Frank Hole | |
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| Academic background | |
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| Doctoral advisor | Robert Braidwood |
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| Discipline | Anthropology |
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Frank Hole (born 1931) is an American Near Eastern archaeologist known for his work on the prehistory of Iran,the origins of food production,and the archaeology of pastoral nomadism. He is C. J. MacCurdy Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Yale University. [1]
Hole studied at Cornell College (BA,1953),Harvard University (1957–58),and the University of Chicago (MA,1958;PhD,1961). He worked at Rice University from 1961 to 1980,and was a full professor from 1968. In 1980,he moved to Yale University,where he served as the C. J. MacCurdy Professor of Anthropology (1996–2005) and the head of the division of anthropology at the Peabody Museum (1996–2005). He retired in 2005 and was appointed a senior research scientist and professor emeritus. He has held visiting professorships at the University of Colorado (1971),Yale (1972–1973),and Masaryk University. [2]
Hole was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1966, [2] a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981, [3] and a member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering in 1983. [2] He received the 2007 lifetime achievement award from the Society for American Archaeology, [4] and a Farabi International Award in 2011. [5]
At Chicago,Hole studied under Robert Braidwood,who was investigating the origins of food production in Southwest Asia. [6] In 1959,when political instability prevented him from returning to his excavations at Jarmo in Iraqi Kurdistan,Braidwood began working across the border in the Iranian part of the Zagros Mountains. [7] [8] Hole joined Braidwood's team, [9] which in 1959 conducted the first systematic surveys of early prehistory in Iran,in the region of Kermanshah, [10] [11] and the following year conducted excavations at Asiab,Sarab,and Warwasi. [7] After this Braidwood moved on to southeastern Turkey, [8] but Hole and another of his students,Kent Flannery,returned to work in western Iran. [12]
Between 1961 and 1965,Hole and Flannery conducted a number of surveys in Lurestan and Khuzestan,and excavated at Gar Arjeneh,Yafteh,Pasangar,Ghamari,Kunji Cave,Ali Kosh,and (with James Neely) Tepe Sabz. [12] [13] These sites produced what was,at the time,some of the earliest evidence for the plant and animal domestication in the world.
He is also known for his pioneering work on the archaeology of pastoral nomads in the Near East,in particular his ethnoarchaeology of Luri pastoralists in western Iran. [14] [15]
The Hilly Flanks are the upland areas surrounding the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia,including the foothills of the Zagros Mountains,the Taurus Mountains,and the highland parts of the Levant. The Hilly Flanks foothill chain spans over 1000 miles,including parts of Turkey,northwestern Iraq,and western Iran. The region is just north of Mesopotamia,with similar characteristics of fertility with the added trait of foothills and plateaus.
Robert John Braidwood was an American archaeologist and anthropologist,one of the founders of scientific archaeology,and a leader in the field of Near Eastern Prehistory.
The South Asian Stone Age covers the Palaeolithic,Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the Indian subcontinent. Evidence for the most ancient Homo sapiens in South Asia has been found in the cave sites of Cudappah of India,Batadombalena and Belilena in Sri Lanka. In Mehrgarh,in what is today western Pakistan,the Neolithic began c. 7000 BCE and lasted until 3300 BCE and the beginnings of the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age. In South India,the Mesolithic lasted until 3000 BCE,and the Neolithic until c. 1000 BCE,followed by a Megalithic transitional period mostly skipping the Bronze Age. The Iron Age in India began roughly simultaneously in North and South India,around c. 1200 to 1000 BCE.
Kwang-chih Chang,commonly known as K. C. Chang,was a Chinese / Taiwanese-American archaeologist and sinologist. He was the John E. Hudson Professor of archaeology at Harvard University,Vice-President of the Academia Sinica,and a curator at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. He helped to bring modern,western methods of archaeology to the study of ancient Chinese history. He also introduced new discoveries in Chinese archaeology to western audiences by translating works from Chinese to English. He pioneered the study of Taiwanese archaeology,encouraged multi-disciplinal anthropological archaeological research,and urged archaeologists to conceive of East Asian prehistory as a pluralistic whole.
Kent Vaughn Flannery is a North American archaeologist who has conducted and published extensive research on the pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica,and in particular those of central and southern Mexico. He has also published influential work on origins of agriculture and village life in the Near east,pastoralists in the Andes,and cultural evolution,and many critiques of modern trends in archaeological method,theory,and practice. At the University of Chicago he gained his B.A. degree in 1954;the M.A. in 1961 and a Ph.D. in 1964. From 1966 to 1980 he directed project “Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca,Mexico.”dealing with the origins of agriculture,village life,and social inequality in Mexico. He is James B. Griffin Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Michigan. In 2005,he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Harold Lewis Dibble was an American Paleolithic archaeologist. His main research concerned the lithic reduction during which he conducted fieldwork in France,Egypt,and Morocco. He was a professor of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and Curator-in-Charge of the European Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
Yafteh is an Upper Paleolithic cave located at the foot of Yafteh Mountain in the Zagros Mountains range,located northwest of Khoramabad in western Zagros,Lorestan Province of western Iran.
Prehistory,also called pre-literary history,is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins c. 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols,marks,and images appears very early among humans,but the earliest known writing systems appeared c. 5,200 years ago. It took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted,with writing spreading to almost all cultures by the 19th century. The end of prehistory therefore came at different times in different places,and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently.
John W. Olsen is an American archaeologist and paleoanthropologist specializing in the early Stone Age prehistory and Pleistocene paleoecology of eastern Eurasia. Olsen is Regents' Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and Executive Director of the Je Tsongkhapa Endowment for Central and Inner Asian Archaeology at the University of Arizona in Tucson,Arizona,USA. He is also a Leading Scientific Researcher at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Siberian Branch in Novosibirsk and Guest Research Fellow at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) in Beijing where he is also Co-Director of the Zhoukoudian International Paleoanthropological Research Center. Olsen has been named a Distinguished Researcher of the Nihewan Research Center in Hebei Province,China. He is also a Foreign Expert affiliated with The Yak Museum in Lhasa,Tibet.
Ali Kosh is a small Tell of the Early Neolithic period located in Ilam Province in west Iran,in the Zagros Mountains. It was excavated by Frank Hole and Kent Flannery in the 1960s.
The prehistory of the Iranian plateau,and the wider region now known as Greater Iran,as part of the prehistory of the Near East is conventionally divided into the Paleolithic,Epipaleolithic,Neolithic,Chalcolithic,Bronze Age and Iron Age periods,spanning the time from the first settlement by archaic humans about a million years ago until the beginning of the historical record during the Neo-Assyrian Empire,in the 8th century BC.
Nicholas J. Conard,is an American and naturalized German citizen who works as an archaeologist and prehistorian. He is the director of the department for early prehistory and quaternary ecology and the founding director of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences at the University of Tübingen in Germany.
Trialetian is the name for an Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry from the South Caucasus. It is tentatively dated to the period between 16,000 / 13,000 BP and 8,000 BP.
Darian Dam was constructed on the Sirwan River between 2009 and 2015. The Dam is located in the Hawrāmān region of Kurdistan and Kermanshah. The Darian Dam Archeological Salvage Program (DDASP) was planned by the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research before flooding the reservoir.
Carolina Mallol was born in Barcelona,Spain in 1973,and is a professor and researcher of archaeological science at the University of La Laguna in Tenerife,Spain.
Peder Mortensen was a Danish archaeologist specialized in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods of southwest Asia.
Anna Belfer-Cohen is an Israeli archaeologist and paleoanthropologist and Professor Emeritus at the Institute of Archaeology,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Belfer-Cohen excavated and studied many important prehistoric sites in Israel including Hayonim and Kebara Caves and open-air sites such as Nahal Ein Gev I and Nahal Neqarot. She has also worked for many years in the Republic of Georgia,where she made important contributions to the study of the Paleolithic sequence of the Caucasus following her work at the cave sites of Dzoudzuana,Kotias and Satsrublia. She is a specialist in biological Anthropology,prehistoric art,lithic technology,the Upper Paleolithic and modern humans,the Natufian-Neolithic interface and the transition to village life.
Carol Kramer was an American archaeologist known for conducting ethnoarchaeology research in the Middle East and South Asia. Kramer also advocated for women in anthropology and archaeology,receiving the Squeaky Wheel Award from the Committee on the Status of Women in Anthropology in 1999. Kramer co-wrote Ethnoarchaeology in Action (2001) with Nicolas David,the first comprehensive text on ethnoarchaeology,and received the Award for Excellence in Archaeological Analysis posthumously in 2003.
Prehistoric religion is the religious practice of prehistoric cultures. Prehistory,the period before written records,makes up the bulk of human experience;over 99% of human experience occurred during the Paleolithic period alone. Prehistoric cultures spanned the globe and existed for over two and a half million years;their religious practices were many and varied,and the study of them is difficult due to the lack of written records describing the details of their faiths.
The Archaeology of Iran encompasses the following subjects:
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