Cynipoidea

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Cynipoidea
Temporal range: Cretaceous-Present
Cynips sp beentree.jpg
Cynips quercusfolii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Infraorder: Proctotrupomorpha
Superfamily: Cynipoidea
Families

Austrocynipidae Riek, 1971
Ibaliidae Thomson, 1862
Protimaspidae Liu & Engel, 2007
Stolamissidae Liu & Engel, 2007
Liopteridae Ashmead, 1895
Gerocynipidae Liu & Engel, 2007
Figitidae Thomson, 1962
Cynipidae Latreille, 1802
Paraulacidae Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad, 2009
Diplolepididae Latreille, 1802

The Cynipoidea are a moderate-sized hymenopteran superfamily that presently includes seven extant families and three extinct families, though others have been recognized in the past. The most familiar members of the group are phytophagous, especially as gall-formers, though the actual majority of included species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids. They are typically glossy, dark, smooth wasps with somewhat compressed bodies and somewhat reduced wing venation. It is common for various metasomal segments to be fused in various ways (often diagnostic for families or subfamilies), and the petiole is very short, when present.

With the exception of the Cynipidae (the gall wasps), it is a poorly known group as a whole, though there are nearly 3000 known species in total, and a great many species are still undescribed, mostly in the Figitidae. [1] Each of the constituent families differs in biology, though life histories of one of the families (Liopteridae) are still largely unknown. In July 2020, an identification key for the superfamily was published in the journal Insect Systematics and Diversity, enabling identification to the family level. [2] Several groups formerly included in Cynipidae were elevated to family status in 2023. [3]

Classification

Early-diverging Families
Family Austrocynipidae Riek, 1971
Family Ibaliidae Thomson, 1862
Subfamily Archaeibaliinae Liu & Engel, 2010
Subfamily Ibaliinae Thomson, 1862
Family Protimaspidae Liu & Engel, 2007
Family Stolamissidae Liu & Engel, 2007
Family Gerocynipidae Liu & Engel, 2007
Family Liopteridae Ashmead, 1895
Subfamily Proliopterinae Liu & Engel, 2007
Subfamily Goeraniinae Liu & Engel, 2007
Subfamily Mayrellinae Hedicke, 1922
Subfamily Dallatorrellinae Kieffer, 1911
Subfamily Oberthuerellinae Hedicke, 1903
Subfamily Liopterinae Ashmead, 1895
Eucynipoides
Family Figitidae Thomson, 1862
Subfamily Rasnicynipinae Kozlov, 1996
Subfamily Palaeocynipinae Kozlov, 1995
Core Figitidae
Subfamily Charipinae Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910
Subfamily Emargininae Kovalev, 1994
Subfamily Eucoilinae Thomson, 1862
Tribe Diglyphosematini Belizin, 1961
Tribe Eucoilini Thomson, 1862
Tribe Ganaspini Belizin, 1961
Tribe Kleidotomini Hellén, 1960
Tribe Trichoplastini Kovalev, 1989
Tribe Zaeucoilini Buffington, 2009
Subfamily Figitinae Thomson, 1862
Subfamily Mikeiinae Paretas-Martinez & Pujade-Villar, 2011
Subfamily Aspicerinae Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910
Subfamily Anacharitinae Thomson, 1862
Subfamily Pycnostigminae Cameron, 1905
Subfamily Thrasorinae Kovalev, 1994
Gall-associated Figitidae
Subfamily Plectocynipinae Ros-Farré & Pujade-Villar, 2007
Subfamily Euceroptresinae Buffington & Liljeblad, 2008
Subfamily Parnipinae Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey, 2001
Cynipiformes
Family Diplolepididae Latreille, 1802
Subfamily Diplolepidinae Latreille, 1802
Subfamily Pediaspinae Ashmead, 1903
Family Paraulacidae Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad, 2009
Family Cynipidae Latreille, 1802
Subfamily Hodiernocynipinae Kovalev, 1994
Subfamily Cynipinae Latreille, 1802
Tribe Aulacideini Nieves-Aldrey & Ronquist, 2015
Tribe Aylacini Ashmead, 1903
Tribe Ceroptresini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015
Tribe Cynipini Latreille, 1802
Tribe Diastrophini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015
Tribe Eschatocerini Ashmead, 1903
Tribe Phanacidini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015
Tribe Qwaqwaiini Liljeblad, Nieves-Aldrey, & Melika, 2011
Tribe Synergini Ashmead, 1896

Related Research Articles

<i>Diplolepis</i> (wasp) Genus of wasps

Diplolepis is a genus of approximately fifty species of gall-inducing wasps in the family Diplolepididae. The larvae induce galls on wild roses (Rosa), and rarely on domestic roses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gall wasp</span> Family of wasps

Gall wasps, also traditionally calledgallflies, are hymenopterans of the family Cynipidae in the wasp superfamily Cynipoidea. Their common name comes from the galls they induce on plants for larval development. About 1,300 species of this generally very small creature are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America.

<i>Andricus</i> Genus of wasps

Andricus is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cynipinae</span> Subfamily of insects

Cynipinae is a subfamily of gall wasps (Cynipidae). Many of the approximately 1,500 described species cause galls on oaks, but some induce galls on other plant species or are inquilines of the gall-inducing species. Species occur on all continents except Antarctica, with most found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. All extant cynipid species are within Cynipinae since the only other recognized subfamily is Hodiernocynipinae which is based on the fossil genus Hodiernocynips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cynipini</span> Tribe of wasps

Cynipini is a tribe of gall wasps. These insects induce galls in plants of the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. They are known commonly as the oak gall wasps. It is the largest cynipid tribe, with about 936 to 1000 recognized species, most of which are associated with oaks. The tribe is mainly native to the Holarctic.

Cecinothofagus gallaecoihue is a species of gall wasp. Cecinothofagus species are thought to be parasitoids or lethal inhabitants of galls induced by species of Aditrochus on Nothofagus.

Cecinothofagus gallaelenga is a species of gall wasp. Cecinothofagus species are thought to be parasitoids or lethal inhabitants of galls induced by species of Aditrochus on Nothofagus.

Cecinothofagus ibarrai is a species of gall wasp. Cecinothofagus species are thought to be parasitoids or lethal inhabitants of galls induced by species of Aditrochus on Nothofagus.

Cecinothofagus is a genus of wasps. Its name is derived from cecidium and Nothofagus, the name of the host plant genus. This genus differs from Paraulax by a median vertical carina that extends from the ventral margin of the clypeus, almost reaching the ventral margin of the antennal sockets; its facial strigae radiating from the lateral clypeus; the ventral part of its clypeus is straight; a lateral, sharp occipital carina is present; its last antennal flagellomere is 1.5 to 1.7 times longer than wide; longitudinal costulae running from the lateral margin of its pronotal plate to the lateral surface of its pronotum are very short or absent altogether; notauli are sinuate; no scutellar foveae are present; simple claws, sometimes carrying a short basal lobe.

Bassettia is a genus of gall wasps found in North America.

Synergini is a tribe of gall wasps in the subfamily Cynipinae.

<i>Amphibolips</i> Genus of wasps

Amphibolips is an American genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are about 57 described species in the genus Amphibolips with several others still undescribed.

<i>Diastrophus</i> Genus of wasps

Diastrophus is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are at least eight described species in Diastrophus.

<i>Disholcaspis</i> Genus of gall wasps

Disholcaspis is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are more than 40 species described in the genus Disholcaspis. Some Disholcaspis species induce galls that produce honeydew, a sweet liquid that attracts yellow jackets, ants, and bees. These insects then protect the galls from parasitic wasps.

<i>Callirhytis</i> Genus of wasps

Callirhytis is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are more than 90 described species in Callirhytis. Wasps in this genus primarily induce wasps on oak trees in North America.

Ceroptresini is a tribe of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, and includes two genera: Ceroptres and Buffingtonella. All but one of the 22 species currently recognized are in Ceroptres. Ceroptresini, containing only Ceroptres, was first proposed as a tribe in 2015, and Buffingtonella was included the tribe in 2019 when the genus was first described. Species in this tribe are believed to be inquilines in galls induced by other gall wasps but this has not been confirmed.

<i>Phylloteras</i> Genus of wasps

Phylloteras is a North American genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini .

<i>Kokkocynips</i> Genus of wasps

Kokkocynips is an American genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are about 8 described species in the genus Kokkocynips with several others still undescribed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diplolepididae</span> Family of insects

Diplolepididae is a family of small gall-inducing wasps. Until recently these wasps were included in the gall wasp family (Cynipidae) but were moved to their own family based on genetic and morphological features. It contains two subfamilies: Diplolepidinae and Pediaspidinae.

References

  1. Mertz, Leslie. "Is That a Gall Wasp? Now You Can Find Out". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  2. Matthew L Buffington; Mattias Forshage; Johan Liljeblad; Chang-Ti Tang; Simon van Noort (1 July 2020). "World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher-Level Groups". Insect Systematics and Diversity. 4 (4). doi:10.1093/ISD/IXAA003. ISSN   2399-3421. Wikidata   Q119582746.
  3. Jack Hearn; Erik Gobbo; José Luis Nieves-Aldrey; et al. (3 October 2023). "Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships". Systematic Entomology . doi:10.1111/SYEN.12611. ISSN   0307-6970. Wikidata   Q123440111.