Atil

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Atil, also Itil, was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate from the mid-8th century to the late 10th century. Known to have been situated on the Silk Road, in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, its precise location has long been unknown.

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The name Atil is from the Turkic phrase meaning "great river", a name of the Volga River.[ citation needed ] In 2008, a site at Samosdelka, a village in the Volga Delta that is some 30 km south-west of Astrakhan, was identified by some as the site of Atil, but this remains controversial.

History

Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th-11th centuries shown in orange (note that Atil is the major commercial outpost from which trade extends into the far reaches of "Deep Asia"). Varangian routes.png
Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries shown in orange (note that Atil is the major commercial outpost from which trade extends into the far reaches of "Deep Asia").

Atil was located along the Volga delta at the northwestern corner of the Caspian Sea. Following the defeat of the Khazars in the Second Arab-Khazar War, Atil became the capital of Khazaria.

Ibn Khordadbeh, writing in ca. 870, names Khamlij as the capital of the Khazars. [1] This is presumably a rendition of Turkic khaganbaligh "city of the khan" and refers to the city later (in the 10th century) named as Atil in Arab historiography.

At its height, the city was a major center of trade, and consisted of three parts separated by the Volga. The western part contained the administrative center of the city, with a court house and a large military garrison. The eastern part of the city was built later and acted as the commercial center of the Atil, and had many public baths and shops. Between them was an island on which stood the palaces of the Khazar Khagan and Bek. The island was connected to one of the other parts of the city by a pontoon bridge. According to Arab sources of the 10th century, [2] one half of the city was referred to as Atil, while the other was named Khazaran.

Atil was a multi-ethnic and religiously diverse city, inhabited by Jews, Christians, Muslims, Shamanists, and Pagans, many of them traders from foreign countries. All of the religious groups had their own places of worship in the city, and there were seven judges appointed to settle disputes (two Christian, two Jewish, and two Muslim judges, with a single judge for all of the Shamanists and other Pagans). [3] The city was a major trade center, and managed the Khazar slave trade, in which slaves bought for export were transported from the Khazar Khaganate to either the Black Sea slave trade in the West via the Black Sea port of Kerch, or East from the capital of Atil via the Caspian Sea to Central Asia and from there to slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate. [4]

Svyatoslav I of Kiev sacked Atil in 968 or 969 CE. Ibn Hawqal and al-Muqaddasi refer to Atil after 969, indicating that it may have been rebuilt. [5] Al-Biruni (mid-11th century) reported that Atil was again in ruins, [6] and did not mention the later city of Saqsin which was built nearby, so it is possible that this new Atil was only destroyed in the middle of the 11th century.

Samosdelka site

The archaeological remains of Atil have never been positively identified. It has been hypothesized that they were washed away by the rising level of the Caspian Sea. However, beginning in 2003 Dmitri Vasilyev of Astrakhan State University led a series of excavations at the Samosdelskoye site near the village of Samosdelka (Russian: Самосделка) in the Volga Delta. Vasilyev connected artifacts from the site with Khazar, Oghuz and Bulgar culture, leading him to believe that he had discovered the site of Saqsin. The matter is still unresolved. In 2006 Vasilyev announced his belief that the lowest stratum at the Samosdelka site was identical with the site of Atil. [7] In 2008, this team of Russian archaeologists announced that they had discovered the ruins of Atil. [8]

Semibugry site

The archaeological remains of a settlement from the Khazar period near the village of Semibugry (Russian: Семибугры) in the central part of the Volga Delta were discovered after Samosdelka and are currently being excavated annually. It is potentially Atil but, according to Alex Feldman, "it remains impossible to archaeologically prove" it. [9]

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References

  1. ↑ Golden, Peter B. (1980). Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 230.
  2. ↑ Golden, Peter B. (1980). Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 224.
  3. ↑ Brook, Kevin A. (2018). The Jews of Khazaria (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN   9781538103425.
  4. ↑ The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 233
  5. ↑ Dunlop, Douglas M. (1954). The History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton University Press. pp. 245–246, 248.
  6. ↑ Dunlop, Douglas M. (1954). The History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton University Press. p. 248.
  7. ↑ Vasilyev, D. "Итиль-мечта (The Itil Dream)" . Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  8. ↑ Mirovalev, Mansur (2008-09-20). "Scholar claims to find medieval Jewish capital". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  9. ↑ Feldman, Alex Mesibov (2023). "Chapter 4: Khazaria: The Exception Which Proves the Rules". In Raffensperger, Christian (ed.). How Medieval Europe was Ruled. Routledge. p. 48. doi:10.4324/9781003213239-4. ISBN   978-1032100166.

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