Crime in Ivory Coast

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Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
République de Côte d'Ivoire(French)
Cote d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg
Ivory Coast - Location Map (2013) - CIV - UNOCHA.svg
Capital Yamoussoukro (political)
Abidjan (economic)
6°51′N5°18′W / 6.850°N 5.300°W / 6.850; -5.300
Largest city Abidjan
Official languages French
Population
• 2018 estimate
23,740,424. [1] (54th)
• Density
63.9/km2 (165.5/sq mi)(139th)
GDP  (PPP)2020 estimate
• Total
$126.863 billion [2]
• Per capita
$4,705 [2]
ISO 3166 code CI

Crime in Cote d'Ivoire is prevalent and versatile across the West African country. The most common forms of crime include child labour, arms trafficking, terrorism and human rights abuse. Other less common, but still evident types of crime include cannabis and synthetic drug trade, sex trafficking, fauna and flora crimes. [3]

Contents

The European Union funded Enhancing Africa's Response to Transnational Organised Crime (ENACT) programme created a ten-point index score based on national criminality and resilience to crime. [3] Cote d'Ivoire has the fourth highest Criminality Score (6.23) in Africa and the second highest Criminality Score in West Africa, after Nigeria (7.70). Ivory Coast is part of the 37% of countries in Africa that have a high crime, but a low resilience to crime index score along with Egypt, Tanzania, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. [3]

Embedded actors throughout the state and political corruption prevents progress in reducing crime rates. [3] Many initiatives have been taken to reduce crime, especially in arms trafficking and child labour, by organisations such and the United Nations and UNICEF. [4] [5]

Organised crime

Organised crime Africa - Cote d'Ivoire 2019 African rankings [3]
Overall crimeCriminal marketsCriminal actorsResilience to crime
Rank#8#4#12#19
Index score6.235.956.504.54

Trafficking

Child labour

Ivory Coast is a major trafficking hub for important and export of child labourers. [5] Children below the minimum working age of 16 often work in agriculture, mining, domestic work and sex work. [6] Girls most commonly work as domestic servants, while boys perform forced labour on cocoa and coffee farms where they are exploited and abused. [5]

By law, children must attend school from the ages of 6 to 16. [6] However, children are often kidnapped, sold into slavery by their families or trafficked from poorer neighbouring countries such as Burkina Faso and Mali to more affluent areas of Ivory Coast. [7] A major cause of child labour in Cote d'Ivoire is lack of education; parents sell their children into work instead of allowing them to attend school, restricting them from an education. [5]

Children ages 5–14 in Ivory Coast - work and education [6]
Children%Population
Working31.5%1,682,754
Attending school63.5%---
Working and attending school21.5---

Previously, trafficking children between the war-torn borders of Ivory Coast had been easy, as there was little surveillance. The decrease in violence between the neighbouring nations has allowed countries to work together to better prevent trafficking between countries. [5]

In the last decade, projects including U.S. Department of Labor funded projects and World Cocoa Foundation's Cocoa Action have aimed to eliminate child labour in Ivory Coast and other African countries. [6] UNICEF and their partners aimed to aid victims, form partnerships with the Ivorian government and increase law enforcement to aid the problem. [5]

In 2018, Ivory Coast improved their efforts to eliminate child labour. The government drafted a National Labour Inspection Strategy, as well as developed a 3-year National Action Plan to fight child labour. [6] The Minister of Interior and Security passed a law making trafficking of migrants illegal. In addition, the First Lady of the Ivory Coast, with the help of many Non-governmental organizations, opened child protection centres for rescued victims of child labour, where they receive housing, education, counselling, medical attention and vocational training. [6] [8]

In 2019, the criminal law enforcement upped their action. They trained 33 labour inspectors to investigate, prosecute and convict child labour traffickers. [6] [8] Training for criminal inspectors and financial still lack for the 8.5 million workers in Ivory Coast. [6] However, the small increase in trained inspectors has allowed hundreds of children to be rescued from forced labour. [5] The U.S. Embassy in Ivory Coast also made the following prioritised recommendations to the government to further improve the trafficking situation: [8]

Cocoa production

The most common form of child labour in Ivory Coast occurs on cocoa farms. [6] It produce 2/5 of the world's cocoa and receives 60% of their revenue from cocoa crops. [7] 2.1 million children in West Africa, including Ivory Coast, work in dangerous conditions harvesting cocoa. [7] Children, usually boys, work to burn and clear fields, cut down trees, spray pesticides and use sharp tools to break open cocoa pods - all of which are determined to be hazardous activities by national law or regulation. [6] They are often beaten if they work too slowly or try to escape. [7]

Arms trafficking

Cote d'Ivoire is a common cross border trafficking hub for smuggling legal and illegal small arms between countries. [9] Major routes for arms trafficking occur at two tri-borders. The first arises between Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali, while the other involves the borders of Ghana, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. [9] [10] Weapons seized in various countries including Burkina Faso, northern Nigeria and central Mali can be traced back to stocks originating from Ivory Coast. [10] Other routes for arms trafficking occur between Cote d'Ivoire and Liberia. [10]

Geopolitical States of West Africa; * Benin * Burkina Faso * Cape Verde * Ivory Coast * The Gambia * Ghana * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Liberia * Mali * Niger * Nigeria * Senegal * Sierra Leone * Togo Map of West AFrica.gif

Major actors in small arms trafficking include low level transporters, members from regional and capital trafficking hubs and government forces. [10] Low level transporters do not usually belong larger trafficking groups. They often travel unarmed on motorbikes through unmanned and uncontrolled border crossings carrying small amounts of illegal arms. [10] Organised trafficking rings involving members from capital and regional trafficking hubs control the lower level transporters and inform about routes the transporters should take when moving goods from one location to another. [10] Government forces have the ability to rent and divert military-grade weapons, such as AK-pattern assault rifles, to outlawed and illegitimate users. [10] Other actors involved in the illicit transport of small arms include criminals, tribal networks and corrupt political officials. [9]

Arms trafficking can be seen as a valid and appropriate career for demobilised fighters, as it provides an opportunity to extricate oneself from unemployment. Such workers are dependent on connections and communication from cross border friendships, family and ethnic ties about movement of security forces. [10]

High-profile individuals and groups such as terrorist groups and other criminals have the ability to move illegal arms across national borders for their personal use. [10] The terrorist organisation al-Murabitoun trafficked assault rifles through Burkina Faso and Mali into Ivory Coast to be used in the Grand-Bassam shootings in 2016. [10] Kidnapping for ransom and extortion increases the power held by criminals and terrorists to traffic illicit arms. [10]

In 2007, an estimated legal and illegal 400,000 guns were owned by civilians. While in 2017, the estimated total number had increased in 1,049,000. [11] Licit and illicit import of small firearms grosses Cote d'Ivoire an annual $76,182,943. [11]

Armed Ivorians next to a French Foreign Legion armoured car, 2004 059 French Foreign Legion.JPG
Armed Ivorians next to a French Foreign Legion armoured car, 2004

In 2001, Ivory Coast signed the United Nations Arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) to prevent and eradicate the trade of illegal arms and weapons. [11] Despite this agreement, armed violence persisted across the country. [12] Due to this violence, in 2004 the United Nations places Cote d'Ivoire under an arms embargo, banning the trade of any arms. [12] [4] After the imposed embargo, violence with illegal arms between conflicting parties continued for over a decade. [13] Many violations to the ban occurred, where brokers from France and Belarus provided former authorities with large amounts of firearms and weapons. [12] Armed violence and hostilities escalated post 2011 presidential elections, catalysing human rights abuse in the country. [4] [13] From 2011–2012, Ivory Coast had the highest rate of violent deaths in West Africa, with many deaths perpetrated by large amounts of political tension. [12] [4] Thousands of citizens were killed, based on ethnicity and political affiliation, with illegal weapons. [4] Citizens can form an informant network to report suspicious behaviour of arms trafficking to the government and law enforcement. [10]

Sex trafficking

Ivory Coast has a prospering sex industry despite the outlawing of sex trafficking according to law No.2016-111. [8] [14] Women and girls from Nigeria are often promised better lives working in restaurants, hairdressers, tailors or massage parlours in Ivory Coast and are trafficked through Benin, Togo, Ghana and Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast. [8] [15] The women and girls are then forced into sex trafficking in order to repay their exorbitant debts of about 1.5-2 million CFA francs (US$3,000-4,000) from the travel to Ivory Coast. [15] The workers receive about 1,000 CFA francs (US$2) per act or 5,000 CFA francs (US$10) per night. [15]

A major concern for Ivory Coast and the sex trafficking industry is the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. It has the 6th highest rate of HIV/AIDS cases in Africa. [14] 50% of the prostitutes in Abidjan are infected with HIV/AIDS. [14] The disease is spread via sexual intercourse without condoms. Even workers aware of the risks associated with unprotected sex face difficulties convincing male clients to use protection, putting them more at risk of being infected with HIV/AIDS if they wish to stay in business. [14]

Ivory Coast, working with neighbouring countries, have increased their efforts to investigate, combat and prosecute sex traffickers and their networks. [15] In 2019, 146 cases were investigated, 56 suspects were prosecuted and 47 sex traffickers were convicted. [8] Law No.2016-111 declared 5–10 years imprisonment and a fine of 5-10 million CFA francs (US$8,790-$17,590) for the conviction of adult sex trafficking and 20–30 years imprisonment and 10-50 million CFA francs (US$17,590-$87,930) fine for those convicted of child sex trafficking. [8]

Human rights abuses

2010/11 post-electoral crisis

Leading up to the 2010 election, the country had been largely divided by ethnicity, religion and economy following a large amount of migration from poorer neighbouring countries such Burkina Faso to the relatively prosperous Ivory Coast. President Laurent Gbagbo disliked the level of immigration. [16] Much hostility arose between the northerners and the southwestern civilians, leading to discrimination against the former. [16]

Upon the November 2010 election, it was declared Alassane Ouattara won the election with 54.1% of votes against Gbagbo. [17] However, despite orders from the African Union, European Union and the United Nations, Gbagbo refused to step down from power. [16] Gbagbo claimed polls in northern regions of Ivory Coast to be rigged by pro-Outtara forces. [16] The former president attempted to declare the results as invalid as they were not released before December 1. [16]

Laurent Gbagbo Laurent Gbagbo 2007 crop.jpg
Laurent Gbagbo

Tension rose and violence broke out between Gbagbo and Ouattara loyalists. In particular, there was strong hostility between the southwestern Bété ethnic group Gbagbo supporters and northern Muslim Ouattara supporters. [17] Gbagbo forces and supporters attacked northerners, Muslims, West African immigrants and United Nations staff using weapons such as mortars and heavy machine guns. [18] Ouattara forces burnt villages in the west of Ivory Coast, attacked, raped and killed civilians and Gbagbo supporters during the conflict. [18] Prolonged fighting in Abidjan and surrounding towns prompted the United Nations and French troops to launch air strikes and other military operations on 4 April against Gbagbo and his forces to prevent the use of heavy weapons in the conflict and to protect the civilian population. [16] [18] It is estimated that 3,000 people were declared dead from this conflict, 150 women were raped and over a million civilians were displaced or fled from their home. [19] [16]

On April 10, 2011 United Nations Operations in Cote d'Ivoire, the French military and military forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara arrested Laurent Gbagbo. [20] [18] [16] The International Criminal Court declared Gbagbo and Ouattara to be investigated for multiple accounts of human rights violations upon the failure to protect Ivory Coast's civilians. [18] [19]

In August 2018, President Ouattarra released 800 prisoners involved in the 2010-11 post-electoral crisis, including military officers, former cabinet members and Simone and Laurent Gbagbo. He announced immediate amnesty for those held in custody since the crisis. [21]

The country continues to face economic and discrimination challenges since the events involving human rights abuses. [20]

Terrorism

Ivory Coast is one of several West African countries under Islamist terror threat. [22] [23] In 2016, there were three terrorist related events that took place in West Africa in five months. [24] Due civil war and increased tensions between the predominately Muslim north regions and mainly Christian south regions, threats of terrorism have become an increased concern. [22] Ivory Coast's main terrorist threat is Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQ-M) and its associated groups, who mainly exercise their power in the Sahel region of West Africa. As a neighbouring country of the Sahel region, Ivory Coast and its northern border area in particular is at particular risk. [25]

Grand-Bassam shootings

On 13 March 2016 Grand-Bassam attacked by three Islamist gunmen. [26] The mass shooting occurred at a beach resort near L'Etoile du Sud hotel, about 40 km from the country's economic capital Abidjan. [22] 16 people were killed, including four westerners, (French, and German) and two soldiers. [22] [26] The French government collaborated with the Ivorian government to identify and help the victims and their families. [27]

Grand-Bassam beachside Grand-Bassam banner.jpg
Grand-Bassam beachside

Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, partnered with al-Murabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack. [22] [26] The motivation for the attack was reported to be to boost the terrorist group's media profile and to exemplify their recently improved operational capabilities. [22] [25]

After the attack, the flourishing tourism industry at the time was negatively affected. The Ivorian government nominated $1 million to assist the hotel, transport and tourism industry in Grand-Bassam to help compensate for the economic loses caused by the attack. [24] The Ivory Coast's National Security Council also took emergency measures to strengthen security in the country [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

Human arrival in Ivory Coast has been dated to the Upper Paleolithic period, or at the minimum, the Neolithic period based on weapon and tool fragments, specifically polished shale axes and remnants of cooking and fishing. The earliest known inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe these people were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present inhabitants. Peoples who arrived before the 16th century include the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri, Ega, and Diès (Divo).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivory Coast</span> Country in West Africa

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. With 30.9 million inhabitants in 2023, Ivory Coast is the third-most populous country in West Africa. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Islam, Christianity, and traditional faiths like Animism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurent Gbagbo</span> President of Côte dIvoire from 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until his arrest in April 2011. A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early 1970s and again in the early 1990s, and he lived in exile in France during much of the 1980s as a result of his union activism. Gbagbo founded the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran unsuccessfully for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990. He won a seat in the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire in 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rally of the Republicans</span> Political party in Ivory Coast

The Rally of the Republicans is a liberal party in Ivory Coast. The party is the country's governing party; the party's leader, Alassane Ouattara, is the current President of Ivory Coast.

The First Ivorian Civil War was a civil conflict in the Ivory Coast that began with a military rebellion on 19 September 2002 and ended with a peace agreement on 4 March 2007. The conflict pitted the government of Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo against a domestic insurgency led by the New Forces of Ivory Coast. Following the war, a second civil war (2010–2011) would begin over the results of the 2010 Ivorian presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alassane Ouattara</span> President of Ivory Coast since 2010

Alassane Dramane Ouattara is an Ivorian politician who has been President of Ivory Coast since 2010. An economist by profession, he worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Central Bank of West African States, and was the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from November 1990 to December 1993, appointed to that post by then-President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Ouattara became the President of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an Ivorian political party, in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child labour in cocoa production</span> Controversial use of children in the production of cacao beans

Child labour is a recurring issue in cocoa production. Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana, together produce nearly 60% of the world's cocoa each year. During the 2018/19 cocoa-growing season, research commissioned by the U.S. Department of Labor was conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago in these two countries and found that 1.48 million children are engaged in hazardous work on cocoa farms including working with sharp tools and agricultural chemicals and carrying heavy loads. That number of children is significant, representing 43 percent of all children living in agricultural households in cocoa growing areas. During the same period cocoa production in Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana increased 62 percent while the prevalence of child labour in cocoa production among all agricultural households increased 14 percentage points. Attention on this subject has focused on West Africa, which collectively supplies 69% of the world's cocoa, and Côte d'Ivoire, supplying 35%, in particular. The 2016 Global Estimates of Child Labour indicate that one-fifth of all African children are involved in child labour. Nine percent of African children are in hazardous work. It is estimated that more than 1.8 million children in West Africa are involved in growing cocoa. A 2013–14 survey commissioned by the Department of Labor and conducted by Tulane University found that an estimated 1.4 million children aged 5 years old to 11 years old worked in agriculture in cocoa-growing areas, while approximately 800,000 of them were engaged in hazardous work, including working with sharp tools and agricultural chemicals and carrying heavy loads. According to the NORC study, methodological differences between the 2018/9 survey and earlier ones, together with errors in the administration of the 2013/4 survey have made it challenging to document changes in the number of children engaged in child labour over the past five years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guillaume Soro</span> Ivorian politician

Guillaume Kigbafori Soro is an Ivorian politician who was the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from April 2007 to March 2012. Prior to his service as Prime Minister, Soro led the Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire, and later the New Forces as its Secretary-General. In March 2012, Soro became President of the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire. He stepped down from that position in February 2019, announcing in June 2019 that he is running to succeed President Alassane Ouattara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simone Gbagbo</span> Ivorian politician

Simone Ehivet Gbagbo is an Ivorian politician. She is the President of the Parliamentary Group of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) and is a Vice-President of the FPI. As the wife of Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011, she was also First Lady of Ivory Coast prior to their arrest by pro-Ouattara forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Ivorian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast in 2010. The first round was held on 31 October, and a second round, in which President Laurent Gbagbo faced opposition leader Alassane Ouattara, was held on 28 November 2010. Originally scheduled to be held in 2005, the vote was delayed several times due to the Ivorian Civil War and difficulties involved in the organization and preparation of the elections. A peace agreement between the government and the former rebel New Forces was signed on 4 March 2007, and in late April 2009, it was announced that the elections would be held by 6 December 2009, and that the date would be announced shortly. On 15 May 2009, the date was announced to be 29 November 2009. On 11 November, the elections were postponed again due to delays in the electoral roll. It was announced on 3 December 2009 to be held in late February or early March 2010.

Prostitution in Burkina Faso is not specifically prohibited by the law, but soliciting and pimping are illegal. Burkinabe society only accepts sexual intercourse within marriage. In 2009, Voice of America reported that the number of prostitutes in Burkina Faso had increased as a result of the country's poverty. The increase in prostitution has given rise to fears of an increase in the number of Burkinabés infected with HIV and AIDS. UNAIDS estimate there to be 31,000 prostitutes in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010–2011 Ivorian crisis</span>

The 2010–11 Ivorian crisis was a political crisis in Ivory Coast which began after Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, was proclaimed the winner of the Ivorian election of 2010, the first election in the country in 10 years. The opposition candidate, Alassane Ouattara, and a number of countries, organisations and leaders worldwide claimed Ouattara had won the election. After months of attempted negotiation and sporadic violence, the crisis entered a decisive stage as Ouattara's forces began a military offensive in which they quickly gained control of most of the country and besieged key targets in Abidjan, the country's largest city. At the time, international organizations reported numerous human rights violations, and the UN undertook its own military action with the stated objective to protect itself and civilians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Ivorian Civil War</span> Civil War in Ivory Coast from November 2010 to April 2011

The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict between forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, and supporters of the internationally recognised president-elect Alassane Ouattara. After months of unsuccessful negotiations and sporadic violence between supporters of the two sides, the crisis entered a critical stage as Ouattara's forces seized control of most of the country with the help of the UN, with Gbagbo entrenched in Abidjan, the country's largest city. International organizations have reported numerous instances of human rights violations by both sides, in particular in the city of Duékoué where Ouattara's forces killed hundreds of people. Overall casualties of the war are estimated around 3000. The UN and French forces took military action, with the stated objective to protect their forces and civilians. France's forces arrested Gbagbo at his residence on 11 April 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominique Ouattara</span> First Lady of Ivory Coast (born 1953)

Dominique Claudine Ouattara is the current First Lady of Ivory Coast, married to President Alassane Ouattara.

Human trafficking in the Ivory Coast refers to the practice of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation which uses Côte d'Ivoire a source, transit, and destination country for women and children who are trafficked for these purposes. Trafficking within the country's borders is more prevalent, with victims primarily trafficked from the north of the country to the more economically prosperous south. Boys from Ghana, Mali, and Burkina Faso are subjected to forced labour in the agricultural sector, including on cocoa, coffee, pineapple, and rubber plantations; boys from Ghana are forced to labour in the mining sector; boys from Togo are forced to work in construction; and boys from Benin are forced to work in carpentry and construction. Girls recruited from Ghana, Togo, and Benin to work as domestic servants and street vendors often are subjected to conditions of forced labour. Women and girls are also recruited from Ghana and Nigeria to work as waitresses in restaurants and bars and are subsequently subjected to forced prostitution. Trafficked children often face harsh treatment and extreme working conditions.

The following lists events that happened during 2011 in Ivory Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada–Ivory Coast relations</span> Bilateral relations

Canada–Ivory Coast relations are the diplomatic relations between Canada and Ivory Coast. Both nations are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

Ivory Coast is a sub-Saharan nation in West Africa. It is a representative presidential democracy where rights are protected in the constitution, international law, and common law. As a member of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, it is a party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and a signatory to major international human-rights agreements. In 2011, the Second Ivorian Civil War saw increases in violence and human-rights abuses. Although progress has been made towards reconciliation, the trial of former first lady Simone Gbagbo suggests that the root causes have not been addressed; no one has been convicted of crimes against humanity. According to a 2018 Human Rights Watch report, "Ongoing indiscipline by members of the security services and violent army mutinies demonstrated the precariousness of the country’s newfound stability."

Events in the year 2020 in Ivory Coast.

This period in the history of Ivory Coast was affected by the end of the 33-year reign of Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, as well as demographic change which had seen the Muslim population rise from 6% in 1922 to 38.6% in 1998, including a majority in the north of the country.

References

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  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Child trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
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  7. 1 2 3 4 "The "Chocolate Slaves" of the Ivory Coast - End Slavery Now". endslaverynow.org. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
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  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mangan, F. and Nowak, M. (2019). The West Africa–Sahel Connection Mapping Cross-border Arms Trafficking. [ebook] Geneva. Available at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200118171901/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-West-Africa-Sahel-Connection.pdf smallarmssurvey.org] [Accessed 5 Feb. 2020].
  11. 1 2 3 "Guns in Côte d'Ivoire — Firearms, gun law and gun control". www.gunpolicy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Arms trafficking in Western Africa: Côte d'Ivoire and Mali at the core | Grip". www.grip.org. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  13. 1 2 "Document". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Huband, M. (1991). "The price of sex". Africa Report. 36 (6): 69–70. ISSN   0001-9836. PMID   12348299.
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  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Q&A: Ivory Coast crisis". BBC News. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
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  19. 1 2 "World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Côte d'Ivoire". Human Rights Watch. 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  20. 1 2 "The Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire | Center for Strategic and International Studies". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  21. ↑ Cote d’Ivoire 2018 Human Rights Report. (2018). [ebook] United States Department of State. Available at: https://ci.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/Cote-dIvoire-HRR-2018-English.pdf [Accessed 16 Feb. 2020].
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Gunmen kill beach-goers in Ivory Coast". BBC News. 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  23. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Travel Advice & Safety | Smartraveller". www.smartraveller.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  24. 1 2 "Ivory Coast Struggles To Keep Economy Afloat After Terror Attack". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  25. 1 2 "Terrorism - Côte d'Ivoire travel advice". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  26. 1 2 3 "Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Grand Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  27. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire - Terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam - Statement by Jean-Marc Ayrault". La France au Ghana. Archived from the original on 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
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