Dyakonov surface wave

Last updated

Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs) are surface electromagnetic waves that travel along the interface in between an isotropic and an uniaxial-birefringent medium. They were theoretically predicted in 1988 by the Russian physicist Mikhail Dyakonov. [1] Unlike other types of acoustic and electromagnetic surface waves, the DSW's existence is due to the difference in symmetry of materials forming the interface. He considered the interface between an isotropic transmitting medium and an anisotropic uniaxial crystal, and showed that under certain conditions waves localized at the interface should exist. Later, similar waves were predicted to exist at the interface between two identical uniaxial crystals with different orientations. [2] The previously known electromagnetic surface waves, surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons, exist under the condition that the permittivity of one of the materials forming the interface is negative, while the other one is positive (for example, this is the case for the air/metal interface below the plasma frequency). In contrast, the DSW can propagate when both materials are transparent; hence they are virtually lossless, which is their most fascinating property.

Contents

In recent years, the significance and potential of the DSW have attracted the attention of many researchers: a change of the constitutive properties of one or both of the two partnering materials – due to, say, infiltration by any chemical or biological agent – could measurably change the characteristics of the wave. Consequently, numerous potential applications are envisaged, including devices for integrated optics, chemical and biological surface sensing, etc. [3] However, it is not easy to satisfy the necessary conditions for the DSW, and because of this the first proof-of-principle experimental observation of DSW [4] was reported only 20 years after the original prediction.

A large number of theoretical work appeared dealing with various aspects of this phenomenon, see the detailed review. [5] In particular, DSW propagation at magnetic interfaces, [6] in left-handed materials, [7] in electro-optical, [8] [9] and chiral [10] materials was studied. Resonant transmission due to DSW in structures using prisms was predicted, [11] and combination and interaction between DSW and surface plasmons (Dyakonov plasmons) [12] [13] [14] was studied and observed. [15] [16]

Physical properties

The simplest configuration considered in Ref. 1 consists of an interface between an isotropic material with permittivity ε and a uniaxial crystal with permittivities ε0 and εe for the ordinary and the extraordinary waves respectively. The crystal C axis is parallel to the interface. For this configuration, the DSW can propagate along the interface within certain angular intervals with respect to the C axis, provided that the condition of εe > ε > ε0 is satisfied. Thus DSW are supported by interfaces with positive birefringent crystals only (εe > ε0). The angular interval is defined by the parameter

.

The angular intervals for the DSW phase and group velocities (Δθph and Δθgr) are different. The phase velocity interval is proportional to η2 and even for the most strongly birefringent natural crystals is very narrow Δθph ≈ 1° (rutile) and Δθph ≈ 4° (calomel). [17] However the physically more important group velocity interval is substantially larger (proportional to η). Calculations give Δθgr ≈ 7° for rutile, and Δθgr ≈ 20° for calomel.

Perspectives

A widespread experimental investigation of DSW material systems and evolution of related practical devices has been largely limited by the stringent anisotropy conditions necessary for successful DSW propagation, particularly the high degree of birefringence of at least one of the constituent materials and the limited number of naturally available materials fulfilling this requirement. However, this is about to change in light of novel artificially engineered metamaterials [18] and revolutionary material synthesis techniques.

The extreme sensitivity of DSW to anisotropy, and thereby to stress, along with their low-loss (long-range) character render them particularly attractive for enabling high sensitivity tactile and ultrasonic sensing for next-generation high-speed transduction and read-out technologies. Moreover, the unique directionality of DSW can be used for the steering of optical signals. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surface wave</span> Physical phenomenon

In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media. A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves. Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities. Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves. Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as "surface waves" in that they can be guided along with a refractive index gradient or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a guided wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polariton</span> Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling

In physics, polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation. They are an expression of the common quantum phenomenon known as level repulsion, also known as the avoided crossing principle. Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance. To this extent polaritons can also be thought of as the new normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. The polariton is a bosonic quasiparticle, and should not be confused with the polaron, which is an electron plus an attached phonon cloud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metamaterial</span> Materials engineered to have properties that have not yet been found in nature

A metamaterial is any material engineered to have a property that is rarely observed in naturally occurring materials. They are made from assemblies of multiple elements fashioned from composite materials such as metals and plastics. These materials are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Metamaterials derive their properties not from the properties of the base materials, but from their newly designed structures. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials.

An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical waveguides include optical fiber waveguides, transparent dielectric waveguides made of plastic and glass, liquid light guides, and liquid waveguides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Pendry</span> British physicist

Sir John Brian Pendry, is an English theoretical physicist known for his research into refractive indices and creation of the first practical "Invisibility Cloak". He is a professor of theoretical solid state physics at Imperial College London where he was head of the department of physics (1998–2001) and principal of the faculty of physical sciences (2001–2002). He is an honorary fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, and an IEEE fellow. He received the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience "for transformative contributions to the field of nano-optics that have broken long-held beliefs about the limitations of the resolution limits of optical microscopy and imaging.", together with Stefan Hell, and Thomas Ebbesen, in 2014.

In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composite material. At the constituent level, the values of the materials vary and are inhomogeneous. Precise calculation of the many constituent values is nearly impossible. However, theories have been developed that can produce acceptable approximations which in turn describe useful parameters including the effective permittivity and permeability of the materials as a whole. In this sense, effective medium approximations are descriptions of a medium based on the properties and the relative fractions of its components and are derived from calculations, and effective medium theory. There are two widely used formulae.

Plasmonic nanolithography is a nanolithographic process that utilizes surface plasmon excitations such as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) to fabricate nanoscale structures. SPPs, which are surface waves that propagate in between planar dielectric-metal layers in the optical regime, can bypass the diffraction limit on the optical resolution that acts as a bottleneck for conventional photolithography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terahertz metamaterial</span>

A terahertz metamaterial is a class of composite metamaterials designed to interact at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The terahertz frequency range used in materials research is usually defined as 0.1 to 10 THz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metamaterial antenna</span>

Metamaterial antennas are a class of antennas which use metamaterials to increase performance of miniaturized antenna systems. Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch energy into free space. However, this class of antenna incorporates metamaterials, which are materials engineered with novel, often microscopic, structures to produce unusual physical properties. Antenna designs incorporating metamaterials can step-up the antenna's radiated power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tunable metamaterial</span>

A tunable metamaterial is a metamaterial with a variable response to an incident electromagnetic wave. This includes remotely controlling how an incident electromagnetic wave interacts with a metamaterial. This translates into the capability to determine whether the EM wave is transmitted, reflected, or absorbed. In general, the lattice structure of the tunable metamaterial is adjustable in real time, making it possible to reconfigure a metamaterial device during operation. It encompasses developments beyond the bandwidth limitations in left-handed materials by constructing various types of metamaterials. The ongoing research in this domain includes electromagnetic materials that are very meta which mean good and has a band gap metamaterials (EBG), also known as photonic band gap (PBG), and negative refractive index material (NIM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photonic metamaterial</span> Type of electromagnetic metamaterial

A photonic metamaterial (PM), also known as an optical metamaterial, is a type of electromagnetic metamaterial, that interacts with light, covering terahertz (THz), infrared (IR) or visible wavelengths. The materials employ a periodic, cellular structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiral media</span> Applied to electromagnetism

The term chiral describes an object, especially a molecule, which has or produces a non-superposable mirror image of itself. In chemistry, such a molecule is called an enantiomer or is said to exhibit chirality or enantiomerism. The term "chiral" comes from the Greek word for the human hand, which itself exhibits such non-superimposeability of the left hand precisely over the right. Due to the opposition of the fingers and thumbs, no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for both hands to exactly coincide. Helices, chiral characteristics (properties), chiral media, order, and symmetry all relate to the concept of left- and right-handedness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surface plasmon polariton</span> Electromagnetic waves that travel along an interface

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that travel along a metal–dielectric or metal–air interface, practically in the infrared or visible-frequency. The term "surface plasmon polariton" explains that the wave involves both charge motion in the metal and electromagnetic waves in the air or dielectric ("polariton").

A plasmonic metamaterial is a metamaterial that uses surface plasmons to achieve optical properties not seen in nature. Plasmons are produced from the interaction of light with metal-dielectric materials. Under specific conditions, the incident light couples with the surface plasmons to create self-sustaining, propagating electromagnetic waves known as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Once launched, the SPPs ripple along the metal-dielectric interface. Compared with the incident light, the SPPs can be much shorter in wavelength.

Quantum metamaterials extend the science of metamaterials to the quantum level. They can control electromagnetic radiation by applying the rules of quantum mechanics. In the broad sense, a quantum metamaterial is a metamaterial in which certain quantum properties of the medium must be taken into account and whose behaviour is thus described by both Maxwell's equations and the Schrödinger equation. Its behaviour reflects the existence of both EM waves and matter waves. The constituents can be at nanoscopic or microscopic scales, depending on the frequency range .

Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), also called surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI), is a label free analytical tool that combines the surface plasmon resonance of metallic surfaces with imaging of the metallic surface. The heterogeneity of the refractive index of the metallic surface imparts high contrast images, caused by the shift in the resonance angle. SPRM can achieve a sub-nanometer thickness sensitivity and lateral resolution achieves values of micrometer scale. SPRM is used to characterize surfaces such as self-assembled monolayers, multilayer films, metal nanoparticles, oligonucleotide arrays, and binding and reduction reactions. Surface plasmon polaritons are surface electromagnetic waves coupled to oscillating free electrons of a metallic surface that propagate along a metal/dielectric interface. Since polaritons are highly sensitive to small changes in the refractive index of the metallic material, it can be used as a biosensing tool that does not require labeling. SPRM measurements can be made in real-time, such as measuring binding kinetics of membrane proteins in single cells, or DNA hybridization.

Mikhail (Michel) Dyakonov is a Russian professor of physics at Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université Montpellier - CNRS in France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dyakonov–Voigt wave</span>

A Dyakonov–Voigt wave is a distinctive type of surface electromagnetic light wave that results from a particular manipulation of crystals. It was discovered in 2019 by researchers from the University of Edinburgh and Pennsylvania State University and its unique properties were described based on models involving equations developed in the mid-1800s by mathematician and physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Its discoverers found that the wave is produced at the specific interface between natural or synthetic crystals and another material, such as water or oil. Such DV waves were found to travel in a single direction, and decay as they moved away from the interface. Other types of such surface waves, like Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs), travel in multiple directions, and decay more quickly. DV waves decay as "the product of a linear and an exponential function of the distance from the interface in the anisotropic medium," but the fields of the Dyakonov surface waves decay "only exponentially in the anisotropic medium". Research co-leader Tom Mackay noted: "Dyakonov–Voigt waves represent a step forward in our understanding of how light interacts with complex materials, and offer opportunities for a range of technological advancements." Applications of the newly found waves may include biosensor improvements for blood sample screening, and fiber optic circuit developments, to permit a better transfer of data.

Ji-Ping Huang is a Chinese theoretical physicist known for his invention of the concept of diffusion metamaterials.

Diffusion metamaterials are a subset of the metamaterial family, which primarily comprises thermal metamaterials, particle diffusion metamaterials, and plasma diffusion metamaterials. Currently, thermal metamaterials play a pivotal role within the realm of diffusion metamaterials. The applications of diffusion metamaterials span various fields, including heat management, chemical sensing, and plasma control, offering capabilities that surpass those of traditional materials and devices.

References

  1. ↑ Dyakonov, M. I. (April 1988). "New type of electromagnetic wave propagating at an interface" (PDF). Soviet Physics JETP. 67 (4): 714. Bibcode:1988JETP...67..714D. Archived from the original (Free PDF download) on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  2. ↑ Averkiev, N. S. and Dyakonov, M. I. (1990). "Electromagnetic waves localized at the interface of transparent anisotropic media". Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR). 68 (5): 653. Bibcode:1990OptSp..68..653A.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Torner, L., Artigas, D., and Takayama, O. (2009). "Dyakonov Surface Waves". Optics and Photonics News. 20 (12): 25. Bibcode:2009OptPN..20...25T. doi:10.1364/OPN.20.12.000025. S2CID   120465632.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Takayama, O., Crassovan, L., Artigas D., and Torner, L. (2009). "Observation of Dyakonov Surface Waves" (Free PDF download). Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (4): 043903. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102d3903T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.043903. PMID   19257419. S2CID   14540394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Takayama, O., Crassovan, L. C., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L. (2008). "Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review". Electromagnetics. 28 (3): 126–145. doi:10.1080/02726340801921403. S2CID   121726611.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Crassovan, L. C., Artigas, D., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L. (2005). "Optical Dyakonov surface waves at magnetic interfaces". Opt. Lett. 30 (22): 3075–7. Bibcode:2005OptL...30.3075C. doi:10.1364/OL.30.003075. PMID   16315726.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Crassovan, L. C., Takayama, D., Artigas, D., Johansen, S. K., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L. (2006). "Enhanced localization of Dyakonov-like surface waves in left-handed materials". Phys. Rev. B. 74 (15): 155120. arXiv: physics/0603181 . Bibcode:2006PhRvB..74o5120C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155120. S2CID   119439238.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Nelatury, S. R., Polo jr., J. A., and Lakhtakia, A. (2008). "Electrical Control of Surface-Wave Propagation at the Planar Interface of a Linear Electro-Optic Material and an Isotropic Dielectric Material". Electromagnetics. 28 (3): 162–174. arXiv: 0711.1663 . CiteSeerX   10.1.1.251.6060 . doi:10.1080/02726340801921486. S2CID   10301459.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Nelatury, S. R., Polo jr., J. A., and Lakhtakia, A. (2008). "On widening the angular existence domain for Dyakonov surface waves using the Pockels effect". Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 50 (9): 2360–2362. arXiv: 0804.4879 . Bibcode:2008arXiv0804.4879N. doi:10.1002/mop.23698. S2CID   6024041.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Gao, Jun; Lakhtakia, Akhlesh; Lei, Mingkai (2009). "On Dyakonov-Tamm waves localized to a central twist defect in a structurally chiral material". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 26 (12): B74–B82. Bibcode:2009JOSAB..26B..74G. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.26.000B74.
  11. ↑ Takayama, O., Nikitin, A. Yu., Martin-Moreno, L., Mihalache, D., Torner, L., and Artigas, A. (2011). "Dyakonov surface wave resonant transmission" (PDF). Optics Express. 19 (7): 6339–47. Bibcode:2011OExpr..19.6339T. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.006339 . hdl:10261/47330. PMID   21451661.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Guo, Yu.. Newman, W., Cortes, C. L. and Jacob, Z. (2012). "Review Article: Applications of Hyperbolic Metamaterial Substrates". Advances in OptoElectronics. 2012: 1–9. arXiv: 1211.0980 . doi: 10.1155/2012/452502 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Jacob, Z. and Narimanov, E. E. (2008). "Optical hyperspace for plasmons: Dyakonov states in metamaterials". Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (22): 221109. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..93v1109J. doi:10.1063/1.3037208. S2CID   39395734.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Takayama, O., Artigas, D., and Torner, L. (2012). "Coupling plasmons and dyakonons". Optics Letters. 37 (11): 1983–5. Bibcode:2012OptL...37.1983T. doi:10.1364/OL.37.001983. PMID   22660095.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Takayama, O., Shkondin, E., Bogdanov A., Panah, M. E., Golenitskii, K., Dmitriev, P., Repän, T., Malureanu, R., Belov, P., Jensen, F., and Lavrinenko, A. (2017). "Midinfrared surface waves on a high aspect ratio nanotrench platform" (PDF). ACS Photonics. 4 (11): 2899–2907. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00924. S2CID   126006666.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Takayama, O., Dmitriev, P., Shkondin, E., Yermakov, O., Panah, M., Golenitskii, K., Jensen, F., Bogdanov A., and Lavrinenko, A. (2018). "Experimental observation of Dyakonov plasmons in the mid-infrared" (PDF). Semiconductors. 52 (4): 442–6. Bibcode:2018Semic..52..442T. doi:10.1134/S1063782618040279. S2CID   255238679.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Takayama, O.; Crasovan, L. C., Johansen, S. K.; Mihalache, D, Artigas, D.; Torner, L. (2008). "Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review". Electromagnetics. 28 (3): 126–145. doi:10.1080/02726340801921403. S2CID   121726611.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Takayama, O.; Bogdanov, A. A., Lavrinenko, A. V. (2017). "Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 29 (46): 463001. Bibcode:2017JPCM...29T3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd. PMID   29053474.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Takayama, O.; Artigas, D., Torner, L. (2014). "Lossless directional guiding of light in dielectric nanosheets using Dyakonov surface waves". Nature Nanotechnology. 9 (6): 419–424. Bibcode:2014NatNa...9..419T. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.90. PMID   24859812.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Liu, Hsuan-Hao; Chang, Hung-Chun (2013). "Leaky Surface Plasmon Polariton Modes at an Interface Between Metal and Uniaxially Anisotropic Materials". IEEE Photonics Journal. 5 (6): 4800806. Bibcode:2013IPhoJ...500806L. doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2013.2288298 .
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.