Coat of arms of the United Kingdom

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Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Tudor crown).svg
Versions
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg
The royal coat of arms in Scotland
Armiger Monarch of the United Kingdom
Adopted1837
Crest Upon the helm, the imperial crown proper thereon a lion statant guardant Or langued Gules armed Argent, imperially crowned Proper; mantled Or doubled Ermine
(Scottish version)
  • Upon the Royal helm the crown of Scotland proper, thereon a lion sejant affronté Gules armed and langued Azure, imperially crowned proper holding in his dexter paw a sword and in his sinister a sceptre, both proper
Shield Quarterly, I and IV Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or langued and armed Azure. II Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules. III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent.
(Scottish version)
  • Quarterly, I and IV Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules. II Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or langued and armed Azure. III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent.
Supporters On the dexter a lion rampant guardant Or langued and armed Gules, imperially crowned Proper. On the sinister a Unicorn rampant Argent armed crined and unguled Or, and gorged with a Coronet composed of crosses patee and fleurs-de-lis, a chain affixed thereto passing through the forelegs and reflexed over the back Or
(Scottish version)
  • Dexter a unicorn Argent imperially crowned proper, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or holding the standard of Saint Andrew, sinister a lion rampant gardant Or imperially crowned proper holding the standard of Saint George
Compartment Tudor rose, Shamrock, Thistle
(Scottish version)
  • Thistles
Motto Dieu et mon droit
(Scottish version)
  • In defens
Order(s) Order of the Garter
(Scottish version)
  • Order of the Thistle
Earlier version(s) See below

The coat of arms of the United Kingdom, also referred to as the royal arms, are the arms of dominion of the British monarch, currently Charles III. [1] They are used by the Government of the United Kingdom and by other Crown institutions, [2] including courts in the United Kingdom and in some parts of the Commonwealth. Differenced versions of the arms are used by members of the British royal family. The monarch's official flag, the Royal Standard, is the coat of arms in flag form.

Contents

There are two versions of the coat of arms. One is used in Scotland, and includes elements derived from the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Scotland, and the other is used elsewhere and includes elements derived from the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England. The shields of both versions of the arms quarter the arms of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, which united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, and the Kingdom of Ireland, which united with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom in 1801. The Irish quarter was unaltered following the division of Ireland into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State in 1922.

The present arms do not include a representation of the United Kingdom's fourth constituent country, Wales. [3] It is instead represented heraldically by two royal badges, which use the Welsh dragon and the coat of arms of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth respectively.

Description

Outside Scotland

At the centre of the arms is a quartered shield, depicting the three passant guardant lions of England in the first and fourth quarters, the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland in the second quarter, and a harp for Ireland in the third quarter. [4] [1] Surrounding the shield is the Order of the Garter, the United Kingdom's most senior order of knighthood. [1] The supporters are a crowned English lion on the dexter (heraldic right), and a chained Scottish unicorn on the sinister (heraldic left). [5] Above the shield is a gold helmet, which has mantling of gold and ermine attached to it. On top of this is the crest, a crown with a crowned lion standing on it. Below the shield is a grassy mound, a type of compartment, on which are thistles, Tudor roses and shamrocks, representing Scotland, England and Ireland respectively. [1] In front of this is the motto Dieu et mon droit , a French phrase meaning 'God and my right'. [1]

During the reign of Elizabeth II, the crowns depicted in this version of the Royal Arms were close representations of St Edward's Crown. Following Charles III's decision to use the Tudor Crown in his royal cypher, the College of Arms envisaged that the crown on the Royal Arms would also change. [6] This would be similar to the design used from the beginning of Edward VII's reign in 1901 to the end of George VI's reign in 1952.[ citation needed ] However, as of September 2024, the St Edward's Crown version remained in use. [7] [8] On 10 October 2024, a new design for the Royal Arms was unveiled. [9] [10]

In Scotland

The Royal Arms in Scotland use the same basic elements, but with distinctive Scottish symbolism. In the shield the Scottish arms occupy the first and fourth quarters and the English arms the second, giving the former precedence. [1] The shield is surrounded by the collar and badge of the Order of the Thistle. The crest is a crowned red lion holding a sword and sceptre (representing the Honours of Scotland), facing forward sitting on a crown. Above it is the Scots motto 'In defens', a contraction of the phrase 'In my defens God me defend'. The supporters are a crowned and chained Scottish unicorn on the dexter, and a crowned English lion on the sinister. Between each supporter and the shield is a lance displaying the flag of their respective kingdom. The grassy mound beneath the shield contains only thistles; on it is a second motto, that of the Order of the Thistle: Nemo me impune lacessit (no one will attack me with impunity). [1] The crowns in the Scottish version of the arms are conventionally stylised to resemble the Crown of Scotland.

Blazon

Changes to the blazon of the Royal Arms are in the Royal prerogative, presumed to be under ministerial advice. [11]

This table breaks down the blazons to enable comparison of the differences between the general arms and the arms used in Scotland.

Everywhere except ScotlandScotland
Quarters I & IVGules three lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure (for England)Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second (for Scotland)
Quarter IIOr a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second (for Scotland)Gules three lions passant gardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure (for England)
Quarter IIIAzure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland)
Surrounded byThe Garter circlet The collar of the Order of the Thistle
Crest Upon the Royal helm the imperial crown proper, thereon a lion statant gardant Or imperially crowned properUpon the Royal helm the crown of Scotland proper, thereon a lion sejant affronté Gules armed and langued Azure, imperially crowned proper holding in his dexter paw a sword and in his sinister a sceptre, both proper
Supporters Dexter a lion rampant gardant Or imperially crowned proper, sinister a unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also OrDexter a unicorn Argent imperially crowned proper, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or holding the standard of Saint Andrew, sinister a lion rampant gardant Or imperially crowned proper holding the standard of Saint George
Motto Dieu et mon droit (French) In defens (Scots)
Order Motto Garter: Honi soit qui mal y pense (Anglo-Norman) Thistle: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin)
Plants on the compartment Roses, thistles and shamrocks (on the same stem)Thistles only

History

Arms of England, Scotland and Ireland

The arms of James VI and I outside Scotland Coat of Arms of King James I.jpg
The arms of James VI and I outside Scotland

The present royal arms originated in the separate arms of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland; Wales had been incorporated into the Kingdom of England in the 16th century. [lower-alpha 1] In 1603, James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones, and, to symbolise this union of the crowns, the arms of England (which at that time were quartered with those of France) and Ireland were quartered with those of Scotland. [13] Within Scotland, the Scottish arms were placed in the first and fourth quarters and those of England in the second, with the English arms taking precedence elsewhere.

Except during the Commonwealth and The Protectorate in the mid-seventeenth century, and the use by William III of an inescutcheon of Nassau, the arms remained unchanged until the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. [13]

Great Britain

The Acts of Union 1707 united the two kingdoms of England and Scotland into one Kingdom of Great Britain. The arms of the new kingdom impaled England and Scotland in the first and fourth quarters, representing their union, with France in the second and Ireland in the third. [13] In 1714, the Elector of Hanover, George I, became king, and the arms of Hanover were placed in the fourth quarter. [13]

United Kingdom

St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow, Scotland: Scottish version of the Royal Arms of the Hanoverians, used from 1801 to 1816 Lion and Unicorn - geograph.org.uk - 902236.jpg
St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow, Scotland: Scottish version of the Royal Arms of the Hanoverians, used from 1801 to 1816

In 1801, Great Britain and Ireland were united to form the United Kingdom; the monarch's claim to the French throne was at the same time dropped, and the French quarter removed from the coat of arms. [13] The remaining quarters were rearranged so that, outside Scotland, England occupied the first and fourth, Scotland the second, Ireland the third, and Hanover an inescutcheon topped by an electoral bonnet. [13] Within Scotland, the Scottish and English quarters were reversed. In 1816, the electorate of Hanover became a kingdom, and the bonnet was replaced with a crown. [13]

In 1837, Victoria became queen of the United Kingdom but not Hanover, as the latter followed Salic law which barred women from the succession. [13] The Hanoverian inescutcheon was therefore removed, and the royal arms reached the form they have retained to the present. The only changes since have been cosmetic, such as altering the depiction of the Irish harp so that it no longer includes a bare-breasted woman.

Development

Royal coats of arms of the United Kingdom
ArmsDatesDetails
Royal Arms of United Kingdom (1801-1816).svg Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1801-1816).svg
1801–1816The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. At the same time, George III abandoned his claim to the French throne and the fleur-de-lis was removed. For the Electorate of Hanover, there is an inescutcheon surmounted by the electoral bonnet. [4]
Royal Arms of United Kingdom (1816-1837).svg Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1816-1837).svg
1816–1837The electoral bonnet on the inescutcheon was replaced by a crown in 1816, as Hanover had been declared a kingdom two years prior. [4]
Arms of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg
1837–present

The accession of Queen Victoria ended the personal union between the United Kingdom and Hanover, as Salic law prevented a woman from ascending the Hanoverian throne, and the inescutcheon of the arms of Hanover was removed. [4] The new arms were announced in The London Gazette on 26 July 1837 [14] and first used in The Gazette on 8 August 1837. [15] [16] This was the final change to the blazon of the Royal Arms and all later adaptions were purely stylistic.

On his succession in 1901, Edward VII had considered adding the Arms of Saxony as an inescutcheon as he had done when Prince of Wales, and also a representation for Wales, but he was dissuaded by officials. [17] There were also unsuccessful calls for some representation of the wider British Empire. [18] [19] The Irish harp remained despite the Partition of Ireland in 1921.

Changing styles

The blazon of the Royal Arms has been changed only three times since the creation of the United Kingdom: in 1801, 1816 and 1837. But how these blazons are depicted have been subject to artistic interpretation and the preferences of the monarch under the royal prerogative. [lower-alpha 2] [11]

St Mary and St Margaret, Norton Subcourse, Norfolk - Royal Arms - geograph.org.uk - 1477843 (cropped).jpg
Detail of a depiction of the royal arms from the reign of George IV (1820–1830)
Houghton Typ 805L.46 (A) - Queen Victoria bookplate, Windsor Castle (cropped).jpg
Detail of a bookplate used by Queen Victoria (1837–1901)
Kingston Museum, King Edward the Elder Millenary Memorial window (cropped).jpg
Detail of a stained glass window depicting the royal arms during the reign of Edward VII (1901–1910)

The blazons of the royal arms do not specify any particular heraldic crown to be depicted in the achievement, using only the term "imperial crown proper" to indicate a crown with arches and in its natural colours. [lower-alpha 3] The first reference to the "imperial crown" of England was during the reign of Henry VIII in the Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532, which declared that "this realm of England is an empire ... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same". [21] [lower-alpha 4]

The actual form of the crown has varied over time. In England, the heraldic crown is ultimately based on St Edward's Crown, which has four crosses pattée and four fleurs-de-lis around the rim and two arches. [20] [23] [24] However, depictions have varied depending on the artist. [20] Queen Victoria, for example, had favoured a crown with rounded arches of "the type of an earlier time" since at least the 1860s, [25] [26] [lower-alpha 5] and in about 1880, after she was proclaimed Empress of India, the heraldic crown was altered to give it a more imperial form by making the arches semi-circular. [24] [30]

After the accession of Edward VII, the War Office raised the issue of a standardised design of the crown for use by the British Army, as several crowns of different patterns were in use. [17] In 1901, the king decided on a "Tudor" crown design based on the crown of Henry VII, as "chosen and always used by Queen Victoria personally". [20] [17] This style was used until after the accession of Elizabeth II in 1952, when the design reverted to the style with depressed arches used by Charles II. [31] The College of Arms envisages that Charles III will adopt a design similar to that used by Edward VII for the coat of arms, following the selection of such a crown on his royal cypher in 2022. [32]

Arms of Ireland (historical).svg
Winged harp
Arms of Ireland (Variant 1) (Historical).svg
Non-winged harp

There have also been changes to the depiction of the Irish harp, with the frame variously depicted as a winged woman or as a Gaelic harp, with the latter being more typical in the twentieth century, particularly since Elizabeth II. [33]

Usage

Restrictions

The Royal Arms are the arms of dominion of the British monarch. [34] [1] They differ from ordinary armorial bearings in that they are not hereditary, [13] and the right to bear them is annexed to the reigning sovereign, and therefore his government, as a royal prerogative. [11] [35] Members of the royal family may be granted differenced arms, but they cannot use arms identical to those of the monarch. [34]

Crown copyright applies in perpetuity to depictions of the Royal Arms and any of its constituent parts under the royal prerogative, and The National Archives restricts rights to reproduce them. [36] [37] Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative. [38]

In addition, use of the Royal Arms and devices for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the Paris Convention) under sections 4 and 99 of the Trade Marks Act 1994, and its use is governed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office. [39] [40] [41]

The Royal Arms may be displayed by holders of a Royal Warrant but may not be used as a trade mark and should only be displayed for the duration of the grant of a Royal Warrant. It is an offence under Section 12 of the Trade Descriptions Act 1968 to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family. [42] [41]

UK usage

Government

Lesser Arms
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, lesser arms).svg
Updated versions of the Lesser ('simplified') Arms used by the UK Government since 2024, redesigned following the accession of Charles III
Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Government in Scotland).svg
Version used by the Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (black and white).svg
Former Lesser Arms, used on the cover of Acts of Parliament and British Passports, engraved by Reynolds Stone since 1956
UK Government Crown Crest 2024.svg
Current Lesser Arms, used on official Government websites and departmental insignia since October 2024
UK Government Crown Crest.svg
Former Lesser Arms, used on official Government websites and departmental insignia until October 2024

The UK Government generally uses a simplified form of the arms that omits the helm and mantling, reduces the crest to the crown alone, and has no compartment. [10] Use of the Royal Arms by government departments and agencies is governed by the Cabinet Office. [2]

The Royal Arms feature on all Acts of Parliament, in the logos of government departments, on the cover of all UK passports (and passports issued in other British territories and dependencies), as an inescutcheon on the diplomatic flags of British Ambassadors, and on The London Gazette . It is also used in the British Overseas Territories, namely on all acts of the Anguilla House of Assembly and by the administrations of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the Pitcairn Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

The Scotland Office and the Advocate General for Scotland use the Scottish version of the arms, again without the helm or crest. The simplified Scottish Royal Arms were used as the day-to-day logo of the Scottish Executive until September 2007, when the body was rebranded as the Scottish Government and began using a logo incorporating the flag of Scotland. [43] The Scottish Government continues to use the arms on some official documents, including Acts of the Scottish Parliament.

Judicial

The Royal Arms appear in courtrooms in England and Wales, typically behind the judge's bench, and symbolise that justice comes from the monarch. [44] One exception is the magistrates' court in the City of London, [44] where both the Royal Arms and arms of the City appear behind the bench. Courtrooms in Scotland, in the same way, usually display the Scottish version of the Royal Arms. [45] The Justice (Northern Ireland) Act 2002 prohibited the display of the Royal Arms in courtrooms or on court building exteriors in Northern Ireland, with some exceptions. [lower-alpha 6] [46]

However, the arms are not displayed in the Middlesex Guildhall, which houses the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, as the remit of the former includes the four nations of the entire UK, and the latter is the final court of appeal for three independent republics and for the independent sultanate of Brunei Darussalam, not recognizing the judicial authority of the British monarch as their head of state, as well as for the various British territories and sovereign bases, the Crown dependencies, and other independent Commonwealth realms where the king is the head of state but separated from the judicial authority. [47]

Royal Standard

A banner of the Royal Arms, known as the Royal Standard, is flown from buildings in which the monarch is resident or present. The Palace of Westminster, for example, usually flies the Union Flag, but flies the Royal Standard when the monarch is present for the State Opening of Parliament. When the monarch is not in residence at a palace in Scotland the Royal Banner of Scotland is flown; palaces in the rest of the UK fly the Union Flag.

Heraldry

The Royal Arms feature on the tabard worn by officers of arms of the College of Arms and Court of the Lord Lyon. [48] These garments are worn at several traditional ceremonies, such as the annual procession and service of the Order of the Garter at Windsor Castle, the State Opening of Parliament, the coronation, and state funerals. [48]

Coinage

The Royal Arms regularly feature on British coinage, and are used as a logo by the Royal Mint. In 2008 a new series of designs for all seven coins of £1 and below was unveiled by the Royal Mint, every one of which is drawn from the Royal Arms. The full Royal Arms appear on the one pound coin, and sections appear on each of the other six, which combine to form a complete depiction. [49]

Armed Forces

The Royal Arms with the crest but without the helm is used as the rank insignia for Class 1 Warrant Officers in His Majesty's Armed Forces.

Ecclesiastical

It is customary (but not mandatory) for churches of the Church of England and Church of Scotland to display the Royal Arms as the established church of England and the national church of Scotland respectively. [50] [51] If a church building of either denomination does not currently display the Royal Arms, permission from the Crown must be given before one can be used. [52]

Corporate

The Times masthead The Times masthead.svg
The Times masthead

Use of the Royal Arms and devices for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the Paris Convention) under sections 4 and 99 of the Trade Marks Act 1994, and its use is governed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office. [39] [40] [41]

The Royal Arms may be displayed by select businesses which supply the royal household with goods or services and have been granted a Royal Warrant. But the arms may not be used as a trade mark and should only be displayed for the duration of the grant of a Royal Warrant. It is an offence under Section 12 of the Trade Descriptions Act 1968 to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family. [42] [41]

The Royal Arms are incorporated into Imperial College London's coat of arms, which developed from institutions founded and patronised by Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort. [53]

Commonwealth usage

Canada

Several provincial and territorial courts in Canada make use the Royal Arms:

The Coat of arms of Canada is also closely modelled on the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.

Australia

In Australia, the Royal Arms are used as a logo by the Parliament of Victoria and the Western Australian Legislative Council. [63] [64] It is also used by several state and federal courts, including:

The current Royal Arms are also used by Australian newspaper The Age . [70]

New Zealand

The New Zealand Gazette displayed the Royal Arms until 1946. [71] The newspaper The Press used the Royal Arms as its masthead until 2023. [72]

Irish Free State

Historically, when the Irish Free State established its own diplomatic seals in the 1930s, the Royal Arms were depicted on the throne behind George V in a unique form by having the Irish harp in two quarters and the English arms in one. [73] [74]

Royal family

Members of the British royal family are granted their own personal arms. In the past, the monarch's younger sons used various differences; and married daughters of the monarch impaled the plain Royal Arms with their husbands' arms. But for many centuries now, all members of the royal family have had differenced versions of the Royal Arms settled on them by royal warrant. [75] Only children and grandchildren in the male line of the monarch are entitled to arms in this fashion: the arms of children of the monarch are differenced with a three-point label; while grandchildren of the monarch are differenced with a five-point label. An exception is made for the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, who also bears a three-point label. The labels are always white (argent) and each prince or princess has individual marks to form his or her particular difference, except the Prince of Wales, who uses a plain white three-pointed label. [75] Since 1911, the arms of the Prince of Wales also displays an inescutcheon of the ancient arms of the Principality of Wales. [75]

Queens consort and the wives of sons of the monarch also have their own personal coat of arms. Typically this will be the arms of their husband impaled with their own personal arms or those of their father, if armigerous. However, the consorts of a queen regnant are not entitled to use the Royal Arms. Thus Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was granted his own personal arms. A notable exception to this rule was Prince Albert, who used the Royal Arms (differenced by a special label) quartered with his own Saxon royal arms. [75]

Currently the following members of the royal family have their own arms based on the Royal Arms:

Children and grandchildren of the monarch in the male line
Armorial achievementShieldBearerDifference(s)
Arms of the Prince of Wales.svg William, Prince of Wales, outside ScotlandThe coat of arms of Edward VIII and Charles III as Prince of Wales was the arms of the United Kingdom with a white label of three points and an inescutcheon bearing the arms of Wales.
Coat of Arms of the Duke of Rothesay.svg Shield of Arms of the Duke of Rothesay.svg Prince William, Duke of Rothesay, in ScotlandUsed in Scotland, the arms of the Duke of Rothesay are those of Clan Stewart of Appin adapted, namely the quartered arms of the Prince and Great Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles (secondary titles of the Duke) with an inescutcheon as Scottish heir apparent (the Royal Arms of Scotland with a blue three-point label).
Coat of Arms of Henry of Wales.svg Arms of Henry of Wales.svg Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Three-point label with three red escallops in each point, alluding to the patrilineal arms of his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales. The label changed from five to three points, with each point bearing an escallop, upon his father's accession to the throne in 2022, as previously stated by the College of Arms. [76] [77] [78]
Coat of Arms of Anne, the Princess Royal.svg Arms of Anne, the Princess Royal.svg Anne, Princess Royal Three-point label, the points bearing a red cross, a red heart and a red cross. [4]
Coat of Arms of Anne, the Princess Royal (Scotland).svg Arms of Anne, the Princess Royal (Scotland).svg Scottish version of the Princess Royal's arms with a three-point label, the points bearing a red cross, a red heart and a red cross. [4]
Coat of Arms of Andrew, Duke of York.svg Arms of Andrew, Duke of York.svg Prince Andrew, Duke of York Three-point label, the centre point bearing a blue anchor. [4]
Coat of Arms of Beatrice of York.svg Arms of Beatrice of York.svg Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Five-point label with three bees in alternate points, alluding to the patrilineal arms of her mother, Sarah, Duchess of York.
Coat of Arms of Eugenie of York.svg Arms of Eugenie of York.svg Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank Five-point label with three thistles in alternate points, alluding to the patrilineal arms of her mother, Sarah, Duchess of York.
Coat of Arms of Edward, Duke of Edinburgh.svg Arms of Edward, Duke of Edinburgh.svg Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh Three-point label, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose.
Coat of Arms of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (Scotland).svg Arms of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (Scotland).svg Scottish version of the Duke of Edinburgh's arms with a three-point label, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose
Coat of Arms of Richard, Duke of Gloucester.svg Arms of Richard, Duke of Gloucester.svg Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester Five-point label, the first, third and fifth points bearing a red cross, the second and fourth points bearing a red lion. [79]
Coat of Arms of Edward, Duke of Kent.svg Arms of Edward, Duke of Kent.svg Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Five-point label, the first, third and fifth points bearing a blue anchor, the second and fourth points bearing a red cross. [4]
Coat of Arms of Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy.svg Arms of Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy.svg Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy Five-point label, the first and fifth points bearing a red heart, the second and fourth points bearing a blue anchor, and the third bearing a red cross. [4]
Coat of Arms of Michael of Kent.svg Arms of Michael of Kent.svg Prince Michael of Kent Five-point label, the first, third and fifth points bearing a red cross, the second and fourth points bearing a blue anchor. [4]
Consorts
Coat of arms of Queen Camilla.svg Arms of Queen Camilla.svg Queen Camilla The arms of the King impaled with those of Camilla's father, Major Bruce Shand, crowned with the royal crown. [80]
Coat of Arms of Queen Camilla (Scotland).svg Arms of Queen Camilla (Scotland).svg Scottish version of the Queen's coat of arms with the royal crown.
Arms of Catherine, Princess of Wales.svg Catherine, Princess of Wales The arms of the Prince of Wales impaled with those of Catherine's father, Michael Middleton. [81]
Coat of arms of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.svg Shield of arms of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.svg Meghan, Duchess of Sussex The arms of the Duke of Sussex impaled with those of her own design, crowned with the coronet of a child of the sovereign. [82]
Coat of Arms of Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh.svg Arms of Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh.svg Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh The arms of the Duke of Edinburgh impaled with those granted in 1999 to Sophie's father, Christopher Rhys-Jones, with remainder to his elder brother Theo. The new grant was based on an unregistered 200-year-old design. The lion alludes to one of the Duchess's ancestors, the Welsh knight Elystan Glodrydd, prince of Ferrig. [83]
Coat of Arms of Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester (Order of the Garter).svg Arms of Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester.svg Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester The arms of the Duke of Gloucester with an escutcheon of pretence granted to her by Royal Warrant on 18 July 1973. [79]
Coat of Arms of Katharine, Duchess of Kent.svg Arms of Katharine, Duchess of Kent.svg Katharine, Duchess of Kent The arms of the Duke of Kent impaled with those of the Duchess's father, Sir William Worsley, 4th Baronet.
Coat of Arms of Marie Christine von Reibnitz, Princess Michael of Kent.svg Arms of Marie Christine von Reibnitz, Princess Michael of Kent.svg Princess Michael of Kent The arms of Prince Michael of Kent impaled with those of Marie Christine's father, Baron Günther Hubertus von Reibnitz.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A Welsh dragon was used as a supporter by the Tudor monarchs, who were of Welsh descent, but this was replaced with the current Scottish unicorn when the Stuart dynasty inherited the throne. In the 20th century the arms of the principality of Wales were added as an inescutcheon to the coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, and a banner of those arms with a green inescutcheon bearing the prince's crown is flown as his personal standard in Wales. There is also a Royal Badge of Wales, which include the arms of the principality and which is used, among other things, on the cover of Acts of the Welsh Parliament. [12]
  2. ↑ In heraldry, any artistic interpretation is considered to be correct provided it adheres to the written description given in the blazon.
  3. ↑ Although the cap of the heraldic crown is always represented as crimson even though the cap of the real crown is of purple velvet. [20]
  4. ↑ In William Blackstone's 1765 Commentaries on the Laws of England , he explained that 'The meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of empire and imperial, and applies them to the realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth.' [22]
  5. ↑ Victoria had featured in William Wyon's gothic crown coin in 1847, [27] and the Palace of Westminster, rebuilt from 1840–1876, makes extensive use of a gothic style crown. The British had assumed direct rule over India in 1858 and the Order of the Star of India, created in 1861, depicted a Tudor Crown from its inception. [28] Victoria had a new crown made in 1870 which resembled the Tudor Crown, [29] declining to wear the Imperial State Crown which she found heavy and uncomfortable. [20]
  6. ↑ The Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast, the courts in Armagh, Banbridge, Downpatrick, Magherafelt, Omagh, and the exterior of court buildings that had them in place prior to the enactment of the Act.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heraldry</span> Heraldic achievements design and transmission

Heraldry is a discipline relating to the design, display and study of armorial bearings, as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank and pedigree. Armory, the best-known branch of heraldry, concerns the design and transmission of the heraldic achievement. The achievement, or armorial bearings usually includes a coat of arms on a shield, helmet and crest, together with any accompanying devices, such as supporters, badges, heraldic banners and mottoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Standard of the United Kingdom</span> Flags used by the British monarchy

The royal standard of the United Kingdom is the banner of arms of the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Charles III. It consists of the monarch's coat of arms in flag form, and is made up of four quarters containing the arms of the former kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland. There are two versions of the banner, one used in Scotland in which the Scottish quarters take precedence, and one used elsewhere in which the English quarters take precedence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of England</span>

The coat of arms of England is the coat of arms historically used as arms of dominion by the monarchs of the Kingdom of England, and now used to symbolise England generally. The arms were adopted c.1200 by the Plantagenet kings and continued to be used by successive English and British monarchs; they are currently quartered with the arms of Scotland and Ireland in the coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Historically they were also quartered with the arms of France, representing the English claim to the French throne, and Hanover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">College of Arms</span> Corporation responsible for heraldry in England and Wales

The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is a royal corporation consisting of professional officers of arms, with jurisdiction over England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some Commonwealth realms. The heralds are appointed by the British Sovereign and are delegated authority to act on behalf of the Crown in all matters of heraldry, the granting of new coats of arms, genealogical research and the recording of pedigrees. The College is also the official body responsible for matters relating to the flying of flags on land, and it maintains the official registers of flags and other national symbols. Though a part of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, the College is self-financed, unsupported by any public funds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Edward's Crown</span> Part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

St Edward's Crown is the coronation crown of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Named after Saint Edward the Confessor, versions of it have traditionally been used to crown English and British monarchs at their coronations since the 13th century. It is normally on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadency</span> System in heraldry to distinguish family members

In heraldry, cadency is any systematic way to distinguish arms displayed by descendants of the holder of a coat of arms when those family members have not been granted arms in their own right. Cadency is necessary in heraldic systems in which a given design may be owned by only one person at any time, generally the head of the senior line of a particular family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tudor rose</span> Heraldic emblem of England

The Tudor rose is the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the House of Tudor, which united the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Tudor rose consists of five white inner petals, representing the House of York, and five red outer petals to represent the House of Lancaster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Ireland</span>

The coat of arms of Ireland is blazoned as Azure a harp Or, stringed Argent. These arms have long been Ireland's heraldic emblem. References to them as being the arms of the king of Ireland can be found as early as the 13th century. These arms were adopted by Henry VIII of England when he ended the period of Lordship of Ireland and declared Ireland to be a kingdom again in 1541. When the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland were united in 1603, they were integrated into the unified royal coat of arms of kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland. The harp was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Free State when it separated from the United Kingdom in 1922. They were registered as the arms of Ireland with the Chief Herald of Ireland on 9 November 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Scotland</span>

The coat of arms of Scotland, colloquially called the Lion Rampant, is the coat of arms historically used as arms of dominion by the monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland, and later used within the coat of arms of Great Britain and the present coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The arms consist of a red lion surrounded by a red double border decorated with fleurs-de-lis, all on a gold background. The blazon, or heraldic description, is: Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Badge of Wales</span>

The Royal Badge of Wales was approved in May 2008. It is based on the arms borne by the 13th-century Welsh prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, with the addition of St Edward's Crown atop a continuous scroll which, together with a wreath consisting of the plant emblems of the four countries of the United Kingdom, surrounds the shield. The motto which appears on the scroll, PLEIDIOL WYF I'M GWLAD, is taken from the national anthem of Wales; it was also an element of the Welsh designs for £1 coins minted from 1985 until 2000. The badge formerly appeared on the covers of Assembly Measures; since the 2011 referendum, it now appears on the cover of Acts passed by the Senedd and its escutcheon, ribbon and motto are depicted on the Welsh Seal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lion (heraldry)</span> Element in heraldry

The lion is a common charge in heraldry. It traditionally symbolises courage, nobility, royalty, strength, stateliness and valour, because historically the lion has been regarded as the "king of beasts". The lion also carries Judeo-Christian symbolism. The Lion of Judah stands in the coat of arms of Jerusalem. Similar-looking lions can be found elsewhere, such as in the coat of arms of the Swedish royal House of Bjälbo, from there in turn derived into the coat of arms of Finland, formerly belonging to Sweden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal cypher</span> Monogram-like device of a countrys reigning sovereign

In modern heraldry, a royal cypher is a monogram or monogram-like device of a country's reigning sovereign, typically consisting of the initials of the monarch's name and title, sometimes interwoven and often surmounted by a crown. Such a cypher as used by an emperor or empress is called an imperial cypher. In the system used by various Commonwealth realms, the title is abbreviated as 'R' for 'rex' or 'regina'. Previously, 'I' stood for 'imperator' or 'imperatrix' of the Indian Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crown (heraldry)</span> Emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy

A crown is often an emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy, but also used by some republics.

In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb to blazon means to create such a description. The visual depiction of a coat of arms or flag has traditionally had considerable latitude in design, but a verbal blazon specifies the essentially distinctive elements. A coat of arms or flag is therefore primarily defined not by a picture but rather by the wording of its blazon. Blazon is also the specialized language in which a blazon is written, and, as a verb, the act of writing such a description. Blazonry is the art, craft or practice of creating a blazon. The language employed in blazonry has its own vocabulary, grammar and syntax, which becomes essential for comprehension when blazoning a complex coat of arms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian heraldry</span> Canadian coats of arms and other heraldic achievements

Canadian heraldry is the cultural tradition and style of coats of arms and other heraldic achievements in both modern and historic Canada. It includes national, provincial, and civic arms, noble and personal arms, ecclesiastical heraldry, heraldic displays as corporate logos, and Canadian blazonry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">English heraldry</span> English form of heraldic bearings and insignia

English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England. It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition. Coats of arms in England are regulated and granted to individuals by the English kings of arms of the College of Arms. An individual's arms may also be borne 'by courtesy' by members of the holder's nuclear family, subject to a system of cadency marks, to differentiate those displays from the arms of the original holder. The English heraldic style is exemplified in the arms of British royalty, and is reflected in the civic arms of cities and towns, as well as the noble arms of individuals in England. Royal orders in England, such as the Order of the Garter, also maintain notable heraldic bearings.

Heraldic labels are used to differentiate the personal coats of arms of members of the royal family of the United Kingdom from that of the monarch and from each other. In the Gallo-British heraldic tradition, cadency marks have been available to "difference" the arms of a son from those of his father, and the arms of brothers from each other, and traditionally this was often done when it was considered important for each man to have a distinctive individual coat of arms and/or to differentiate the arms of the head of a house from junior members of the family. This was especially important in the case of arms of sovereignty: to use the undifferenced arms of a kingdom is to assert a claim to the throne. Therefore, in the English royal family, cadency marks were used from the time of Henry III, typically a label or bordure alluding to the arms of the bearer's mother or wife. After about 1340, when Edward III made a claim to the throne of France, a blue label did not contrast sufficiently with the blue field of the French quarter of the royal arms; accordingly most royal cadets used labels argent: that of the heir apparent was plain, and all others were charged. Bordures of various tinctures continued to be used into the 15th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tudor Crown</span> Crown of Tudor monarchs and heraldic device

The Tudor Crown was a crown created in the early 16th century for either Henry VII or Henry VIII, the first Tudor monarchs of England, and destroyed in 1649 during the English Civil War. It was described by the art historian Sir Roy Strong as 'a masterpiece of early Tudor jeweller's art'.

A national coat of arms is a symbol which denotes an independent state in the form of a heraldic achievement. While a national flag is usually used by the population at large and is flown outside and on ships, a national coat of arms is normally considered a symbol of the government or the head of state personally and tends to be used in print, on armorial ware, and as a wall decoration in official buildings. The royal arms of a monarchy, which may be identical to the national arms, are sometimes described as arms of dominion or arms of sovereignty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales</span> Personal coat of arms of the Prince of Wales

The coat of arms of the Prince of Wales is the official personal heraldic insignia of the Princes of Wales, a title traditionally granted to the heir apparent of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, formerly the Kingdom of Great Britain and before that the Kingdom of England.

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  3. ↑ Johnes, Martin (2019). Wales: England's Colony?: The Conquest, Assimilation and Re-creation of Wales. Parthian. ISBN   978-1912681419.
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  6. ↑ "Royal Cypher". College of Arms . 27 September 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
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