Grigor McClelland

Last updated
William Grigor McClelland
Born02 January 1922 (1922-01-02)
Gosforth
Died06 November 2013 (2013-11-07) (aged 91)
Education Leighton Park School
Balliol College, Oxford
Known forManagement Research, Retail and Social Activism
Spouse(s)Diana Avery Close 1946-2000
Caroline Spence 2003-2013 [1]
ChildrenAndrew McClelland
Stephen McClelland
Jen McClelland
Rosemary McClelland
Awards CBE
Hons.DCL
CBIM
Scientific career
FieldsManagement
Institutions Balliol College, Oxford
Manchester Business School
Victoria University of Manchester
Durham University

Professor Grigor McClelland CBE MBA CBIM Hons.DCL (2 January 1922 - 6 November 2013) [2] [3] [4] was a British businessman, academic and social activist. Born into a family of grocers, he managed his family firm of Laws Stores from 1948 to 1962, and again between 1978 to 1984. He became the first senior research fellow in Management Studies at the University of Oxford with Balliol College in 1962. During his time there he founded both the Journal of Management Studies and the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies. In 1965, he became the first director of the newly formed Manchester Business School, and wrote various papers on management techniques and ideas.

Contents

As the chair of the Washington Development Corporation, he played a strong role in attracting Nissan to build their first European factory in the region. He also worked as a government advisor including serving on both the National Economic Development Council and the Industrial Reorganisation Corporation. His strong beliefs as a Quaker had seen him chair the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust as well as setting up the charities, the Millfield House Foundation and the Tyne & Wear Foundation. In 2011, Peter Moizer in his Financial Times article, Dean’s column: a moral force stated,

Grigor McClelland is the antithesis of this tendency. He is a remarkable man who, guided by a moral compass that has never wavered, has changed the landscape of British business education in the past 50 years. His life and accomplishments are such that they need no exaggeration. [5]

Early years

McClelland was born in Gosforth on 2 January 1922, the only child of Arthur McClelland and his wife Jean (nee Grigor). [6] Arthur had founded his own grocery business, City Stores in 1907 and in the year of McClelland's birth, he had purchased the nine stores of WM Laws, combining the two firms to create Laws Stores. [7] He first went to Newcastle Preparatory School in Jesmond, before going to Leighton Park School in Reading, Berkshire, a boarding school that had been based on Quaker values since 1890. [2] [4] When McClelland was not at school, he worked in his father's stores and in later life boasted that he could cut precisely a pound of butter or cheese from a large block. However his academic skills at Leighton Park were identified and he was awarded a Ruskin scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics. [6] However he was unable to take his place at Oxford, as World War II started. McClelland being a Quaker was a conscientious objector, so instead volunteered for the Friends' Ambulance Unit, serving first in North Africa before moving to the front in Europe. [2] When the war ended, McClelland stayed on to support the relief work for thirteen months, in which time he visited the Nuremberg trials and heard Martin Niemoeller speak. [6] He was deeply affected by these experiences, and his letters and recollections were published in his 1997 book Embers of War: Letters from a Relief Worker in the British Zone of Germany, 1945-46, [8] which has been referenced by many authors since. [9] [10] [11] On his return to Britain, McClelland started his delayed scholarship at Balliol College, and achieved a First Class Masters within two years instead of the normal three. [2] [1] [12]

Laws Stores

In 1948, after completing his degree at Oxford, he joined the family business of Laws Stores in the position of Managing director, with his father, Arthur, becoming the company chairman. [2] When McClelland joined the business it had around 52 grocery shops across the North East, but all were of the counter service variety. McClelland started to modernise the business by introducing self-service to the stores, and introducing a modern Power-Samas punched card computer recording system for both stock control, costings and the discharging of goods from the warehouse to the stores. [7] [13] [14] [15] McClelland tested the Resale price maintenance in 1953, when Laws Stores reduced all Fruit squash drinks by 6 pence, but the manufacturer stopped supplying Laws after the local grocers association complained. [16] By 1957, the company had grown to 65 stores, with 385 employees and a turnover of £1.25 million a year. [17] In the same year, McClelland returned to Oxford carry out further study into retailing, splitting his time with Laws. While at Laws he recognised that there was a need for management training, and in 1959 became an original member of the Foundation for Management Education. [4] McClelland continued in his role as Managing director after joining Balliol College in 1962, however in 1965 he stepped down from the role to become Chairman of Laws Stores and to take up his new position with the Manchester Business School. [18] [6]

McClelland returned to the role of Managing Director of Laws in 1978. The company was at this point struggling against the growth of national brands, the company still operating from its first generation supermarket stores and internal issues with warehousing. [13] McClelland looked at how they could improve Laws profitability, including should they go down the discounter route, take the company upmarket, move into offering non grocery stock or into different service industries. The company seriously considered several different options: becoming a specialist in fruit and vegetable retailing; becoming a specialist health food retailer; moving into the fast food business or targeting small town locations away from large supermarkets. [13] The company did attempt to the move into the fast food trade by taking on a Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise, but the site proved to be wrong. [13] McClelland did however improve their warehousing issues, opening a new warehouse, while freeing up space by outsourcing their frozen storage to Amalgamated Foods of Durham. [13] By 1984 the company turnover had grown to £56 million, [19] but as McClelland stated later in his essay Economies of Scale in British food retail, the company was struggling and needed to be sold before it became unsellable. [13] In 1985 the whole chain was sold to Wm Low for £6.8 million. [19]

Academic career

In 1962, McClelland became the first ever senior research fellow in Management Studies at Oxford, when he accepted the role at Balliol College. [1] The new role did not have a strong remit, which allowed McClelland to continue to split his time with being Managing director at Laws Stores. However McClelland had seen scepticism amongst his fellow colleagues at Balliol, which he joked about later on life saying he used to get invitations to college dinners to prove he didn’t have two heads and a tail. [6] Management studies drew considerable scorn in the UK, and although it had been well established in the United States, it was seen as a doubtfully respectable subject in the UK. [2] [6] [20] Andrew Likierman, a former Dean at the London Business School and former student of McClelland at Balliol College said in 2011,

At a time when most managers believed in the ‘University of Life’ and few thought management could be taught or researched, Grigor was well ahead of his time...He understood that academics and practitioners could usefully talk to each other and that the best management education would come from a combination of theory and practice. [5]

McClelland decided to change that, when in 1963 he started the process of setting up both the Journal of Management Studies and the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies to oversee the journal. He believed that if Management studies had a journal like other established subjects it would be seen as acceptable. [6] McClelland's early corporate sponsors however clashed with him over their view of what the journal should entail. However, the journal started out publishing two short issues a year, featuring a reviews section and many papers on management education. [6] The society was set up to be the editorial board of the journal. McClelland chaired the society, but had appointed prominent academics Paul Hannika, Pierre Tabatoni  [ fr ] and Tom Lupton to help provide guidance and the necessary contacts to improve the journal. [6] A key early highlight for the journal was McClelland securing the paper The business school: a problem in organizational design by Herbert A. Simon. [6] McClelland would continue as editor until he stepped down from the role in 1965, but continued to be a member of the Society's board. [6]

In 1965, McClelland was appointed as the first director for the newly formed Manchester Business School. [2] [1] The Robbins Report in the 1960s recommended that two national centres for postgraduate business education be created, and the Franks Report subsequently suggested that one would be in London centred on the University of London (this would become the London Business School), and one in Manchester centred on the Victoria University and University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. [21] These became the first two University Grants Committee-funded business schools. [22] In his application for the job role, McClelland wrote,

The aim of the School must be to play a major role in increasing the competence of British business management. It will do this primarily through the quality of the education it gives to its postgraduate and post-experience students and its research activity will also contribute by advancing relevant knowledge and its application. [23]

After visiting a US Business school and discussing ideas with Herbert A. Simon and Igor Ansoff, McClelland introduced what he called the Manchester Experiment, which morphed into the Manchester Method. Unlike the other new business school in London, a practical approach to management education was introduced where learners would entail learning-by-doing, using detailed case studies of real businesses and live company projects. [23] [24] [25] [6] This method of teaching was joined by McClelland setting up a loose non departmental structure which was based on teamwork instead of a hierarchical decisions. [25] This was radical for the time, and McClelland had to integrate the differing beliefs, from those had worked at the former Manchester School of Management and Administration, which included Douglas Hague, John Morris and Alan Pearson; Luptonites who had been influenced by Tom Upton and Enid Mumford, and those who were swayed by Stafford Beer. [6] McClelland championed the principle that business could not be divorced from society, and that managers should be socially and ethically responsible. [18] He believed that believed the Manchester Business School had a moral responsibility, in that more effective managers would result in companies that generated more wealth, and therefore more jobs. [6] The school initially offered diplomas and master degrees, [24] but under McClelland it introduced the MBA with the first learners graduating in 1969. [26] In 1967, McClelland took on the role of Professor and Dean at Victoria University's Faculty of Business Administration, in addition to his role as Director at the business school. [6] [27] McClelland would state in 1968 that

Management schools should ask, not how do humans behave in organisations, but given how humans behave in organisations, how should the manager proceed to attain his objectives? [28]

Under McClelland's leadership the school opened the specialist Banking research centre in 1971, [24] and along with his successor, Tom Upton, were instrumental in pushing for the appointments in new research and teaching positions in entrepreneurship and creativity. [29] McClelland completed his own MBA in 1971. [12] In 1977, McClelland left both of his roles at the school to return to his family business. John Wilson, in his book The making of modern management: British management in historical perspective recalled in McClelland's own words, that he believed he was a facilitator, arguing it was his character rather than the quantum of his leadership which was more important in developing in what's was described as a federation of self-starters. [30]

After returning to the north east in 1977, McClelland became a visiting chair at Durham University, working with the Business School, as well as with the departments of Engineering and Geography. [4] Between 1986 until 1998, McClelland was a governor of the university's business school. [12]

Writing and speeches

McClelland wrote two seminal books, Studies in Retailing in 1963 and Costs and Competition in Retailing in 1966 which are regularly referenced. [6] [31] [32] [33] He wrote papers and articles that appeared in various journals and magazines on retail, management and quaker subjects. [34] [35] [36]

In 1976, McClelland delivered his seminar And a New Earth at the Swarthmore Lecture. [1] In 1996, McClelland delivered the first George Richardson Lecture, What is Quaker Studies. [37]

Selected Bibliography

Public service

McClelland served on many national and local government advisory bodies, as well as those of independent institutions, including:

In 1977, he was appointed Chairman of the Washington Development Corporation by the Secretary of State for the Environment Peter Shore, replacing Sir James Steel. [46] As Chairman, McClelland was empowered to decide on Washington Development Corporation involvement in any regional projects. McClelland in this role pushed for the development of Nissan's first European factory at Washington, and was part of the superviory committee set up to negotiate the investment. [47] [2] McClelland continued in the role until the corporation was abolished in 1988. [12]

Voluntary work

McClelland, along with his first wife Diana were active members of the Society of Friends, at both local and national level, with him serving as an Elder between 1958 and 1962. [1] [48] Prior to World War II, McClelland had argued in a school speaking competition entitled When we have won the war that Germany should not be punished with another Versailles style treatment. [49] He would later go on Quaker and International Fellowship of Reconciliation organised delegation trips, first to the USSR in 1952 and then China in 1952 and 1955, followed by the US in 1957, afterwards having to overcome smears of being a communist sympathiser. [1] [50] [51] In his eighties, McClelland promoted to the Newcastle Local Friends meeting a new project. The Newcastle Conflict Resolution Network idea was adopted and receives funding from the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. [49]

McClelland joined the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust in 1956 as a trustee, and served as chair between 1965 and 1978, and vice chair during the 1980s. [2] [52] In the 1960s, he donated 10% of Laws Stores shares to the trust. [53] In 1973, McClelland was appointed a founding trustee for the Anglo-German Foundation for the Society of Industrial Society, a charity founded to improve relations between Britain and Germany. [42] [6] In 1976, McClelland set up the Millfield House Foundation with his wife Diana, with the charity given a quarter of the shares in Laws Stores. The foundation, named after their family home, received a big cash boost with the sale of Laws Stores in 1985. As part of philanthropy the foundation asked its grant recipients, who were based in the North East, for their opinions on the charity's policy. [6] [2] In 1996 the foundation changed it's policy, moving from giving grants for projects to tackle deprivation, instead focusing on influencing public policies to achieve beneficial social changes. [53] From 1987 to 1993, McClelland was the Chairman of the Tyne Tees Telethon Trust. [12] [6] During 1988, McClelland co-founded the Tyne and Wear Foundation with George Hepburn. [49] The community foundation started with funding of £30,000 a year for three years from the Baring Foundation, which was supplemented by a further £10,000 a year from four local trusts. [54] McClelland recalled that he

...learned that we should target our fundraising at a very small sector - the top. We developed our standing partly by appointing honorary officers - the Lord Lieutenant of the county as President, two established local philanthropists, William Leach and Catherine Cookson, as patrons, and a dozen well-known figures connected within the region, as Vice-presidents. [55]

In 1991, the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and Charities Aid Foundation created a £2 million challenge fund, which the foundation was encouraged to bid for. The foundation tendered for a £1 million grant, but had to raise a further £2 million from others to be successful. McClelland used his contacts to pull together the elite of the North East, and the money was raised to receive their grant bid. [55] Hepburn would later state that Grigor put his name and reputation behind an untried, untested project and made it great. [55] [56] In 1995, contrary to his Quaker beliefs against gambling, McClelland became a member of the North East Advisory Panel of the National Lottery Charities Board. [12] [6]

Awards and recognition

McClelland was made a Companion at the British Institute of Management, the most senior grade of membership which was awarded by invitation only. [4] In 1985, McClelland was honoured by Durham University when he was given an Honorary Doctorate in Law. [4] In the Queen's Birthday Honours for 1994, McClelland was given a CBE for his charitable services in Tyne & Wear. [57] It was reported he had previously turned down an award while Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister. [1] In 2003, he returned the CBE as part of his protest to the war in Iraq, but was given a receipt saying he could have it back when and if he wanted it, which he duly did in 2009. [56] [6]

In 2011, the Journal for Management Studies and the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies launched the Grigor McClelland Doctoral Dissertation Award. It is awarded to innovative scholarship demonstrated in a PhD or DBA thesis within management and organisation studies. [58] As part of the 50th anniversary of the Manchester Business School in 2015, the Grigor McClelland lecture series was launched to explore the interaction between business, education and social responsibility. It was named in McClelland's honour as this was an area that he had pioneered in. [59]

Personal life

McClelland met his first wife, Diana Avery Close, while they were volunteering as an aid worker in Germany after World War II and were married in 1946. [1] [49] They had four children, Andrew, Rosemary, Jen and Stephen. [1] In 2000, Diana died of cancer, and three years later McClelland married another Quaker in Caroline Spence. In 2013, McClelland died at the age of 91. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supermarket</span> Large format of grocery store

A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food, beverages and household products, organized into sections. This kind of store is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is smaller and more limited in the range of merchandise than a hypermarket or big-box market. In everyday United States usage, however, "grocery store" is often used to mean "supermarket".

The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia. Established in 1881 through a donation from Joseph Wharton, a co-founder of Bethlehem Steel, Wharton School is the world's oldest collegiate business school.

A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate the retail and dining markets and many service categories, in many parts of the world. A franchise retail establishment is one form of a chain store. In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.

Bejam was a British frozen food supermarket chain founded by John Apthorp in 1968, based in Stanmore, London. The business grew to become the biggest frozen food retailer and largest seller of freezers and microwaves in Britain. The business was purchased by smaller rival, Iceland, in a hostile takeover in 1989.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Low</span> Scottish chain of supermarkets

William Low & Co plc, popularly referred to as Willie Low's and latterly marketed as Wm Low, was a chain of supermarkets headquartered in Dundee, Scotland. Initially founded in 1868, Low's had branches throughout Scotland, North East England, Cumbria and Yorkshire. As a group, it was smaller than most of its competitors and often served small towns, although it still had several large hypermarkets. Low's use to trade on their Scottishness as a unique selling point in Scotland. At one stage, the company also ran a chain of frozen food stores known as Lowfreeze. Lowfreeze was sold in 1987 to Bejam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GUS (retailer)</span> Former British retail, manufacturing and finance conglomerate

GUS plc was a FTSE 100 retailing, manufacturing and financial conglomerate based in the United Kingdom. GUS was an abbreviation of Great Universal Stores, the company's name before 2001, while it was also known as the Glorious Gussies amongst stockbrokers. The company started out as Universal Stores, a mail order business created by the Rose family. In 1931, Isaac Wolfson joined the mail order company and would, through a series of takeovers, turn it into a retail, manufacturing and financial conglomerate, becoming Europe's biggest mail order firm and with over 2,700 physical stores. His son, Leonard Wolfson, followed him as chairman, to be succeeded by his nephews David Wolfson (1996–2000) and Victor Barnett (2000–2002). During the 1980s, the business divested much of its physical retail and manufacturing subsidiaries under Leonard Wolfson to concentrate on mail order, property and finance. In October 2006, the company was split into two separate companies: Experian which continues to exist, and Home Retail Group which was bought by Sainsbury's in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alliance Manchester Business School</span> Business school of the University of Manchester in Manchester, England

Alliance Manchester Business School is the business school of the University of Manchester in Manchester, England. It is one of the oldest business schools in the UK, and provides education to undergraduates, postgraduates and executives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leighton Park School</span> Private school in Reading, Berkshire, England

Leighton Park School is a co-educational private school for both day and boarding pupils in Reading in South East England. The school's ethos is closely tied to the Quaker values, having been founded as a Quaker School in 1890. The school's ethos is described as achievement with values, character and community. It is one of seven Quaker schools in England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Greig (supermarket)</span>

David Greig was initially a grocery store that grew to become one of the burgeoning supermarket chains in the United Kingdom. The original business was founded by the Greig family of Hornsey, North London. During the seventies, the business was first purchased by Wrensons, a Midlands-based grocery chain before the combined group took on the David Greig name. The combined company was purchased by British food conglomerate Fitch Lovell and was eventually merged into the group's supermarket chain Key Markets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consumers' co-operative</span> Autonomous association owned and managed democratically by its clients

A consumers' co-operative is an enterprise owned by consumers and managed democratically and that aims at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of its members. Such co-operatives operate within the market system, independently of the state, as a form of mutual aid, oriented toward service rather than pecuniary profit. Many cooperatives, however, do have a degree of profit orientation. Just like other corporations, some cooperatives issue dividends to owners based on a share of total net profit or earnings ; or based on a percentage of the total amount of purchases made by the owner. Regardless of whether they issue a dividend or not, most consumers’ cooperatives will offer owners discounts and preferential access to goods and services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fine Fare</span> Former chain of supermarkets in the UK

Fine Fare was a chain of supermarkets which operated in the United Kingdom from 1951 until 1988. During the 1960s the company was the largest operator of supermarkets in Europe. Their Yellow Pack budget own-label range, introduced in 1980, was the first own brand basic range to be introduced in the UK and in 1983 it was the first British supermarket to sell organic food. The business for the majority of its existence was owned by companies controlled by Garfield Weston and his family, but were sold in 1986 to the Dee Corporation, operators of Gateway Foodmarkets with the stores being rebranded.

Laws Stores was a grocery store business that expanded across the North East of England and Southern Scotland, before moving into the burgeoning supermarket trade. It was purchased by Scottish grocery chain W M Low in 1985 as part of their expansion plans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kohl's Food Stores</span> Grocery store chain

Kohl’s Food Stores was a Milwaukee-area grocery store chain and subsidiary of The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company. Kohl’s Food Stores distribution center was located in Waukesha, while its management offices were located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David McClelland</span> American psychologist (1917–1998)

David Clarence McClelland was an American psychologist, noted for his work on motivation Need Theory. He published a number of works between the 1950s and the 1990s and developed new scoring systems for the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and its descendants. McClelland is credited with developing Achievement Motivation Theory, commonly referred to as "need for achievement" or n-achievement theory. A Review of General Psychology survey published in 2002, ranked McClelland as the 15th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

The Timpson Group is a British and Irish service retailer that has a number of different brands across its portfolio of 2,100 stores, including Timpson, Max Spielmann, Johnsons The Cleaners, Snappy Snaps, Jeeves of Belgravia, The Watch Lab and Flock Inns.

The Journal of Management Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1963 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies. The journal publishes both conceptual and empirical papers in the field of management. Specific areas of focus include, organizational theory and behaviour, strategic management, human resource management, and cross-cultural comparisons of organizational effectiveness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gordon Redding</span> British professor, academic, author, editor and consultant

Gordon Redding, MA (Cambridge, PhD, D.Econ h.c., was a British professor, academic, author, editor, and consultant. He was today a specialist on China and the regional ethnic Chinese, and also works on the comparison of different systems of capitalism, and on the role of education in societal development. His core interest was in the role of culture in the shaping of societal progress. He has published 15 books and 150 articles related to these subjects. He held a number of professorships, and is currently working as a Senior Fellow of the HEAD Foundation, based in Singapore. This is a non-profit foundation which he was invited by regional philanthropists to establish in 2010, and initially directed to 2014. He also spent 24 years at the University of Hong Kong, where he founded and directed the HKU Business School. For seven years from 1997 he was Director of the Euro-Asia Centre at INSEAD in France. He was also for ten years a Director of the Wharton International Forum, working globally in executive education. Now living in London he held - from 2013 to 2015 - a Visiting Professorial Fellowship at the Institute of Education, UCL.

Trushar Khetia, is a Kenyan businessman and entrepreneur. He is the founder and current chairman and CEO of the Tria Group of companies, including a chain of supermarkets known as Society Stores Supermarkets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Howard Hodgkin</span> British historian (1877–1951)

Robert Howard Hodgkin, who went by Robin, was an English historian. Hodgkin taught at the Queen's College, Oxford, from 1900 to 1937 and served as its provost from 1937 until 1946. He was particularly known for his 1935 work, A History of the Anglo-Saxons, and for his 1949 book, Six Centuries of an Oxford College.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Loss of a clear, moral compass; William Grigor McClelland died on November 6. Steve Hilditch pays tribute". The Journal. 21 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Grigor McClelland obituary". The Guardian. 14 November 2013.
  3. ↑ "Reference:UND/DB19/G Papers of Grigor McClelland". Durham University. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Honorary Degrees". Durham University Gazette 1984/85. Vol. III (combined series). 1985. p. 62.
  5. 1 2 "Dean's column: a moral force". The Financial Times. 24 October 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "Grigor McClelland, CBE – Founder, Editor 1964 – 1966". Society for the Advancement of Management Studies. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  7. 1 2 "Laws Stores". Evening Chronicle. 10 December 2012.
  8. ↑ McClelland. W.G. (1997). Embers of War: Letters from a Relief Worker in the British Zone of Germany, 1945-46. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   9781860643125.
  9. ↑ Martin Iddon (2013). New Music at Darmstadt Nono, Stockhausen, Cage, and Boulez. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN   9781107067752.
  10. ↑ Gerard Daniel Cohen (2012). In War's Wake. Europe's Displaced Persons in the Postwar Order. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 112. ISBN   9780195399684.
  11. ↑ Esther Möller, Johannes Paulmann, Katharina Stornig (2020). Gendering Global Humanitarianism in the Twentieth Century. Practice, Politics and the Power of Representation. Springer International Publishing. p. 54. ISBN   9783030446307.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "McClelland, Prof. (William) Grigor". Who's Who. 2016. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U25379.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 John Dawsond (1990). Competition and Markets. Essays in Honour of Margaret Hall. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 134. ISBN   9781349105106.
  14. ↑ "Chain Store Directors Address". Newspaper World. Vol. 2815–2840. Benn Brothers, Limited. 1952. p. 222.
  15. ↑ "Self-Service Development Association conference". Food. 1952. p. 45.
  16. ↑ Shaw, Gareth; Benson, John (1999). The Retailing Industry: 1945-Retail revolutions. I.B. Tauris. p. 30.
  17. ↑ "Adapting to the supermarket era". Brochure. No. 207–215. International Chamber of Commerce. 1960. p. 13.
  18. 1 2 "Grigor McClelland". Alliance Manchester Business School. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  19. 1 2 "Supermarket industry changes". Environment & Planning A. 28: 1474-1477. 1996.
  20. ↑ F. G. Hurley (1972). Training Retail Managers. A Symposium. Institute of Personnel Management. p. 13. ISBN   9780852920381.
  21. ↑ Peter Venables, "Technical Education in Great Britain: Second Thoughts on the Robbins Report", International Review of Education; Vol. 11, No. 2 (1965), pp. 151–164
  22. ↑ "Manchester Business School Archive". Archive Hub. Jisc. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  23. 1 2 "50 years of MBS: In business to create the leaders of industry". Manchester Evening News. 17 April 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 "Manchester Business School Archive". Jisc. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  25. 1 2 Management, Education and Competitiveness. Europe, Japan and the United States. Taylor & Francis. 2013. p. 139. ISBN   9781135098964.
  26. ↑ "Our History". Alliance Manchester Business School. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  27. ↑ "Members of the board of the Faculty of Business Administration". Calendar. Victoria University. 1971. p. 98.
  28. ↑ "Professor Grigor McClelland. Manchester Business School". Co-partnership. Vol. 531–542. 1968. p. 15.
  29. ↑ Scott G. Isaksen (1993). Nurturing and Developing Creativity. The Emergence of a Discipline. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 157. ISBN   9781567500080.
  30. ↑ Allan P.O. William (2010). The History of UK Business and Management Education. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. p. 86-87. ISBN   9781849507806.
  31. ↑ A. M. Findlay (2002). Retailing: critical concepts. 3,1. Retail practices and operations. Routledge. p. 327. ISBN   978-0-415-08721-6.
  32. ↑ David Marshall, David W. Marshall (1995). Food Choice and the Consumer. Springer US. p. 103. ISBN   9780751402346.
  33. ↑ Rachel Bowlby (2022). Back to the Shops. The High Street in History and the Future. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN   9780198815914.
  34. ↑ Management and the Executive Philosophy, Problems and Practices : a Selective Bibliography. The Library, United States Department of the Army. 1979. p. 75.
  35. ↑ P. J. H. Baily (2013). PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT. Springer US. p. 115. ISBN   9781489969040.
  36. ↑ W. G. McClelland (July 1962). "The Supermarket and Society". The Sociological Journal. 10 (2): 133–144. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1962.tb01106.x.
  37. ↑ The First George Richardson Lecture, Delivered by Professor Grigor McClelland at the University ofSunderland, October 22, 1996: What Is Quaker Studies?. 1996.
  38. ↑ "Members". SSRC Newsletter. Vol. 14–25. Social Science Research Council. 1972. p. 19.
  39. 1 2 John Dawsond (1990). Competition and Markets. Essays in Honour of Margaret Hall. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. ix. ISBN   9781349105106.
  40. ↑ Jonathan Boswell, James Peters (1997). Capitalism in Contention. Business Leaders and Political Economy in Modern Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN   9780521588041.
  41. 1 2 Consumer Council (1970). Report 1963/64. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 34.
  42. 1 2 "Northern Industrial Development Board". Hansard. 21 April 1980.
  43. ↑ Richard M. Moose, Charles F. Meissner (1974). Vietnam, May 1974. A Staff Report Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 284.
  44. ↑ Consumer Council (1970). Report 1963/64. H.M. Stationery Office.
  45. ↑ "Directory N". Vacher's Parliamentary Companion. Vol. 976–978. 1969. p. 136.
  46. ↑ "New Chairman for Washington Development Corporation". The Estates Gazette. Vol. 244. 1977. p. 110.
  47. ↑ C. Aaron (1998). The Political Economy of Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in the US and the UK. Multinationals, Subnational Regions and the Investment Location Decision. Multinationals, Subnational Regions and the Investment Location Decision. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 103. ISBN   9780230371613.
  48. ↑ Who's Who. A. & C. Black. 1968. p. 1903.
  49. 1 2 3 4 "William Grigor McClelland". Epistles & testimonies. Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. Religious Society of Friends. 2013. p. 60-61.
  50. ↑ Quakers Visit China. Society of Friends, East-West Relations Committee and Peace Committee. 1956.
  51. ↑ "British Friends". Friends Journal. 4. Friends Publishing Corporation: 330. 1958.
  52. ↑ "Checking the facts". New Society. New Society Limited. 1985. p. 29.
  53. 1 2 "Grigor McClelland". Bolder Giving. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  54. ↑ "Community Foundation Tyne & Wear and Northumberland". Philanthropy North East. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  55. 1 2 3 Jette Ernst, Kristian Larsen, Ole Jacob Thomassen, Sarah Robinson (2021). Pierre Bourdieu in Studies of Organization and Management Societal Change and Transforming Fields. Routledge. ISBN   9781000457544.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. 1 2 "Businessman returns CBE over Iraq war". BBC News. 21 March 2003.
  57. ↑ "Queens Birthday Honours". London Gazette. Vol. 53696. 10 June 1994. pp. 1–30.
  58. ↑ "The Grigor McClelland Doctoral Dissertation Award". Society for the Advancement of Management Studies. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  59. ↑ "Grigor McClelland series". Alliance Manchester Business School. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.