 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(March 2021) |
This is a family tree of Chinese monarchs from the Yuan dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty.
| Family tree of Chinese monarchs |
The following is the Yuan dynasty family tree. Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206. The empire became split beginning with the succession war of his grandsons Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke. Kublai Khan, after defeating his younger brother Ariq Boke, founded the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in the Mongolian Plateau, known as the Northern Yuan; years of reign over the Northern Yuan (up to 1388) are given in brackets.
Long before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol State (Yeke Mongγol Ulus) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese :皇帝; pinyin :Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since Spring 1206 in the First Year of the reign of Genghis Khan (as 成吉思皇帝; 'Genghis Emperor' [1] ). However, The Mongol Khagans-Emperors and regents before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271.
| Yesükhei Baghatur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 (1) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 6 (4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Belgutei | Bekhter | Temujin Genghis Khan ~1162–1227  Taizu 太祖 Khagan : r.1206–1227 | Hasar | Hachiun | Temüge 1168–1246 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jochi  c.1181–1227 | Chagatai  1183–1242 | Ögedei Khan ~1186–1241  Taizong 太宗 Khagan: r. 1229–1241 | Töregene Great Khatun 1242–1246 | Tolui ~1190–1232  Ruizong 睿宗 (Khagan: r. 1227–1229) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oghul Qaimish d. 1251 Khagan: r. 1248–1251 | Güyük Khan ~1206–1248 Dingzong 定宗 Khagan: r. 1246–1248 | Möngke Khan ~1208–1259 Xianzong 憲宗 Khagan: r. 1251–1259 | Kublai Khan 1215–1294  Khagan: r. 1260–1271 Shizu 世祖 r. 1271–1294 | Hulagu ~1217–1265  Ilkhan 1256–1265 | Ariq Böke d. 1266  Khagan: r. 1259–1264 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhenjin 真金 1243–1286 Yuzong 裕宗 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gammala 1263–1302 Xianzong 顯宗 | Darmabala 1264–1292 Shunzong 順宗 | Temür Öljeytü Khan 1265–1307  Chengzong 成宗 r. 1294–1307 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yesün Temür Khan 1293–1328 Taiding 泰定 r. 1323–1328 | Kayishan Külüg Khan 1281–1311  Wuzong 武宗 r. 1307–1311 | Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan 1285–1320  Renzong 仁宗 r. 1311–1320 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ragibagh Khan ~1320–1328? Tianshun 天順 r. 1328 | Kuśala Khutughtu Khan 1300–1329 Mingzong 明宗 r. 1329 | Tugh Temür Jayaatu Khan 1304–1332  Wenzong 文宗 r. 1328–1329; 1329–1332 | Shidibala Gegeen Khan 1303–1323 Yingzong 英宗 r. 1321–1323 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toghun Temür Ukhaantu Khan 1320–1370 Huizong 惠宗 r. 1333 –1368(–1370) | Rinchinbal Khan 1326–1332  Ningzong 寧宗 1332 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Northern Yuan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ayushiridara Biligtü Khan Zhaozong 昭宗 r. 1370–1378 | Tögüs Temür Uskhal Khan Yizong 益宗 r.1378–1388 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty , which ruled China between 1368 and 1644.
Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign. In China, Ming emperors are best known by their temple names, which are given second below, after the personal name. (The Jianwen Emperor was not awarded a temple name: his posthumous name, Huidi (惠帝), is used instead.) The names given in bold are era names, the form by which Ming emperors are most commonly known in English, but which technically refer to the timespan of an emperor's reign rather than to the emperor himself. (Xingzong and Ruizong are temple names: they never actually ruled, but Xingzong was posthumously granted an emperor's title and Ruizong was raised posthumously to the status of emperor by his son, the Jiajing Emperor, in the Great Rites Controversy.) The imperial family's original family name was Zhu (朱), but the Hongwu Emperor adopted the dynastic name Ming (明) (as were all but one imperial Chinese dynasties), meaning "brilliant". The numbers here indicate the seniority in birth of an emperor's sons as the Ming Dynasty was the only Chinese dynasty to have the eldest surviving son succeed the throne in continuous fashion (though not for the Yongle, from whom all subsequent Ming emperors descend and Jingtai Emperors – both of whom usurped the throne; while the Jiajing – see above, and Chongzhen Emperors succeeded sonless brother), not unlike the Salic Law practised in some contemporary European monarchies (except that the eldest son by a non-principal consort was duly considered). After the fall of the dynasty in 1644 and the Chongzhen Emperor's suicide, a series of Ming princes based in the south of China claimed the imperial title, their court being known as the Southern Ming. These claimants are given with their era names, and the timespans of their purported reigns in brackets. Their purported periods of rule are given in brackets. In 1662, Koxinga regained control of Taiwan from the Dutch colonial regime, and established a state for those who wished restore the Ming dynasty to power. This state lasted until 1683, when it submitted to the Qing dynasty.
Legend:
| Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋 1328–1398  Taizu 太祖 Hongwu 洪武 r.1368–1398 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Biao 朱標 1355–1392 Xingzong 興宗 | Zhu Di 朱棣 1360–1424  Chengzu 成祖 Yongle 永樂 r.1402–1424 | Zhu Tan 朱檀 1370–1389 Prince Huang of Lu 魯荒王 | Zhu Quan 朱權 1378–1448 Prince of Ning 寧王 | Zhu Jing 朱桱 1388–1415 Prince Ding of Tang 唐定王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Yunwen 朱允炆 1377–1402?  Huidi 惠帝 Jianwen 建文 r.1398–1402 | Zhu Gaochi 朱高熾 1378–1425  Renzong 仁宗 Hongxi 洪熙 r.1424–1425 | Zhu Zhaohui 朱肇煇 1388–1466 Prince Jing of Lu | Zhu Qiongda 朱瓊炟 d. 1475 Prince Xian of Tang 唐憲王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Wenkui 朱文奎 1396-? | Zhu Zhanji 朱瞻基 1399–1435  Xuanzong 宣宗 Xuande 宣德 r.1425–1435 | Zhu Zhanyu 朱瞻墺 1409–1446 Prince Jing of Huai 淮靖王 | Zhu Taikan 朱泰堪 1412–1473 Prince Hui of Lu 魯惠王 | Zhu Zhizhi 朱芝址 d. 1485 Prince Zhuang of Tang 唐莊王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮 1427–1464  Yingzong 英宗 Zhengtong 正统 r.1435–1449 Tianshun 天順 r.1457–1464 | Zhu Qiyu 朱祁鈺 1428–1457  Daizong 代宗 Jingtai 景泰 r.1449–1457 | Zhu Qiquan 朱祁銓 1435–1502 Prince Kang of Huai 淮康王 | Zhu Yangzhu 朱陽鑄 1448–1523 Prince Zhuāng of Lu 魯莊王 | Zhu Miqian 朱彌鉗 Prince Gong of Tang 唐恭王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Jianshen 朱見深 1447–1487  Xianzong 憲宗 Chenghua 成化 r.1464–1487 | Zhu Jiandian 朱見澱 ?–1502 Prince Duan of Huai 淮端王 | Zhu Dangcong 朱當漎 1473–1505 Prince Huai of Lu 魯懷王 | Zhu Yuwen 朱宇溫 d. 1560 Prince Jing of Tang 唐敬王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 4 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Youcheng 朱祐樘 1470–1505  Xiaozong 孝宗 Hongzhi 弘治 r.1487–1505 | Zhu Youyuan 朱祐杬 1476–1519  Ruizong 睿宗 | Zhu Youkui 朱祐楑 1500–1537 Prince Zhuang of Huai 淮莊王 | Zhu Jianyi 朱健杙 1494–1520 Prince Dao of Lu 魯悼王 | Zhu Zhouyong 朱宙栐 d.1564 Prince Shun of Tang 唐順王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Houzhao 朱厚照 1491–1521  Wuzong 武宗 Zhengde 正德 r.1505–1521 | Zhu Houcong 朱厚熜 1507–1567  Shizong 世宗 Jiajing 嘉靖 r.1521–1567 | Zhu Houchou 朱厚燽 1519–1563 Prince Xian of Huai 淮宪王 | 朱觀𤊟 1520–1549 Prince Duan of Lu 魯端王 | Zhu Shuohuang 朱碩熿 d. 1632 Prince Duan of Tang 唐端王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Zaiji 朱載坖 1537–1572  Muzong 穆宗 Longqing 隆慶 r.1567–1572 | Zhu Zaijian 朱载坚 ?–1595 Prince Shun of Huai 淮顺王 | Zhu Yitan 朱頤坦 ?–1594 Prince Gong of Lu 魯恭王 | Zhu Qisheng 朱器墭 Prince Yu of Tang 唐裕王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 4 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Yijun 朱翊鈞 1563–1620  Shenzong 神宗 Wanli 萬曆 r.1572–1620 | Zhu Yiliu 朱翊镠 1568–1614 Prince of Lu | Zhū Yiju 朱翊鉅 ?–1616 Prince of Huai 淮王 | Zhu Shouyong 朱壽鏞 ?–1639 Prince Su of Lu 魯肅王 | Zhu Yujian 朱聿鍵 1602–1646  Prince of Tang 唐王 Longwu 隆武 1645–1646 | Zhu Yuyue 朱聿𨮁 1605–1646 Prince of Tang 唐王 Shaowu 紹武 r.1646 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Changluo 朱常洛 1582–1620  Guangzong 光宗 Taichang 泰昌 r.1620 | Zhu Changxun 朱常洵 1586–1641 Prince Zhong of Fu 福忠王 | Zhu Changying 朱常瀛 1601–1645 Prince Duan of Gui 桂端王 | Zhu Changfang 朱常淓 1608–1646 Prince of Lu 潞王 | Zhu Changqing 朱常清 d.1649 Prince of Huai Dongwu 東武 r.1648–1649 | Zhu Yihai 朱以海 1618–1662 Gengyin r.1645–1655 | Zheng Chenggong 鄭成功 1624–1662 Koxinga 國姓爺 Ruler of the Tungning r.1661–1662 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 5 | 8 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhu Youjiao 朱由校 1605–1627  Xizong 熹宗 Tianqi 天啟 r.1620–1627 | Zhu Youjian 朱由檢 1611–1644 Sizong 思宗 Chongzhen 崇禎 r.1627–1644 | Zhu Yousong 朱由崧 1607–1646 Prince of Fu 福王 Hongguang 弘光 r.1644–1645 | Zhu Youlang 朱由榔 1623–1662 Prince of Gui 桂王 Yongli 永曆 r.1646–1662 | Zhu Honghuan 朱弘桓 | Zhèng Shì 鄭氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following is a simplified family tree for the Qing dynasty , which was established in 1636, ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912.
Those who became emperor of China are listed in bold, with their years of reign. Nurhaci was Khan of Later Jin from 1616 to 1626. Hong Taiji was Khan of Later Jin from 1626 to 1636, and Emperor of the Qing dynasty from 1636 to 1643. During these periods, the two monarchs only dominated Manchuria, but were not emperors of China as a whole; their years of reign over the dynasty are therefore given in brackets. The names given for emperors are era names, the form by which Qing emperors were most commonly known (with the exception of Puyi, who ruled as the Xuantong Emperor, but was generally known by his given name after his deposition). Puyi abdicated as head of state on February 12, 1912, but was permitted to retain his imperial titles until 1924. The imperial family's original Manchu clan name was Aisin Gioro (lit. "golden clan"). The dynasty was originally titled the Later Jin, in reference to its origins in the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234), by Nurhaci in 1616, but in 1636 Hong Taiji opted to replace this title with the Chinese dynastic title Qing (清), meaning "clear" or "pure".
| Giocangga 覺昌安 d.1582 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Taksi 塔克世 d. 1583 "Xianzu" 顯祖 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 1559–1626  Taizu 太祖 r.1616–1626 | Šurhaci 舒爾哈齊 1564–1611 Prince Zhuang of the First Rank 莊親王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cuyen 褚英 1580–1615 Crown Prince Guanglue 廣略太子 | Daišan 代善 1583–1648  [[Prince Li (禮)|Prince Li Lie of the First Rank]] 禮烈親王 | Abatai 阿巴泰 1589–1646 Prince Rao Yu of the Second Rank | Hong Taiji 皇太極 1592–1643  Taizong 太宗 r.1626–1643 | Ajige 阿濟格 1605–1651 [[Prince Ying (英)|Prince Ying of the First Rank]] | Laimbu 賴慕布 1612–1646 Bulwark Duke 輔國公 | Dorgon 多爾袞 1612–1650  [[Prince Rui (睿)|Prince Rui Zhong of the First Rank]] 睿忠親王 | Dodo 多鐸 1614–1649  [[Prince Yu (豫)|Prince Yu Tong of the First Rank]] 豫通親王 | Jirgalang 濟爾哈朗 1599–1655 Prince Zheng Xian of the First Rank 鄭獻親王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 5 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yoto 岳托 1599–1639 Prince Keqin of the Second Rank 克勤郡王 | Sahaliyan 薩哈璘 1604–1636 [[Prince Ying (穎)|Prince Ying Yi of the First Rank]] 穎毅親王 | Hooge 豪格 1609–1647  Prince Su Wu of the First Rank 肅武親王 | Shuosai 碩塞 1627–1654 Prince Chengze Yu of the First Rank 承澤裕親王 | Fulin 福臨 1638–1661 [[File:清世祖朝冠服像轴.jpg|85px]] Shunzhi 順治 Shizu 世祖 r.(1643–)1644 –1661 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lekdehun 勒剋德渾 1619–1652 Prince Shuncheng Gonghui of the Second Rank 順承恭惠郡王 | Xuanye 玄燁 1654–1722  Kangxi 康熙 Shengzu 聖祖 r.1661–1722 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yunzhi 1672–1734 [[Prince Zhi (直)|Prince Zhi of the Second Rank]] 直郡王 | Yinreng 胤礽 1674–1725  [[Prince Li (理)|Prince Li Mi of the First Rank]] 理密親王 | Yinzhi 胤祉 1677–1732  [[Prince Cheng (誠)|Prince Cheng Yin of the First Rank]] 誠隱親王 | Yinzhen 胤禛 1678–1735  Yongzheng 雍正 Shizong 世宗 r.1723–1735 | Yinsi 胤禩  1681–1726 | Yuntang 允禟  1683–1726 | Yinxiang 胤祥 1686–1730  [[Prince Yi (怡)|Prince Yi Xian of the First Rank]] 怡賢親王 | Yinti 胤禵 1688–1756  [[Prince Xun (恂)|Prince Xun Qin of the Second Rank]] 恂勤郡王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hongli 弘曆 1711–1799  Qianlong 乾隆 Gaozong 高宗 r.1735–1796 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 15 | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yongqi 永琪 1741–1766 Prince Rongchun of the First Rank 榮純親王 | Yongyan 顒琰 1760–1820  Jiaqing 嘉慶 Renzong 仁宗 r.1796–1820 | Yonglin 永璘 1766–1820 Prince Qingxi of the First Rank 慶僖親王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minning 旻寧 1782–1850 [[File:清 佚名 《清宣宗道光皇帝朝服像》.jpg|100px]] Daoguang 道光 Xuanzong 宣宗 r.1820–1850 | Miankai 綿愷 Prince Dun of the First Rank 1795–1838 | Mianxin 綿忻 [[Prince Rui (瑞)|Prince Rui of the First Rank]] 1805–1828 | Mianxing 綿性 Fuguo Gong 輔國公 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yizhu 奕詝 1831–1861  Xianfeng 咸豐 Wenzong 文宗 r.1850–1861 | Yicong 奕誴 1831–1889  Prince Dunke of the First Rank 惇恪親王 | Yixin 奕訢 1833–1898  Prince Gongzhong of the First Rank 恭忠親王 | Yixuan 奕譞 1840–1891  [[Prince Chun (醇)|Prince Chunxian of the First Rank]] 醇賢親王 | Yizhi 奕誌 1827–1850 | Yikuang 奕劻 1838–1917  Prince Qingmi of the First Rank 慶密親王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zaichun 載淳 1856–1875  Tongzhi 同治 Muzong 穆宗 r.1861–1875 | Zaiyi 載漪 1856–1922  [[Prince Rui (瑞)|Prince Duan of the Second Rank]] 端郡王 | Zaitian 載湉 1871–1908  Guangxu 光緒 Dezong 德宗 r.1875–1908 | Zaifeng 載灃 1883–1951  [[Prince Chun (醇)|Prince Chun of the First Rank]] 醇親王 | Zaitao 載濤  1887–1970 Beile 貝勒 | Zaizhen 載振 1876–1947 [[File:Zaizhen（载振）.jpg|90px]] Prince Qing of the First Rank | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Puyi 溥儀 1906–1967  Xuantong 宣統 r.1908–1912 | Pujie 溥傑 1907–1994 | Puren 溥任 1918–2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Throughout Chinese history, "Emperor" was the superlative title held by the monarchs who ruled various imperial dynasties. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was the "Son of Heaven", an autocrat with the divine mandate right to rule all under Heaven. Emperors were worshiped posthumously under an imperial cult. The lineage of emperors descended from a paternal family line constituted a dynasty, and succession in most cases theoretically followed agnatic primogeniture.
A Borjigin is a member of the Mongol sub-clan that started with Bodonchar Munkhag of the Kiyat clan. Yesugei's descendants were thus said to be Kiyat-Borjigin. The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes for Mongolia and Inner Mongolia until the 20th century. The clan formed the ruling class among the Mongols and some other peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Today, the Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and genetic research has shown that descent from Genghis Khan and Timur is common throughout Central Asia and other regions.
Khutugtu Khan, born Ligdan, (1588–1634) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1604 to 1634. During his reign, he vigorously attempted to reunify the divided Mongol Empire, achieving moderate levels of success. However, his unpopular reign generated violent opposition due to his harsh restrictions over the Mongol tribes as he attempted to centralize the state. His alliance with the Ming dynasty, sponsorship of Tibetan Buddhism in Chakhar and the reorganization of Mongol political divisions were ineffective when the Later Jin dynasty became the major power in East Asia.
The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.
Örüg Temür Khan, possibly Guilichi, (?–1408) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1408. Örüg Temür in historical materials compiled by the Timurid dynasty have been a descendant of Ögedei. Örüg Temür might also have been descended from either Ariq Böke or Genghis Khan's younger brothers, either Hasar or Temüge.
Bolad, was an ethnic Mongol minister of the Yuan dynasty of China, and later served in the Ilkhanate as the representative of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and cultural adviser to the Ilkhans. He also provided valuable information to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani to write about the Mongols. Mongolists consider him a cultural bridge between East and West. He was ennobled by Emperor Renzong of Yuan as Duke of Ze (澤國公) in 1311 and Prince of Yongfeng (永豐郡王) in 1313, posthumously.
The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the Borjigin clan, and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In Chinese history, the Yuan dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty.
The Northern Yuan was a dynastic regime ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by Toghon Temür to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan.
Kublai Khan, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his regnal name Setsen Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China. He proclaimed the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and ruled Yuan China until his death in 1294.
Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei state, the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language, founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125), and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China, northern Korea, and the present-day Russian Far East.
The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) was a dynasty of China ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan. Founded by Kublai Khan, it is considered one of the successors to the Mongol Empire.
Chabi was a Khongirad empress consort of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, married to Kublai Khan.
The House of Zhao was the imperial clan of the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China.
The Legend of Kublai Khan, also known as Legend of Yuan Empire Founder, is a Chinese television series based on the life of Kublai Khan and the events leading to the establishment of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China. The series started shooting in 2011. It premiered at the 2013 Shanghai Television Festival from 11 to 13 June 2013, and was first aired on HBS from 21 to 30 July 2013. The series was directed by Tsui Siu-ming and starred Hu Jun and Charmaine Sheh as Kublai Khan and Chabi, along with Cai Wenyan, Wu Yue, Tang Guoqiang, Gao Fa, Steven Ma and Ray Lui in supporting roles.
The division of the Mongol Empire began after Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu Castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of khagan that escalated into the Toluid Civil War. This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war, greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire, and the empire fractured into four khanates: the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Southwest Asia, and the Yuan dynasty in East Asia based in modern-day Beijing – although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of khagan of the empire.
The Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia was the domination of the Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia in the 13th and the 14th centuries. The Borjigin rulers of the Yuan came from the Mongolian steppe, and the Mongols under Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) based in Khanbaliq. The Yuan was a Chinese dynasty that incorporated many aspects of Mongol and Inner Asian political and military institutions.
The Later Jin, officially known as Jin or the Great Jin, was a Jurchen-led royal dynasty of China in Manchuria and the precursor to the Qing dynasty. Established in 1616 by the Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain Nurhaci upon his reunification of the Jurchen tribes, its name was derived from the earlier Jin dynasty founded by the Wanyan clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
The debate on the "Chineseness" of the Yuan and Qing dynasties is concerned with whether the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912) can be considered "Chinese dynasties", and whether they were representative of "China" during the respective historical periods. The debate, albeit historiographical in nature, has political implications. Mainstream academia and successive governments of China, including the imperial governments of the Yuan and Qing dynasties, have maintained the view that they were "Chinese" and representative of "China". In short, the cause of the controversy stems from the dispute in interpreting the relationship between the two concepts of "Han Chinese" and "China", because although the Chinese government recognizes 56 ethnic groups in China and the Han have a more open view of the Yuan and Qing dynasties since Liang Qichao and other royalist reformers supported the Qing dynasty, the Han are China's main ethnic group. This means that there are many opinions that equate Han Chinese people with China and lead to criticism of the legitimacy of these two dynasties.
The Ming dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Ming dynasty's realm and influence in Inner Asia between the 14th and the 16th centuries. The Ming dynasty overthrew and succeeded the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and sought to avert further incursions by a regime originating from Inner Asia. Wars were fought against the Northern Yuan, which existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, but also against other states in Inner Asia including the Oirat Confederation and Moghulistan. As a result, Ming China at the height incorporated Manchuria, much of the regions of Inner Mongolia and Qinghai, and parts of Xinjiang into its realm, and also had some degree of influence in Tibet especially during the reign of the Yongle Emperor.
