Related Research Articles
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly known as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military forces of the Russian Federation. They are divided into the Ground Forces, Navy, and Aerospace Forces. There are also two independent arms of service: Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. Under the federal law of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces, along with the Federal Security Service (FSB)'s Border Troops, the National Guard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Federal Protective Service (FSO), the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Main Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) and the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM)'s civil defence form Russia's military services; and are under direct control of the Security Council of Russia.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and the group often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners.
In general use, a civilian is "a person who is not a member of the police, the armed forces, or a fire department." This use distinguishes from persons whose duties involve risking their lives to protect the public at large from hazardous situations such as terrorism, riots, conflagrations, and wars.
Earth Day is an annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First held on April 22, 1970, it now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by EarthDay.org including 1 billion people in more than 193 countries.
The International Day of Peace, sometimes officially known as World Peace Day, is a United Nations-sanctioned holiday observed annually on 21 September. It is dedicated to world peace, and specifically the absence of war and violence, such as might be occasioned by a temporary ceasefire in a combat zone for humanitarian aid access. The day was first celebrated in 1981, and is kept by many nations, political groups, military groups, and people. In 2013 the day was dedicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to peace education, the key preventive means to reduce war sustainably.
The International Peace Bureau (IPB), founded in 1891, is one of the world's oldest international peace federations. The organisation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1910 for acting "as a link between the peace societies of the various countries". In 1913 Henri La Fontaine was also awarded the Prize "[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau". As of 2012, eleven other Nobel Peace Prize laureates have been members of the IPB.
The International Network of Engineers and Scientists for global responsibility (INES) is an independent non-profit-organization concerned about the impact of science and technology on society.
Karin Maj Britt Margareta Theorin was a Swedish social democratic politician and diplomat. She served as a member of the Parliament of Sweden from 1971 to 1995, and as a Member of the European Parliament from 1995 to 2004 and president of the Committee of Women's Rights and Equality in EP and a member of the Committee of Foreign Affairs and Security in EP and a member of the board from EP of ACP; African Caribbean Pacific.
Kathy Kelly is an American peace activist, pacifist and author, one of the founding members of Voices in the Wilderness, and, until the campaign closed in 2020, a co-coordinator of Voices for Creative Nonviolence. As part of peace team work in several countries, she has traveled to Iraq twenty-six times, notably remaining in combat zones during the early days of both US–Iraq wars.
Global Peace Index (GPI) is a report produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) which measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness. The GPI ranks 172 independent states and territories according to their levels of peacefulness. In the past decade, the GPI has presented trends of increased global violence and less peacefulness.
Study of the environmental impact of war focuses on the modernization of warfare and its increasing effects on the environment. Scorched earth methods have been used for much of recorded history. However, the methods of modern warfare cause far greater devastation on the environment. The progression of warfare from chemical weapons to nuclear weapons has increasingly created stress on ecosystems and the environment. Specific examples of the environmental impact of war include World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War, the Rwandan Civil War, the Kosovo War and the Gulf War.
Global Day of Action on Military Spending (GDAMS) takes place every year in mid-April. The day was originally proposed by the International Peace Bureau (IPB) and the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) with the aim of promoting a common awareness of the amounts of money spent on military. Military expenses reach about $1,700 billion each year. On GDAMS groups around the world advocate a shift of budget priorities and promote spending this amount of money on human development.
Make in India is an initiative by the Government of India to encourage companies to manufacture in India and incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing. The policy approach was to create a conducive environment for investments, develop a modern and efficient infrastructure, and open up new sectors for foreign capital. The initiative targeted 25 economic sectors for job creation and skill enhancement, and aimed "to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub."
Citibank International Personal Bank (IPB) Singapore is a business unit of Citibank Singapore that specializes in offshore investment and wealth management products and services to high-net-worth individuals residing outside of Singapore. It has 5 booking centers around the world in London, Jersey, Singapore, Hong Kong and the United States. As of 2018, IPB global had a base of about 260,000 clients and managed assets of more than US$60 billion.
Angelo Cardona is an international civil servant who currently serves as Representative of Latin America to the International Peace Bureau. He is a Colombian human rights defender. Co-president of the Ibero-American Alliance for Peace and peace ambassador of the Global Peace Chain. Cardona has spoken on behalf of his country in different international decision-making scenarios such as the United Nations Headquarters, European Parliament, German Parliament, British Parliament, Argentina Congress and Colombian Congress. In 2019, his work for peace and disarmament earned him the Inspirational Icon Award at the 21st Century Icon Awards in London, England.
Maria Kirbasova, was a Kalmyk human rights activist who founded the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia. In 1995 they were awarded Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize and the Sean MacBride Peace Prize and in 1996 they were given the Right Livelihood Award.
Reiner Braun is a German journalist, historian and peace activist. He is executive director of the International Peace Bureau (IPB). From 2013 to 2019 he served as President of the IPB.
Joseph Gerson is an American peace and disarmament activist. He is president of the Campaign for Peace, Disarmament and Common Security and vice-president of the International Peace Bureau. Since 1976 he has served the American Friends Service Committee as director of the Peace and Economic Security Program.
References
- ↑ "GCOMS Second Statement on the occasion of GDAMS 2017". Vrede.be (in Dutch). 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ↑ "About us -". demilitarize.org. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
- 1 2 "Global Campaign on Military Spending | IPB - International Peace Bureau" . Retrieved 2020-10-11.
- ↑ "Global Campaign on Military Spending 2019". Peace Boat. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ↑ Mützel, Daniel (2016-04-06). "Global military spending increases, trend predicted to continue". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
- ↑ "Less military spending for more security. Global Campaign on Military Spending". Delas. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ↑ admin. "Global Campaign on Military Spending (GCOMS)" . Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ↑ "Global Day of Action on Military Spending – UNODA" . Retrieved 2020-10-11.