Grand Prince of Kiev

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Grand Prince of Kiev
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First monarch Oleg the Wise
(first undisputed "Prince of Kiev") [1]
Yaroslav the Wise
(first undisputed "Grand Prince of Kiev") [2]

The Grand Prince of Kiev (sometimes grand duke) was the title of the monarch of Kievan Rus', residing in Kiev (modern Kyiv) from the 10th to 13th centuries.[ citation needed ] In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the grand prince of Vladimir and the Mongol Golden Horde governors, and later was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Rus' chronicles such as the Primary Chronicle are inconsistent in applying the title "grand prince" to various princes in Kievan Rus'. [3] Although most sources consistently attribute it to the prince of Kiev, [3] there is no agreement which princes were also "grand prince", and scholars have thus come up with different lists of grand princes of Kiev. [4]

Background

Origins

Regnal list in the opening lines of the Khlebnikov Codex: 'In Kiev, the first to begin reigning together were Dinar and Askold, after them came Olga, after Olga Igor...' Khlebnikov Codex regnal list start.jpg
Regnal list in the opening lines of the Khlebnikov Codex : 'In Kiev, the first to begin reigning together were Dinar and Askold, after them came Olga, after Olga Igor...'

According to a founding myth in the Primary Chronicle , Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and their sister Lybid co-founded the city of Kiev (Kyiv), and the oldest brother Kyi was "chief of his kin" (Old East Slavic : кнѧжаше в родѣ, romanized: knyazhashe v rodie). [6] Some western historians (i.e., Kevin Alan Brook) suppose that Kiev was founded by Khazars or Magyars. Kiev is a Turkic place name (Küi = riverbank + ev = settlement). [7] At least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire (a hill-fortress, called Sambat, "high place" in Old Turkic). According to Omeljan Pritsak, Constantine Zuckerman and other scholars, Khazars lost Kiev at the beginning of the 10th century. [8] [9]

At some point, Rurik, a Varangian prince, allegedly founded the "Rurik dynasty" (named after him in the 16th century) in 862 through the "calling of the Varangians", but he is considered to be a legendary, mythical and perhaps even entirely fictional character by modern scholars. [lower-alpha 1] The Primary Chronicle never calls Rurik a prince of Kiev; the passage wherein Oleg "sat in Kiev" (Old East Slavic : понелѣже сѣде въ Кыевѣ, romanized: ponelѣzhe sѣde v" Kyyevѣ) makes no mention of Rurik, suggesting the author was 'more interested in the first Rus' ruler to reside in Kiev than with any founder of a dynasty'. [12]

Kiev was captured by Askold and Dir, whose existence is also debatable, and are called "boyars" who "did not belong to [Rurik's] family" by the Primary Chronicle. [13] [1] According to some Russian historians (i.e., Gleb S. Lebedev), Dir was a chacanus of Rhos (Rus khagan). [14] Thomas Noonan asserts that one of the Rus "sea-kings", the "High king", adopted the title khagan in the early 9th century. [15] Peter Benjamin Golden maintained that the Rus became a part of the Khazar federation, and that their ruler was officially accepted as a vassal khagan of the Khazar Khagan of Itil. [16]

Before the mid-15th century, no historical source claims that Rurik founded a dynasty; [17] the Hypatian Codex of c. 1425 began its list of knyazi of Kiev with "Dir and Askold", then "Oleg", then "Igor", up to 1240, and does not mention Rurik anywhere. [18] Similarly, the Khlebnikov Codex starts with a regnal list stating: 'In Kiev, the first to begin reigning together were Dinar and Askold, after them came Olga, after Olga Igor, after Igor Sviatoslav, (...)'. [5] There is no mention of a "Rurik"; instead, the list starts with "Dinar and Askold". [19] Unlike Hypatian's second place for Oleg the Wise, [18] however, Khlebnikov appears to assert Olga of Kiev succeeded them, and preceded her own husband Igor of Kiev. [5]

First princes

Askold and Dir are narrated to have been killed in 882 by Oleg, the first "prince" ( knyaz ) of Kiev according to the Primary Chronicle, but not yet a "grand prince" (velikiy knyaz). [1] [12] His relation to Rurik is debatable, and has been rejected by several modern scholars. [20] Although later Muscovite chroniclers would call Oleg a "grand prince" and Kiev a "grand principality" (Old East Slavic : великое княжение, romanized: velikoe knyazhenie), the earliest sources do not. [21] Whereas the reconstructed original Greek text of the Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (907) calls Oleg a μεγας ἄρχων or "great archon" ("ruler"), the Old East Slavic translations found in the Laurentian Codex and Hypatian Codex do not. [22] On the other hand, only when the Byzantine emperors Leo VI the Wise, Alexander and Constantine VII are called "the Great", Oleg is also called "the Great". [22] Dimnik (2004) argued it should thus be read as "the Rus' prince Oleg the Great" instead of "Oleg the grand prince of Rus'". [22] Similarly, the only occasions Igor of Kiev is ever called velikiy knyaz in the Primary Chronicle (six times) are all found in the Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945), where the Greek emperors are also called k velikiy tsesarem Grech'-skim ("to the great Greek caesars"). [22] The same happens when, after Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria, the 971 peace treaty is recorded; it is the only place in the Primary Chronicle where Sviatoslav I is named a velikiy knyaz. [22] Most significantly, the Nachal'nyy svod (found only in the Novgorod First Chronicle ) never mentions any of these peace treaties, and never calls Oleg, Igor or Sviatoslav a velikiy knyaz. [23] According to Dimnik (2004), this means that Greek scribes added the word "great" to the princely title, whereas the Rus' themselves did not, except when translating these three treaties from Greek into Slavic. [23]

Yaropolk I of Kiev and Volodimer I of Kiev are both steadily referred to as just a knyaz by the Novgorod First Chronicle and the Laurentian and Hypatian Codices. [24] There is one exception: the Hypatian Codex writes Volodimir knyaz velikii ("Volodimir the grand prince") when reporting the latter's death; because the Hypatian Codex is the latest source of the three (compiled c. 1425), this is probably a later interpolation. [24] A Paterik of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra of the early 13th century also calls Volodimer a velikiy knyaz, but that was written two centuries after his death, and may not necessarily describe how he was known while alive. [25] The oldest surviving source available is Hilarion of Kiev's Sermon on Law and Grace (c. 1040s), which calls Volodimer a kagan (a Khazar title) rather than a knyaz. [25] Some scholars have suggested that this indicates Kievan Rus' had won its independence from the Khazars in the early 10th century, and had inherited the title of kagan from them, before exchanging it for knyaz later. [25] The Church Statute of Prince Volodimir starts with "Behold, I, Prince Vasilii, called Volodimir," (Old East Slavic : Се аз, князь Василий, нарицаемыи Володимир, romanized: Se yaz, knyaz' Vasilii, naritsayemy Volodimir, [26] ), but later in the text he interchangeably calls himself knyaz and velikiy knyaz, and the earliest copy of this document is from the 14th century, so it is difficult to say what the lost original text said. [26] Since chroniclers also regularly referred to Volodimer as velikiy without mentioning his title – the reason why he has become known to history as Volodimer "the Great" – suggests that this adjective was not part of his title, but a sobriquet or nickname, that was also applied to other monarchs or clerics around him. [27]

Velikiy knyaz Yaroslav and descendants

Sviatopolk I of Kiev was never called velikiy knyaz ("grand prince") in any source. [28] Moreover, he has been stigmatised by chroniclers with the nickname "the Accursed" or "the Damned" (okayannyy) because of how he violently rose to power in the war of succession following Volodimir's death in 1015. [28] On the other hand, Yaroslav the Wise is the first widely attested velikiy knyaz ("grand prince") in virtually all sources of the second half of the 11th century, and surviving copies of the Church Statute of Prince Yaroslav also strongly suggest he applied the title to himself while he was alive. [29] Dimnik (2004) concluded that by the end of Yaroslav's reign in the third quarter of the 11th century, he was regularly calling himself and being called the velikiy knyaz of Kiev, and the competing titles of kagan and tsar had decisively lost in favour of velikiy knyaz as the preferred appellation of the Kievan monarch. [30] The velikiy knyaz was designated by genealogical seniority and given the right to reign from Kiev – the grand principality superior to all other principalities in the realm – over all other princes descended from Yaroslav. [31] The reason why the system of succession did not always work as Yaroslav intended was because some princes simply usurped power through a coup d'état at the court in Kiev. [32] The 1097 Council of Liubech upgraded the dynastic capitals of the inner circle of senior princes to grand principalities as well, but still acknowledged the superiority of Kiev. [32]

It was not until the Sack of Kiev (1169) by Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal that the grand princes of Vladimir launched a fierce competition with the grand princes of Kiev over who had primacy over the entire realm. [32] Since then, the phrase "velikiy knyaz of Kiev" was merely titular, and chroniclers applied the symbolic title of velikiy knyaz to Kiev or Vladimir on the Klyazma according to whomever they favoured. [32] In practice, the military supremacy of any particular prince – especially from Vsevolod the Big Nest onwards – would determine whether the other princes would or would not acknowledge him as "grand prince". [33] After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' and Sack of Kiev in the late 1230s and 1240s, the khans of the Golden Horde "in effect, terminated the office of the velikiy knyaz' of Kiev and conferred political supremacy on their puppet in Vladimir." [34]

Princes of Kiev

NameLifespanRuled FromRuled UntilNotes
Oleg [35]  ?–912/922/940s [35] 881/2 or 889 [36] 912/922/940s [35] First knyaz ("prince") of Kiev. [1] [12] Relation to Rurik and Igor is disputed. [35] Date of accession is unclear in the Primary Chronicle . [36]
Date of death is disputed:
Igor of Kiev  ?–945912945son of Rurik according to Primary Chronicle, but many scholars doubt or reject this claim. [lower-alpha 2]
Olga of Kiev  ?–969945962(regent-consort)
Sviatoslav I [38] 942–972962972son of Igor
Yaropolk I (Jaropolk) [39] 958 (960?)–980972980One of Svyatoslav's two sons
Volodimir I "the Great" 958–10159801015One Svyatoslav's two sons; in 988 baptized the Rus'. The earliest sources call him just knyaz ("prince") or kagan, and nickname him Volodimir velikiy ("Volodimir the Great"); later sources also call him velikiy knyaz ("grand prince"). [40]
Sviatopolk I "the Accursed" [lower-alpha 3] 980–101910151019origin is debatable. Is never called velikiy knyaz ("grand prince") in any source. [28]

Grand princes of Kiev

NameHouseLifespanRuled FromRuled UntilNotes
Yaroslav the Wise Volodimerovichi [10] 978–105410191054son of Vladimir the Great, jointly with Mstislav in 1024–36. First widely attested velikiy knyaz ("grand prince") in virtually all contemporary sources. [2]
Iziaslav I [41] Volodimerovichi [10] 1024–107810541073 [41] son of Yaroslav, first time (in 1068/69 lost state power to Polotsk princes)
Sviatoslav II [41] Volodimerovichi [10] 1027–10761073 [41] 1076 [41] son of Yaroslav
Vsevolod I

Volodimerovichi [10]

1030-109310761077son of Yaroslav, first time
Iziaslav I [41] Volodimerovichi [10] 1024–10781077 [41] 1078second time, [41] in 1075 Pope Gregory VII sent him a crown from Rome
Vsevolod I Volodimerovichi [10] 1030–109310781093second time
Sviatopolk II Iziaslavichi1050–111310931113son of Iziaslav I
Vladimir II Monomakh Monomakhovychi1053–112511131125son of Vsevolod I
Mstislav I of Kiev [42] Monomakhovychi1076–11321125 [42] 1132 [42] son of Vladimir II
Yaropolk II [43] Monomakhovychi1082–11391132 [42] 1139 [44] brother of Mstislav I
Viacheslav I Monomakhovychi1083–115411391139brother of Yaropolk II (first time)
Vsevolod II [44] Svyatoslavichi ?–11461139 [44] 1146son of Oleh Svyatoslavich
Igor II Svyatoslavichi ?–114711461146brother of Vsevolod II
Iziaslav II Monomakhovychi1097–115411461149son of Mstislav I (first time)
Yuri Dolgorukiy Monomakhovychi1099–115711491151(first time)
Viacheslav I Monomakhovychi1083–115411511154(second time) jointly
Iziaslav II Monomakhovychi1097–1154(second time) jointly
Rostislav I Monomakhovychi1110–116711541154brother of Iziaslav II (first time)
Iziaslav III Svyatoslavichi?–116211541155(first time)
Yuri I Dolgorukiy [44] Monomakhovychi1099–11571155 [44] 1157 [44] (second time)
Iziaslav III Svyatoslavichi?–116211571158(second time)
Rostislav I [44] Monomakhovychi1110–11671158 [44] 1167 [44] (second time) jointly with Iziaslav III in 1162
Mstislav II Iziaslavichi (Monomakh) ?–117211671169son of Iziaslav II (first time)
Gleb [44] Yurievichi (Monomakh) ?–11711169 [44] 1169son of Yuri Dolgorukiy (first time)
Mstislav II Iziaslavichi (Monomakh)?–117211701170(second time)
Gleb Yurievichi (Monomakh)?–117111701171(second time)
Vladimir III Mstislavich Monomakhovychi1132–117111711171son of Mstislav I the Great
Michael I Yurievichi (Monomakh)?–117611711171half-brother of Gleb
Roman I Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–118011711173son of Rostislav I (first time)
Vsevolod III the Big Nest Yurievichi (Monomakh)1154–121211731173brother of Michael I
Rurik Rostislavich Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–121511731173brother of Roman I (first time)
Sviatoslav III Olgovichi?–119411741174son of Vsevolod II (first time)
Yaroslav II Iziaslavichi (Monomakh)?–118011741175son of Iziaslav II (first time)
Roman I Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–118011751177(second time)
Sviatoslav III [44] Olgovichi ?–11941177 [44] 1180(second time)
Yaroslav II Iziaslavichi (Monomakh)?–118011801180(second time)
Rurik Rostislavich Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–121511801182(second time)
Sviatoslav III Olgovichi?–119411821194(third time)
Rurik Rostislavich Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–121511941202(third time)
Igor III Iziaslavichi (Monomakh)?–?12021202son of Yaroslav II (first time)
Rurik Rostislavich Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–121512031206jointly (fourth time)
Roman II the Great Iziaslavichi (Monomakh)1160–1205son of Mstislav II, jointly (1203–05)
Rostislav II Rostislavichi (Monomakh)1173–1214son of Rurik Rostislavich, jointly (1204–06)
Vsevolod IV the Red Svyatoslavichi (Olgovichi)?–121212061207son of Sviatoslav III (first time)
Rurik Rostislavich Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–121512071210(fifth time)
Vsevolod IV the Red Svyatoslavichi (Olgovichi)?–121212101212(second time)
Igor III Iziaslavichi (Monomakh)?–?12121214(second time)
Mstislav III Rostislavichi (Monomakh)?–122312141223son of Roman I
Vladimir IV Rurikovich Rostislavichi (Monomakh)1187–123912231235brother of Rostislav II
Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich Siveria (Olgovichi) or
Rostislavichi (Monomakh)		1186–?12351236son of Vladimir Igorevich or Mstislav
Yaroslav III Yurievichi (Monomakh)1191–124612361238son of Vsevolod the Big Nest (first time)
Michael II Svyatoslavichi (Olgovichi)1185–124612381239son of Vsevolod IV (first time)

Princes of Kiev after the Mongol invasion

Due to the Mongol invasion of 1240, Michael of Chernigov left Kiev to seek military assistance from King Béla IV of Hungary. During that time, Prince Rostislav of Smolensk occupied Kiev, but was captured the same year by Daniel of Galicia who placed his voivode Dmytro to guard Kiev while the grand prince was away. Being unsuccessful in Hungary, Michael visited Konrad I of Masovia. Receiving no results in Poland, he eventually asked Daniel of Galicia for asylum due to the Mongol invasion. Since the 14th century, the principality of Kiev started to fall under the influence of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1299, the Metropolitan of Kiev Maximus moved his metropolitan see from Kiev to Vladimir-on-Klyazma. In 1321, after the battle on the Irpin River, Gediminas installed Mindgaugas, one of his subjects from the house of Olshanski, a descendant of the family of Vseslav of Polotsk that was exiled to the Byzantine Empire. In 1331, Kiev was once again taken by a member of the Siverski house (Olgovichi branch), the prince of Putivl. After Grand Duke Algirdas defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, he incorporated Kiev and its surrounding areas into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

NameHouseLifespanRuled fromRuled untilNotes
Rostislav Mikhailovich Smolensk (Rostislavichi)1210–126212391239son of Michael II
Voivode Dmytro 12391240appointed by Daniel of Galicia
Michael II Svyatoslavichi (Olgovichi)1185–124612411243(second time)
Yaroslav III Yurievichi (Monomakh)1191–124612431246(second time)
Alexander Nevsky Vladimirsky (Monomakh)1220–126312461263son of Yaroslav III
Yaroslav IV Vladimirsky (Monomakh)1230–127112631271brother of Alexander
Lev Galicia (Monomakh)1228–130112711301son of Daniel
Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich Siverski (Olgovichi)?–?1301?
Stanislav Ivanovich Siverski (Olgovichi)1228–1301?1321
Mindaugas Holshanski Alšėniškiai  ?–?13211324son of Holsha Romanovich
Algimantas-Michael Alšėniškiai  ?–?13241331 [45] son of Mindaugas
Fyodor (Teodoras)Siverski (Olgovichi)?–?13311362son of Ivan
Vladimir V Algirdaitis Gediminids  ?–?13621394son of Algirdas
Skirgaila Gediminids 1354–139713951397son of Algirdas
Ivan Olshansky Alšėniškiai  ?–?1397c. 1402son of Algimantas (in 1404–11 Jurgis Gedgaudas as voivode)
Andrew Alšėniškiai  ?–?c. 1412c. 1422son of Ivan
Michael IV Alšėniškiai  ?–1433c. 1422c. 1432son of Ivan
Michael V Boloban Alšėniškiai  ?–1435c. 1433c. 1435son of Simonas
Boleslav (Švitrigaila) Gediminids 1370–145214321440son of Algirdas
Alexander-Olelko Olelkovich  ?–145414431454son of Vladimir
Simeon Olelkovich Olelkovich 1418–147014541470son of Alexander

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Christian Raffensperger (2012, 2017), Ostrowski (2018), Halperin (2022). [10] [11]
  2. ↑ Including Hrushevsky (1904), Vernadsky (1943), Riasanovsky (1947), Paszkiewicz (1954), Franklin and Shepard (1996). [20]
  3. ↑ The Old Slavonic is Свѧтопълкъ in the Cyrillic alphabet, the modern Ukrainian is Святополк, Polish is Świętopełk, Czech is Svatopluk, and Slovak is Svätopluk. Reconstructed, his name is Sventopluk. More commonly, his name is given in its Latin and Frankish equivalents: Suentopolcus, Suatopluk, Zventopluk, Zwentibald, Zwentibold, Zuentibold, or Zuentibald.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calling of the Varangians</span>

The calling of the Varangians, calling of the (Varangian) princes or invitation to the Varangians is a legend about the origins of the Rus' people, the Rurik dynasty and the Kievan Rus' state, recorded in many divergent versions in various manuscripts and compilations of Rus' chronicles. These include the six main witnesses of the Primary Chronicle and the Novgorod First Chronicle (NPL), as well as later textual witnesses such as the Sofia First Chronicle and the Pskov Third Chronicle.

<i>Khlebnikov Codex</i> 16th-century codex of Rus chronicle

The Khlebnikov Codex is a codex of Rus' chronicles compiled in c. 1575.

The Conversion of Volodimer is a narrative recorded in several different versions in medieval sources about how Vladimir the Great converted from Slavic paganism to Byzantine Christianity in the 980s.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Dimnik 2004, p. 259.
  2. 1 2 Dimnik 2004, p. 264–265, 306.
  3. 1 2 Dimnik 2004, p. 253.
  4. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 253–254.
  5. 1 2 3 Jusupović 2022, p. 12.
  6. ↑ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930, p. 54–55.
  7. ↑ "An Introduction to the History of Khazaria". www.khazaria.com.
  8. ↑ Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The origin of Rus. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
  9. ↑ Zuckerman, Constantine (2007). The Khazars and Byzantium – The First Encounter. In The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives – Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium, eds. Peter Benjamin Golden, Haggai Ben-Shammai, and András Róna-Tas, pp. 399–432. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Halperin 2022, p. viii.
  11. ↑ Ostrowski 2018, p. 47.
  12. 1 2 3 Ostrowski 2018, p. 32.
  13. ↑ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1930, p. 60.
  14. ↑ Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. ISBN   90-04-13874-9
  15. ↑ Noonan, Thomas (2001). The Khazar Qaghanate and Its Impact on the Early Rus' State: The translatio imperii from Itil to Kiev. Nomads in the Sedentary World, Anatoly Mikhailovich Khazanov and Andre Wink, eds. p. 76-102. Richmond, England: Curzon. ISBN   0-7007-1370-0
  16. ↑ Golden, Peter Benjamin (1982). The Question of the Rus' Qaganate. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. pp. 77–92
  17. ↑ Ostrowski 2018, p. 30–31.
  18. 1 2 Ostrowski 2018, p. 36.
  19. ↑ Jusupović 2022, p. 12–13.
  20. 1 2 Ostrowski 2018, p. 30–31, 39.
  21. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 259–260.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Dimnik 2004, p. 260.
  23. 1 2 Dimnik 2004, p. 260–261.
  24. 1 2 Dimnik 2004, p. 261.
  25. 1 2 3 Dimnik 2004, p. 262.
  26. 1 2 Dimnik 2004, p. 262–263.
  27. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 263–264.
  28. 1 2 3 Dimnik 2004, p. 264.
  29. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 264–265.
  30. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 306.
  31. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 306–307.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Dimnik 2004, p. 307.
  33. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 307–308.
  34. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 308.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Ostrowski 2018, p. 42–44.
  36. 1 2 Ostrowski 2018, p. 44.
  37. 1 2 3 Ostrowski 2018, p. 42–43.
  38. ↑ Leszek Moczulski (2007). Narodziny Międzymorza. Bellona. p. 475.
  39. ↑ Ярополк is modern Ukrainian, Jaropełk is Polish, Jaropluk is Czech, Jaropelkas is Lithuanian, Iaropelkos is Greek, Jaropolk is German and Swedish.
  40. ↑ Dimnik 2004, p. 261–264.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Martin 2004, p. 32.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Martin 2004, p. 102.
  43. ↑ Martin 2004, p. xvii, 102.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Martin 2004, p. xvii.
  45. ↑ "Розділ 4.1. Леонтій Войтович. Князівські династії Східної Європи". izbornyk.org.ua. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

Bibliography

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