Related Research Articles
In engineering, the Miller cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used in a type of internal combustion engine. The Miller cycle was patented by Ralph Miller, an American engineer, U.S. Patent 2,817,322 dated Dec 24, 1957. The engine may be two- or four-stroke and may be run on diesel fuel, gases, or dual fuel. It uses a supercharger to offset the performance loss of the Atkinson cycle.
The Audi 80 is a compact executive car produced by the Audi subdivision of the Volkswagen Group across four generations from 1966 to 1996. It shared its platform with the Volkswagen Passat from 1973 to 1986 and was available as a saloon, and station wagon — the latter marketed by Audi as the Avant. The coupé and convertible models were not badged as members of the range, but used a derivative of the same platforms.
The Audi A3 is a subcompact executive/small family car (C-segment) manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi AG since September 1996, currently in its fourth generation.
The Audi A4 is a line of luxury compact executive cars produced since 1994 by the German car manufacturer Audi, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. The A4 has been built in five generations and is based on the Volkswagen Group B platform. The first generation A4 succeeded the Audi 80. The automaker's internal numbering treats the A4 as a continuation of the Audi 80 lineage, with the initial A4 designated as the B5-series, followed by the B6, B7, B8, and the B9.
The GM Ecotec engine, also known by its codename L850, is a family of all-aluminium inline-four engines, displacing between 1.4 and 2.5 litres. Confusingly, the Ecotec name was also applied to the final DOHC derivatives of the previous GM Family II engine; the architecture was substantially re-engineered for this new Ecotec application produced since 2000. This engine family replaced the GM Family II engine, the GM 122 engine, the Saab H engine, and the Quad 4 engine. It is manufactured in multiple locations, to include Spring Hill Manufacturing, in Spring Hill, Tennessee, with engine blocks and cylinder heads cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan.
The Ford Essex V6 engine is a 60° V6 engine built between 1966 and 1988 by the Ford Motor Company in the United Kingdom and until 2000 in South Africa although mostly in the Ford engine plant of Dagenham, Essex, which gave the engine its name. It is closely related to the Ford Essex V4 engine produced in displacements of 1.7 L and 2.0 L. Both engines share many parts since the Essex V6 was directly derived from the Essex V4; the 2.0 L Essex V4 and the 3.0 L Essex V6 in fact have exactly the same bore and stroke and share various components. In the same era, the Ford Cologne V6 engine was produced.
In automotive engineering a multi-valve or multivalve engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves. A multi-valve engine has better breathing and may be able to operate at higher revolutions per minute (RPM) than a two-valve engine, delivering more power.
The Nissan Laurel is a front-engine, rear-drive two- and four-door sedan manufactured and marketed by Nissan from 1969 to 2002. Introduced in 1968 as a new model positioned above the 1968 Datsun Bluebird 510, the Laurel offered the luxury of the Nissan Cedric 130 in a smaller size. In Japan, the Laurel was marketed solely as a Nissan model, rather than a Datsun model.
The Audi S4 is the high performance variant of Audi's compact executive car A4. The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a performance-oriented version of Audi's 100 saloon/sedan. All subsequent S4s since 1997 have been based on the Audi A4; and as the A4 has evolved from one generation to the next, so has the S4.
The Ford AJD engine was first developed as a V6 with a clean-sheet architecture and variable valve timing by Ford of Europe for its then subsidiaries Jaguar Cars and Land Rover, as well as for its partner PSA Peugeot Citroën working under the Gemini joint development and production agreement. It is called the AJD-V6 in the Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and the DT17/DT20 by Citroën and Peugeot. The engines share the same bore/stroke ratio, with the V6 displacing 2.7 L (2,720 cc) and the V8 displacing 3.6 L (3,630 cc). The V6 was launched in 2004 and the V8 in 2006. The V6 engine meets the Euro IV emissions standards. A DT20 3.0 L (2,993 cc) was added in 2009 and is based on the DT17 2.7 L (2,720 cc). The V6 is used across many vehicles, from the Citroën C5 and C6, to the Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover, multiple cars in the Jaguar range, and also the Ford Territory and next gen Ford Ranger.
The Saab H engine is a redesign of the Saab B engine, which in turn was based on the Triumph Slant-4 engine.
In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.
EcoBoost is a series of turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engines produced by Ford and originally co-developed by FEV Inc.. EcoBoost engines are designed to deliver power and torque consistent with those of larger-displacement naturally aspirated engines, while achieving up to 20% better fuel efficiency and 15% fewer greenhouse emissions, according to Ford. The manufacturer sees the EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. EcoBoost engines are broadly available across the Ford vehicle lineup.
The Mazda L-series is a mid-sized inline 4-cylinder gasoline piston engine designed by Mazda as part of their MZR family, ranging in displacement from 1.8 to 2.5 liters. Introduced in 2001, it is the evolution of the cast-iron block F-engine. The L-series is used by Ford as their 1.8L to 2.5L Duratec world engine.
The Ford Focus (third generation), also known as the Focus Mk III, (Code name: C346) debuted at the 2010 North American International Auto Show as a 2012 model. The cars shown were a 4-door sedan and 5-door hatchback, also debuting a new 2.0-litre direct injection I4 engine. A 5-door estate (wagon) was previewed at the Geneva Motor Show a month later.
Skyactiv is a brand name for a series of automobile technologies developed by Mazda that increase fuel efficiency and engine output. The initial announcement of the Skyactiv technologies included new engines, transmissions, body, and chassis, which appeared in Mazda products from 2011 onwards.
The GM Small Gasoline Engine (SGE) is a family of small-displacement three- and four-cylinder gasoline engines ranging from 1.0 L to 1.5 L, developed by Adam Opel AG, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), MG Motor (MG), Shanghai GM (SGM) and the Pan-Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC).
Low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI), also known as stochastic pre-ignition (SPI), is a pre-ignition event that occurs in gasoline vehicle engines when there is a premature ignition of the main fuel charge. LSPI is most common in certain turbocharged direct-injection vehicles operating in low-speed and high-load driving conditions.
The Audi RC8 2.0 TFSI is a prototype four-stroke 2.0-litre single-turbocharged inline-4 gasoline racing engine, developed and produced by Audi Sport GmbH for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. The RC8 2.0 TFSI engine is full custom-built but partially borrows the cylinder blocks from Volkswagen-Audi EA888 2.0 R4 16v TSI/TFSI road car engine which had a same displacement. Audi RC8 2.0 TFSI was shakedown on 15 November 2018 and later made public unveil on 20 March 2019 after more engine dyno test. Audi RC8 TFSI is the first-ever turbocharged DTM engine to date, replacing the aging Audi DTM V8 engine after nineteen-years of service which conform the "Class 1" regulations that shared with Japanese Super GT under Nippon Race Engine (NRE) formula.
References
- ↑ Squatriglia, Chuck (16 September 2011). "Three Is the New Four as Engines Downsize". Wired. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ↑ "Market Forecast : Fun size". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013.
- ↑ Kirwan, John E., et al. "3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection: A high value solution for low CO2 and NOx emissions." SAE Int. J. Engines 3.1 (2010): 355-371.
- ↑ "Engine Displacement Downsizing Where's the fuel-economy gain?". Car and Driver. July 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ↑ "Consumer Reports finds small turbo engines don't deliver on fuel economy claims". 5 February 2013.
- ↑ Lewis, A.G.J. (1 April 2014). ""Ultra Boost for Economy: extending the limits of extreme engine downsizing"". SAE International Journal of Engines. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ↑ "Ford Focus im Dauertest".
- ↑ "BBC highlight Audi 2.0 TFSI oil usage 'issue'". 31 December 2014.
- ↑ "Hoog olieverbruik TFSI-motor". 28 September 2015.
- ↑ Ingram, Anthony (16 February 2014). "Are New, Smaller, Higher-Mileage Engines Less Reliable?".
- ↑ Simister, John (February 2012). "Driven: Ford Focus 1.0 Ecoboost". Car Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- 1 2 ULRICH, LAWRENCE (9 September 2011). "This Time, the Downsizing Will Happen Under the Hood". New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2012.