Barbara S. Held

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Barbara S. Held
Alma materDouglass College
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Occupation(s)Barry N. Wish Research Professor of Psychology and Social Studies, Bowdoin College

Barbara S. Held is the Barry N. Wish Research Professor of Psychology and Social Studies Emerita [1] at Bowdoin College in the fields of clinical psychology and theoretical/philosophical psychology. She served as President of the Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology (APA Division 24) from 2008 to 2009, and was recipient of the 2012 Joseph B. Glitter Award from the American Psychological Association recognizing her "scholarly contribution to the philosophical foundations of psychological knowledge." [2]

Contents

Held is author of several books including Back to Reality: A Critique of Postmodern Theory in Psychotherapy (1995), [3] [4] Stop Smiling, Start Kvetching: A 5-Step Guide to Creative Complaining (2001), [5] Psychology's Interpretive Turn: The Search for Truth and Agency in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology (2007). [6] [7] She is co-editor of the volumes Humanity's Dark Side: Evil, Destructive Experience, and Psychotherapy (2013) [8] [9] and Rational Intuition: Philosophical Roots, Scientific Investigations (2015). [10]

Education

Held received her A.B. degree from Douglass College and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. [1]

Research

Held's body of work reflects at least three related lines of inquiry, which have evolved over the course of her career. Her best-known work relates to her philosophical analysis and trenchant critiques of the positive psychology movement. [11] [12] Articles such as "The Negative Side of Positive Psychology" (2004) point out a number of different ways to conceptualize "negative" and "positive" behavior and attitudes from the standpoint of psychology, and suggest that the way positive psychology frames these concepts is potentially problematic and even oppressive. [13]

Her earliest line of research, beginning in the mid-1980s, applied an epistemological framework in evaluating the basis for constructivist family therapy approaches. [14] This eventually developed into a formal inquiry about the philosophical underpinnings of the postmodern psychotherapy movement. [3] Held's more recent work has broadened this lens beyond psychotherapy to encompass the field of psychology as a whole, including attendant philosophy-of-science issues. In Psychology's Interpretive Turn (2007), [6] she examined—and at times criticized—recent efforts by theoretical psychologists to balance the shortcomings of both postmodern and overly positivist, scientistic accounts of human nature with so-called "middle-ground" theories designed to preserve aspects of both.

Representative publications

Related Research Articles

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills. Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults, families, or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders; other types have been criticized as pseudoscience.

Positive psychology studies the conditions that contribute to the optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. It studies "positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions... it aims to improve quality of life."

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism. Thus, Abraham Maslow established the need for a "third force" in psychology. The school of thought of humanistic psychology gained traction due to key figure Abraham Maslow in the 1950s during the time of the humanistic movement. It was made popular in the 1950s by the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities and creativity.

Clinical psychology is an integration of human science, behavioral science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy, the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.

Theoretical psychology is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of psychology. It is an interdisciplinary field with a wide scope of study.

Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers and colleagues beginning in the 1940s and extending into the 1980s. Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment", via acceptance, therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding.

Existential psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy based on the model of human nature and experience developed by the existential tradition of European philosophy. It focuses on concepts that are universally applicable to human existence including death, freedom, responsibility, and the meaning of life. Instead of regarding human experiences such as anxiety, alienation and depression as implying the presence of mental illness, existential psychotherapy sees these experiences as natural stages in a normal process of human development and maturation. In facilitating this process of development and maturation existential psychotherapy involves a philosophical exploration of an individual's experiences while stressing the individual's freedom and responsibility to facilitate a higher degree of meaning and well-being in his or her life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugene Gendlin</span> American philosopher (1926 – 2017)

Eugene Tovio Gendlin was an American philosopher who developed ways of thinking about and working with living process, the bodily felt sense and the "philosophy of the implicit". Though he had no degree in the field of psychology, his advanced study with Carl Rogers, his longtime practice of psychotherapy and his extensive writings in the field of psychology have made him perhaps better known in that field than in philosophy. He studied under Carl Rogers, the founder of client-centered therapy, at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in philosophy in 1958. Gendlin's theories impacted Rogers' own beliefs and played a role in Rogers' view of psychotherapy. From 1958 to 1963 Gendlin was Research Director at the Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute of the University of Wisconsin. He served as an associate professor in the departments of Philosophy and Comparative Human Development at the University of Chicago from 1964 until 1995.

Acceptance and commitment therapy is a form of psychotherapy, as well as a branch of clinical behavior analysis. It is an empirically based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies along with commitment and behavior-change strategies to increase psychological flexibility.

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In psychology, constructivism refers to many schools of thought that, though extraordinarily different in their techniques, are all connected by a common critique of previous standard approaches, and by shared assumptions about the active constructive nature of human knowledge. In particular, the critique is aimed at the "associationist" postulate of empiricism, "by which the mind is conceived as a passive system that gathers its contents from its environment and, through the act of knowing, produces a copy of the order of reality".

Logic-based therapy (LBT) is a modality of philosophical counseling developed by philosopher Elliot D. Cohen beginning in the mid-1980s. It is a philosophical variant of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), which was developed by psychologist Albert Ellis. A randomized, controlled efficacy study of LBT suggests that it may be effective in reducing anxiety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Rocco Cottone</span> American academic

Robert Rocco Cottone is a psychologist, ethicist, counselor and poet and has been a professor in the Department of Counseling and Family Therapy at the University of Missouri–St. Louis since 1988, where he is a colleague of the social activist Mark Pope. He is also the founder of the Church of Belief Science. Academically, he is best known for his socially oriented theories of counseling and psychotherapy. In the mid-1980s he developed a “systemic theory of vocational rehabilitation”, which constitutes the first comprehensive social theory of vocational rehabilitation. He has been widely cited for his later work on advanced theories of psychotherapy, and he has been rated as having one of the highest publishing records among his peers. He published his first book, Theories and Paradigms of Counseling and Psychotherapy, in 1992, which defined Kuhnian paradigms of mental health treatment. He then developed a fully social model of decision making, the social constructivism model, taking decisions out of the head, so-to-speak, and placing them within the sphere of social discourse. His social theorizing advanced from that of social systems to social constructions.

Vittorio Filippo Guidano was an Italian neuropsychiatrist, creator of the cognitive procedural systemic model and contributor to constructivist post-rationalist cognitive therapy. His cognitive post-rationalist model was influenced by attachment theory, evolutionary epistemology, complex systems theory, and the prevalence of abstract mental processes proposed by Friedrich Hayek. Guidano conceived the personal system as a self-organized entity, in constant development.

Diana Foșha is a Romanian-American psychologist, known for developing accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP), and for her work on the psychotherapy of adults suffering the effects of childhood attachment trauma and abuse.

Second-wave positive psychology is a therapeutic approach in psychology that attempts to bring out the best in individuals and society by incorporating the dark side of human existence through the dialectical principles of yin and yang. This represents a distinct shift from focusing on individual happiness and success to the dual vision of individual well-being and collective humanity. PP 2.0 is more about bringing out the "better angels of our nature" than achieving optimal happiness or personal success. The approach posits that empathy, compassion, reason, justice, and self-transcendence will improve humans, both individually and collectively. PP 2.0 centers around the universal human capacity for meaning-seeking and meaning-making in achieving optimal human functioning under both desirable and undesirable conditions. This emerging movement is a response to perceived problems of what some have called "positive psychology as usual".

Adelbert H. Jenkins is an African American clinical psychologist who is known for his humanistic approach to Black psychology at the start of the field in the early 1970s. Jenkins was also one of the 28 founding members of the National Association of Black Psychologists, along with other notable psychologists such as Robert V. Guthrie and Joseph White. He is currently an associate professor of psychology at New York University.

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References

  1. 1 2 "Psychology: Barbara S. Held". Bowdoin. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  2. "Joseph B. Gittler Award - American Psychological Foundation". 9 March 2023.
  3. 1 2 Held, Barbara S. (1995). Back to reality : a critique of postmodern theory in psychotherapy (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN   0393701921. OCLC   32272307.
  4. Cohen, Mariam (1996). "Back to Reality: A Critique of Postmodern Theory in Psychotherapy by Barbara S. Held (Book Review)". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 24 (3): 563–574.
  5. Held, Barbara S. (2001). Stop smiling, start kvetching : a 5-step guide to creative complaining (1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN   0312283512. OCLC   47142054.
  6. 1 2 Held, Barbara S. (2007). Psychology's interpretive turn : the search for truth and agency in theoretical and philosophical psychology (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN   9781591479253. OCLC   77270966.
  7. Erwin, Edward (2009-09-30). "Review Essay: Which Way Psychology? A Discussion of Barbara". Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 40 (2): 291–310. doi:10.1177/0048393109345669. ISSN   0048-3931. S2CID   144016393.
  8. Bohart, Arthur C., Held, Barbara S., Mendelowitz, Edward, Schneider, Kirk J. (2013). Humanity's dark side : evil, destructive experience, and psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN   9781433811814. OCLC   795687202.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Quinn, Adam (2013). "Review of Humanity's dark side: Evil, destructive experience, and psychotherapy". The Humanistic Psychologist. 41 (3): 304–308. doi:10.1080/08873267.2013.771120. ISSN   1547-3333.
  10. Osbeck, Lisa M., Held, Barbara S. (2014-08-25). Rational intuition : philosophical roots, scientific investigations. New York, NY. ISBN   9781107022393. OCLC   867851585.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Held, Barbara S. (2002). "The tyranny of the positive attitude in America: Observation and speculation". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 58 (9): 965–991. doi:10.1002/jclp.10093. ISSN   0021-9762. PMID   12209859.
  12. "Book Review: The Happiness Industry by William Davies". The Christian Humanist. 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  13. Held, Barbara S. (2004). "The Negative Side of Positive Psychology". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 44 (1): 9–46. doi:10.1177/0022167803259645. ISSN   0022-1678. S2CID   146703182.
  14. Held, Barbara S. (1990). "What's in a name? Some confusions and concerns about constructivism". Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 16 (2): 179–186. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1990.tb00837.x. ISSN   0194-472X.