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A profession is a field of work that has been successfully professionalized. It can be defined as a disciplined group of individuals,professionals,who adhere to ethical standards and who hold themselves out as,and are accepted by the public as possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research,education and training at a high level,and who are prepared to apply this knowledge and exercise these skills in the interest of others.
Medical anthropology studies "human health and disease,health care systems,and biocultural adaptation". It views humans from multidimensional and ecological perspectives. It is one of the most highly developed areas of anthropology and applied anthropology,and is a subfield of social and cultural anthropology that examines the ways in which culture and society are organized around or influenced by issues of health,health care and related issues.
Medical social work is a sub-discipline of social work that addresses social components of medicine. Medical social workers typically work in a hospital,outpatient clinic,community health agency,skilled nursing facility,long-term care facility or hospice. They work with patients and their families in need of psychosocial help. Medical social workers assess the psychosocial functioning of patients and families and intervene as necessary. The role of a medical social worker is to "restore balance in an individual’s personal,family and social life,in order to help that person maintain or recover his/her health and strengthen his/her ability to adapt and reintegrate into society." Interventions may include connecting patients and families to necessary resources and support in the community such as preventive care;providing psychotherapy,supportive counseling,or grief counseling;or helping a patient to expand and strengthen their network of social supports. In short,a medical social worker provides services in three domains:intake and psychosocial assessment,case management and supportive therapy,and discharge planning and ongoing care that extends after hospitalization. They are also involved in patient and staff education,as well as with policy research for health programs. Professionals in this field typically work with other disciplines such as medicine,nursing,physical,occupational,speech,and recreational therapy.
Medicalization is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions,and thus become the subject of medical study,diagnosis,prevention,or treatment. Medicalization can be driven by new evidence or hypotheses about conditions;by changing social attitudes or economic considerations;or by the development of new medications or treatments.
Allied health professions are health care professions that provide a range of diagnostic,technical,therapeutic,and support services in connection with health care. Their services are allied with and support the work of a number of other professions not considered allied health professions,such as medicine,nursing,dentistry,optometry,pharmacy,and others listed below as "excluded professions".
The Russell Sage Foundation is an American non-profit organisation established by Margaret Olivia Sage in 1907 for “the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States.”It was named after her recently deceased husband,railroad executive Russell Sage. The foundation dedicates itself to strengthening the methods,data,and theoretical core of the social sciences in order to better understand societal problems and develop informed responses. It supports visiting scholars in residence and publishes books and a journal under its own imprint. It also funds researchers at other institutions and supports programs intended to develop new generations of social scientists. The foundation focuses on labor markets,immigration and ethnicity,and social inequality in the United States,as well as behavioral economics.
Evidence-based practice is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on scientific evidence. While seemingly obviously desirable,the proposal has been controversial,with some arguing that results may not specialize to individuals as well as traditional practices. Evidence-based practices have been gaining ground since the formal introduction of evidence-based medicine in 1992 and have spread to the allied health professions,education,management,law,public policy,architecture,and other fields. In light of studies showing problems in scientific research,there is also a movement to apply evidence-based practices in scientific research itself. Research into the evidence-based practice of science is called metascience.
Rufayda Al-Aslamia,was an Arab medical and social worker recognized as the first female Muslim nurse and the first female surgeon in Islam. She is known as the first nurse in the world.
William Abel Caudill was an applied medical anthropologist. His work centered on psychiatry,and the influence of culture on personality. Caudill was especially interested in diagnosis and treatment of mental issues in Japan. Caudill was the first to identify the field of medical anthropology,and was active in organizing it during its formative years.
Carol Aneshensel is an American sociologist. She specializes in the sociology of mental health,focusing especially on how social inequalities lead to corresponding disparities in mental health. She is currently professor and vice chair for the Department of Community Health Sciences in the School of Public Health at University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA).
Psychiatry is,and has historically been,viewed as controversial by those under its care,as well as sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. There are a variety of reasons cited for this controversy,including the subjectivity of diagnosis,the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including detaining citizens and treating them without consent,the side effects of treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy,antipsychotics and historical procedures like the lobotomy and other forms of psychosurgery or insulin shock therapy,and the history of racism within the profession in the United States.
Medical sociology is the sociological analysis of medical organizations and institutions;the production of knowledge and selection of methods,the actions and interactions of healthcare professionals,and the social or cultural effects of medical practice. The field commonly interacts with the sociology of knowledge,science and technology studies,and social epistemology. Medical sociologists are also interested in the qualitative experiences of patients,often working at the boundaries of public health,social work,demography and gerontology to explore phenomena at the intersection of the social and clinical sciences. Health disparities commonly relate to typical categories such as class and race. Objective sociological research findings quickly become a normative and political issue.
Charlotte Feldman Muller is Professor Emerita of economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and associate director for economics at the International Leadership Center on Longevity and Society,Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She is an author of the book Health Care and Gender and numerous scientific articles. Among her research interests are women's health,health care and aging.
Vera Dorris Lilian Carstairs was a British social scientist noted,in particular,for a groundbreaking 1991 research study,Deprivation and Health in Scotland,which related mortality,morbidity and hospital admissions in Scotland,with the social composition and living standards found in Scottish areas. She gives her name to the Carstairs index.
Dawnette Ethilda Edge is a British medical researcher who is a Professor of Mental Health and Inclusivity at the University of Manchester. Her research investigates racial inequalities in mental health,including the origins of the overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in British African-Caribbean people.
Eliot Freidson was a sociologist and medical sociologist who worked on the theory of professions. Charles Bosk says that Freidson was a founding figure in medical sociology who played a major role in the growth and legitimization of the subject. The American Sociological Society awards the Eliot Freidson Outstanding Publication Award for medical sociology every two years.
Catherine "Kit" Ann Chesla is an American nurse who is Professor Emeritus and former Thelma Shobe Endowed Chair at the University of California,San Francisco School of Nursing. Her research has considered families and chronic illness.
Esther Loring Richards was an American physician and child psychiatrist,based in Baltimore. She was on the faculty at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,and psychiatrist-in-charge of the outpatient department at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic from 1920 until 1951.
Kath M. Melia was a sociologist,professor of nursing,researcher,academic author and campaigner for ethics in healthcare.
Marion Pearsall was an anthropologist and university professor,who was a leader in the development of both medical anthropology and applied social and cultural anthropology,and an authority on the southern American cultures.
References
- ↑ "Esther L. Brown, 92, Social Anthropologist". The New York Times. 1990-07-14. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-06-26.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lipson, Juliene G. (1992). "Esther Lucile Brown - A Memorial". Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 24 (4): 313–318. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1992.tb00739.x. ISSN 1547-5069. PMID 1452187.
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