Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes,from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives,allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence,cognitive development,affect,motivation,self-regulation,and self-concept,as well as their role in learning. The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods,including testing and measurement,to enhance educational activities related to instructional design,classroom management,and assessment,which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings across the lifespan.
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group,or between social groups. The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behaviour,tracking the spread of diseases in society,creating effective therapy techniques,and following the emergence and popularity of new ideas and technologies. These applications of the field are studied in psychology,sociology,anthropology,political science,epidemiology,education,social work,leadership studies,business and managerial studies,as well as communication studies.
Cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. There is much more to cooperative learning than merely arranging students into groups,and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence." Students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively toward academic goals. Unlike individual learning,which can be competitive in nature,students learning cooperatively can capitalize on one another's resources and skills. Furthermore,the teacher's role changes from giving information to facilitating students' learning. Everyone succeeds when the group succeeds. Ross and Smyth (1995) describe successful cooperative learning tasks as intellectually demanding,creative,open-ended,and involve higher-order thinking tasks. Cooperative learning has also been linked to increased levels of student satisfaction.
This is an index of education articles.
Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflict while increasing the positive aspects of conflict. The aim of conflict management is to enhance learning and group outcomes,including effectiveness or performance in an organizational setting. Properly managed conflict can improve group outcomes.
Alfred Wade Boykin is an American psychology professor known for his work in the field of education. He is a member of the faculty of Howard University. He has made contributions to the study of academic discrepancies between African American children and Caucasian children. Through his work at the Capstone Institute at Howard University he has created plans for implementations of educational reform.
Harold Kelley was an American social psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of California,Los Angeles. His major contributions have been the development of interdependence theory,the early work of attribution theory,and a lifelong interest in understanding close relationships processes. A Review of General Psychology survey,published in 2002,ranked Kelley as the 43rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Morton Deutsch was an American social psychologist and researcher in conflict resolution. Deutsch was one of the founding fathers of the field of conflict resolution. A Review of General Psychology survey,published in 2002,ranked Deutsch as the 63rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Conflict resolution is any reduction in the severity of a conflict. It may involve conflict management,in which the parties continue the conflict but adopt less extreme tactics;settlement,in which they reach agreement on enough issues that the conflict stops;or removal of the underlying causes of the conflict. The latter is sometimes called "resolution",in a narrower sense of the term that will not be used in this article. Settlements sometimes end a conflict for good,but when there are deeper issues –such as value clashes among people who must work together,distressed relationships,or mistreated members of one's ethnic group across a border –settlements are often temporary.
In social psychology,social value orientation (SVO) is a person's preference about how to allocate resources between the self and another person. SVO corresponds to how much weight a person attaches to the welfare of others in relation to the own. Since people are assumed to vary in the weight they attach to other peoples' outcomes in relation to their own,SVO is an individual difference variable. The general concept underlying SVO has become widely studied in a variety of different scientific disciplines,such as economics,sociology,and biology under a multitude of different names.
Organizational conflict,or workplace conflict,is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs,values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those individuals and groups affected. There are disputes over how revenues should be divided,how the work should be done,and how long and hard people should work. There are jurisdictional disagreements among individuals,departments,and between unions and management. There are subtler forms of conflict involving rivalries,jealousies,personality clashes,role definitions,and struggles for power and favor. There is also conflict within individuals –between competing needs and demands –to which individuals respond in different ways.
Face negotiation theory is a theory conceived by Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985,to understand how people from different cultures manage rapport and disagreements. The theory posited "face",or self-image when communicating with others,as a universal phenomenon that pervades across cultures. In conflicts,one's face is threatened;and thus the person tends to save or restore his or her face. This set of communicative behaviors,according to the theory,is called "facework". Since people frame the situated meaning of "face" and enact "facework" differently from one culture to the next,the theory poses a cross-cultural framework to examine facework negotiation. It is important to note that the definition of face varies depending on the people and their culture and the same can be said for the proficiency of facework. According to Ting-Toomey's theory,most cultural differences can be divided by Eastern and Western cultures,and her theory accounts for these differences.
Social presence theory explores how the "sense of being with another" is influenced by digital interfaces in human-computer interactions. Developed from the foundations of interpersonal communication and symbolic interactionism,social presence theory was first formally introduced by John Short,Ederyn Williams,and Bruce Christie in The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. Research on social presence theory has recently developed to examine the efficacy of telecommunications media,including SNS communications. The theory notes that computer-based communication is lower in social presence than face-to-face communication,but different computer-based communications can affect the levels of social presence between communicators and receivers.
Ehud Kalai is a prominent Israeli American game theorist and mathematical economist known for his contributions to the field of game theory and its interface with economics,social choice,computer science and operations research. He was the James J. O’Connor Distinguished Professor of Decision and Game Sciences at Northwestern University,1975-2017,and currently is a Professor Emeritus of Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences.
Positive interdependence is an element of cooperative and collaborative learning where members of a group who share common goals perceive that working together is individually and collectively beneficial,and success depends on the participation of all the members.
The gradual release of responsibility (GRR) model is a particular style of teaching which is a structured method of pedagogy framed around a process devolving responsibility within the learning process from the teacher to the eventual independence of the learner. This instructional model requires that the teacher,by design,transitions from assuming "all the responsibility for performing a task...to a situation in which the students assume all of the responsibility". The ideal result is a confident learner who accepts responsibility for their own learning and directs this learning through the cognitive processes involved,moving through the academic spectrum,to independent choice. As Buehl (2005) stated,the GRR model "emphasizes instruction that mentors students into becoming capable thinkers and learners when handling the tasks with which they have not yet developed expertise".
A conflict is a struggle and a clash of interest,opinion,or even principles. Conflict will always be found in society;as the basis of conflict may vary to be personal,racial,class,caste,political and international. Conflict may also be emotional,intellectual,and theoretical,in which case academic recognition may,or may not be,a significant motive. Intellectual conflict is a subclass of cultural conflict,a conflict that tends to grow over time due to different cultural values and beliefs.
There is a great deal of research on the factors that lead to the formation of prejudiced attitudes and beliefs. There is also a lot of research on the consequences of holding prejudiced beliefs and being the target of such beliefs. It is true that advances have been made in understanding the nature of prejudice. A consensus on how to end prejudice has yet to be established,but there are a number of scientifically examined strategies that have been developed in attempt to solve this social issue.
Global citizenship education (GCED) is a form of civic learning that involves students' active participation in projects that address global issues of a social,political,economic,or environmental nature. The two main elements of GCE are 'global consciousness';the moral or ethical aspect of global issues,and 'global competencies',or skills meant to enable learners to participate in changing and developing the world. The promotion of GCE was a response by governments and NGOs to the emergence of supranational institution,regional economic blocs,and the development of information and communications technologies. These have all resulted in the emergence of a more globally oriented and collaborative approach to education. GCE addresses themes such as peace and human rights,intercultural understanding,citizenship education,respect for diversity and tolerance,and inclusiveness.
Robert L. Selman is an American-born educational psychologist and perspective-taking theorist who specializes in adolescent social development. He is currently a professor of Education and Human Development at the Harvard Graduate School of Education,and a professor of psychology in Medicine at Harvard University. He is also known as the author of the 1980s G.I. Joe public service announcements.
