet

The diet of the babblers includes a variety of invertebrates (mostly arthropods), small vertebrates (lizards, geckos, snakes) and plant material, like nectar, flowers, berries, leaves and seeds. [4] [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amotz Zahavi</span> Israeli evolutionary biologist (1928–2017)

Amotz Zahavi was an Israeli evolutionary biologist, a Professor in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, and one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. His main work concerned the evolution of signals, particularly those signals that are indicative of fitness, and their selection for "honesty".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-billed babbler</span> Species of bird

The orange-billed babbler, also known as Ceylon rufous babbler or Sri Lankan rufous babbler, is a member of the family Leiothrichidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jungle babbler</span> Species of bird

The jungle babbler is a member of the family Leiothrichidae found in the Indian subcontinent. Jungle babblers are gregarious birds that forage in small groups of six to ten birds, a habit that has given them the popular name of "Seven Sisters" in urban Northern India, and in Bengali, with cognates in other regional languages which also mean "seven brothers".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-billed babbler</span> Species of brown-grey bird from southern India and Sri Lanka

The yellow-billed babbler is a member of the family Leiothrichidae endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka. The yellow-billed babbler is a common resident breeding bird in Sri Lanka and southern India. Its habitat is scrub, cultivation and garden land. This species, like most babblers, is not migratory, and has short rounded wings and a weak flight and is usually seen calling and foraging in groups. It is often mistaken for the jungle babbler, whose range overlaps in parts of southern India, although it has a distinctive call and tends to be found in more vegetated habitats. Its name is also confused with Turdoides leucocephala, which is also known as white-headed babbler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashy-headed laughingthrush</span> Species of bird

The ashy-headed laughingthrush is a member of the family Leiothrichidae. The laughingthrushes are a large family of Old World passerine birds characterised by soft fluffy plumage. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous babbler</span> Species of bird

The rufous babbler is an endemic species of bird found in the Western Ghats of southern India of the family Leiothrichidae It is dark brown and long tailed, and is usually seen foraging in noisy groups along open hillsides with a mixture of grass, bracken and forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common babbler</span> Species of bird

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<i>Turdoides</i> Genus of birds in the family Leiothrichidae

Turdoides is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae. The species are distributed across Africa and southern Asia and are typically fairly large, long-tailed birds which forage in noisy groups. The majority of species have drab brown or grey-brown plumage. Several species that were included in Turdoides in the past have been reassigned to Argya following a 2018 study that found multiple clades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq babbler</span> Species of bird

The Iraq babbler is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae, native to reed beds of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. It is found in Iraq and south-western Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scaly chatterer</span> Species of bird

The scaly chatterer is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is also known as the bare-eyed babbler. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern pied babbler</span> Species of bird

The southern pied babbler is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae, found in dry savannah of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Striated babbler</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fulvous babbler</span> Species of bird

The fulvous babbler or fulvous chatterer is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is 25 cm long with a wingspan of 27–30.5 cm. It is warm brown above with very faint streaking on the crown and back. The throat is whitish and the rest of the underparts are pale brown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated babbler</span> Species of bird

The white-throated babbler is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is endemic to Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slender-billed babbler</span> Species of bird

The slender-billed babbler is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Nepal, Northeast India and possibly Myanmar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous chatterer</span> Species of bird

The rufous chatterer is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghan babbler</span> Species of bird

The Afghan babbler is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found from southeastern Iraq to south western Pakistan. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the common babbler.

<i>Argya</i> Genus of birds in the family Leiothrichidae

Argya is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae. The species are distributed across Africa and southern Asia and are typically fairly large, long-tailed birds that forage in noisy groups. Members of this genus were formerly placed in the genera Turdoides and Garrulax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laughingthrushes</span> Family of birds

The laughingthrushes are a family, Leiothrichidae, of Old World passerine birds. The family contains 133 species which are divided into 16 genera. They are diverse in size and coloration. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The entire family used to be included in the Old World babbler family Timaliidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allofeeding</span>

Allofeeding is a type of food sharing behaviour observed in cooperatively breeding species of birds. Allofeeding refers to a parent, sibling or unrelated adult bird feeding altricial hatchlings, which are dependent on parental care for their survival. Allofeeding also refers to food sharing between adults of the same species. Allofeeding can occur between mates during mating rituals, courtship, egg laying or incubation, between peers of the same species, or as a form of parental care.

References

  1. BirdLife International (2018). "Argya squamiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22716364A131973977. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22716364A131973977.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. Cibois, A.; Gelang, M.; Alström, P.; Pasquet, E.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 428–440. doi:10.1111/zsc.12296. S2CID   51883434.
  3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Laughingthrushes and allies". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  4. 1 2 Zahavi, A. (1990). "Arabian Babblers: The quest for social status in a cooperative Breeder", pp. 105–130 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds, P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  5. Anava, A.; Kam, M.; Shkolnik, A.; Degen, A.A. (2001). "Does group size affect field metabolic rate of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) nestlings?". The Auk. 118 (2): 525–528. doi: 10.1093/auk/118.2.525 . JSTOR   4089815.
  6. Zahavi A. (1974). "Communal nesting by the Arabian Babbler: A case of individual selection". Ibis. 116: 84–87. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x.
  7. Mason, Betsy (15 February 2022). "Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi: 10.1146/knowable-021522-1 . Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  8. Ben Mocha, Yitzchak; Mundry, Roger; Pika, Simone (10 April 2019). "Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a consequence of cooperative breeding?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1900): 20190147. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0147. PMC   6501685 . PMID   30940054 . Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  9. Lundy, K.J.; Parker, P.G.; Zahavi, A. (1998). "Reproduction by subordinates in cooperatively breeding Arabian babblers is uncommon but predictable". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 43 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1007/s002650050478. S2CID   20758377.
  10. Ostreiher, R. (2001). "The importance of nestling location for obtaining food in open cup-nests". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 49 (5): 340–347. doi:10.1007/s002650000308. S2CID   37234082.
  11. Ostreiher, R. (1997). "Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (2): 233–238. doi: 10.1093/beheco/8.2.233 .
  12. Cramp, S. and Perrins, C. (1993) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the Western Palearctic: Flycatchers to Shrikes. Volume 8. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Bibliography