Growth imperative

Last updated
The role of growth imperatives for the increase in the global gross domestic product per capita is disputed. World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg
The role of growth imperatives for the increase in the global gross domestic product per capita is disputed.

Growth imperative is a term in economic theory regarding a possible necessity of economic growth. On the micro level, it describes mechanisms that force firms or consumers (households) to increase revenues or consumption to not endanger their income. On the macro level, a political growth imperative exists if economic growth is necessary to avoid economic and social instability or to retain democratic legitimacy, so that other political goals such as climate change mitigation or a reduction of inequality are subordinated to growth policies. [1] [2]

Contents

Current neoclassical, Keynesian and endogenous growth theories do not consider a growth imperative [3] or explicitly deny it, such as Robert Solow. [4] In neoclassical economics, adherence to economic growth would be a question of maximizing utility, an intertemporal decision between current and future consumption (see Keynes–Ramsey rule). [5] Other sociological and political theories consider several possible causes for pursuing economic growth, for example maximizing profit, social comparison, culture (conformity), or political ideologies, but they do not regard them to be compulsive. Possible growth imperatives are discussed in Marxist theory, Schumpeterian theory of creative destruction and ecological economics, as well as in political debates on post-growth and degrowth. [6] It is disputed whether growth imperative is a meaningful concept altogether, who would be affected by it, and which mechanism would be responsible. [1]

Meaning and definitions

At the macroeconomic or political level, the concept of growth imperatives is used by some authors when there seems to be no acceptable political alternative to economic growth, [7] because insufficient growth would lead to economic and social instability [8] up to "severe economic crises". [9] The alternative to growth would not be a stable stationary economy, but uncontrolled shrinkage. [10] [11] The consequences of a renunciation of growth would be inacceptable so that growth appears politically without alternative. [1] While some search for purely "structural theoretical explanations for the commitment to growth", [12] others argue that this macroeconomic phenomenon must be examined at the micro level in line with methodological individualism to explain how and why individual actors (firms, consumers) act and how this interacts with collective structures, and correspondingly study the growth of enterprises with microeconomics and business administration and the increase of consumption using consumption sociology or consumer choice theory. [1] [13]

The discussion on growth imperatives is part of a standing debate over the primacy of structure or agency in shaping human behavior. In the social sciences the term social coercion is used when situation-related circumstances [14] or strong social pressure [15] determine the behaviour. [1] According to Marxist theory, a coercion for firms to "grow or die" is due to economic competition. [16] [17] According to these Marxists, capitalism "cannot stand still, but must always be either expanding or contracting". [18] Similarly, the environmental economist Hans Christoph Binswanger  [ de ] speaks of a growth imperative for firms only when they are existentially threatened by steadily declining profits and ultimately bankruptcy; in other cases he uses the weaker term growth driver. [10] [19] [20] [21] [22] These definitions can be summarized that a growth imperative exists if exterior conditions make it necessary for agents to increase their economic efforts as to avoid existential consequences. [1]

Microeconomic theories

Firms

Das Kapital by Karl Marx contains the first theory of a growth imperative, which is still disputed today. Marx - Das Kapital - 1867 - DHM retusche.jpg
Das Kapital by Karl Marx contains the first theory of a growth imperative, which is still disputed today.

The first theory of a growth imperative is attributed [5] to Karl Marx. In capitalism, zero growth is not possible, because of the mechanisms of competition and accumulation. [23] [24] [25]

[T]he development of capitalist production makes it constantly necessary to keep increasing the amount of the capital laid out in a given industrial undertaking, and competition makes the immanent laws of capitalist production to be felt by each individual capitalist, as external coercive laws. It compels him to keep constantly extending his capital, in order to preserve it, but extend it he cannot, except by means of progressive accumulation.

—  Karl Marx

Therefore, a company's growth is considered necessary to ensure the survival of the company ("grow or die" [16] [17] ): "investment is not an option, or a discretionary decision, it is an imperative that constrains every capitalists' actions and governs the overall economy" [26] Correspondingly, some authors argue that the compulsion to grow can only be defused by overcoming structures of market economies, or by pushing back profit-oriented companies that impropriate the surplus value. [16] [17] [27] [28] [29] [30] Other authors [ who? ] criticize this Marxist perspective: a company could be profitable without growth if a positive accounting profit is distributed as dividend to the owners. Only if net income had to be retained, companies would be compelled to grow. [1] [2] [31] If a company shows an accounting profit, it has not yet achieved an economic profit in the economic sense, because a return on equity and an entrepreneurial salary would have to be paid from it - the profit would not necessarily be available for growth. Therefore, a market economy with profit-oriented companies is compatible with zero growth, as it is in the models of neoclassical theory (→ zero-profit condition). [1] [3] [32]

The link between technical progress and resource use is disputed Factory Automation Robotics Palettizing Bread.jpg
The link between technical progress and resource use is disputed

On the basis of concepts of evolutionary economics, other authors point out that firms can become dependent on growth as a result of certain economic conditions. Joseph Schumpeter [33] had described the creative destruction in which the existence of firms is endangered if they cannot keep up with the innovation competition. This is interpreted as a need to invest in new technologies and to expand production [8] [31] [34] - but which investments would be necessary can only be understood in the light of growth theory. Within neoclassical growth accounting it is largely undisputed that only technological change and new combinations of factors of production make sustainable growth of firms and per capita income possible. [3] [35] [36] However, the contribution of single production factors to economic growth has been disputed for decades: [1] [37] While endogenous growth theory concentrates on the role of human capital (ideas, education, innovations), [38] [39] proponents of ecological or environmental economics emphasize the importance of energy consumption as well as raw materials, which are often non-renewable resources (e.g. fossil fuels). [40] [41] [42] [43] While from the human capital perspective no ecologically damaging growth imperative arises, the resource perspective emphasizes that raw material consumption is lucrative for firms because it allows them to substitute expensive labour with cheaper machines. Accordingly, they would constantly invest in new resource-intensive technologies plus the human capital needed for development, which increases resource consumption and compensates advances in energy efficiency (rebound effects). [1] [44]

There is also disagreement as to whether these dependencies can be overcome at the company level - provided that this is desired by the owners or the management. Proposals include new management practices, changes in product range, supply chains and distribution channels, [8] [45] as well as the creation of solidarity enterprises, collective enterprises [3] [29] and cooperatives. [46] [47] Other authors call for institutional solutions: reforms of corporate law to overcome the legal constraint of public limited companies to maximise profits, [48] reforms of competition law to prevent externalisation at the expense of common goods, [49] or an institutional limitation of resource consumption and/or increasing their costs through ecotaxes or emissions trading (Cap and Trade), so that technical innovations would put a stronger focus on resource productivity instead of labour productivity. [1] [34]

Private households

Smart phone and car: voluntary consumption or necessary increases of individual productivity? Hand held phones.JPG
Smart phone and car: voluntary consumption or necessary increases of individual productivity?

An imperative for private households to increase their income and consumption expenditure is rarely discussed. [50] In neoclassical household theory, households try to maximize their utility, whereby, in contrast to the profit maximization of firms, they are not subject to market imperatives. [1] Therefore, a growth imperative is usually not assumed here, but rather a free decision between current and future consumption. [5] This "intertemporal optimization" is represented, for example, by the Keynes-Ramsey rule. [51] In consumption sociology various theories of consumer society examine the influence of social norms on consumption decisions. Examples are conspicuous consumption, which was addressed as early as 1899 by Thorstein Veblen in his book The Theory of the Leisure Class , [52] or competition with positional goods, which was described by Fred Hirsch in 1976 in the book Social Limits to Growth. [53] Some authors claim that comparison with others and the unfair distribution of income and power would lead to a growth imperative for consumers: Consumers would have to work and consume more and more in order to achieve a minimum level of social participation, [54] because the economically weak are stigmatised. [55] The reasons given for this behaviour are fear and powerlessness, guilt and shame. However, whether these theories can actually justify a compulsion to increase consumption is disputed, as long as it is not a matter of securing one's livelihood (for example because of unemployment). [1] [56]

Another line of argument views certain consumption decisions rather as investments for future growth, [57] but sometimes to increase one's own productivity. [50] Technical products such as vehicles, kitchen appliances or smartphones were used to save time and retain opportunities to earn an income. Over time, these goods would become a necessity, therefore a compulsion to increase one's consumption expenditure could be derived in order to not be left behind technically and economically. [1]

Macroeconomic theories

Political resp. macroeconomic growth imperative

Economic growth is part of goal 8 of the Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goal 08DecentWork.svg
Economic growth is part of goal 8 of the Sustainable Development Goals

Economic growth has been formulated as an important economic policy goal for decades. [58] [59] Examples include the "growth duty" in British legislation, [60] but also the Canadian Jobs and Growth Act, the African Growth and Opportunity Act or the European Stability and Growth Pact of 1997. This has been criticised as politically adhering to a dogma or ideology by some critics of growth. [61] [62] [63]

The theory of a political growth imperative, on the other hand, argues that economic growth would be necessary to avoid economic or social instability and to retain democratic legitimacy, or to guarantee national security and international competition. [1] [2] Some authors stress that public finances [64] or social insurance systems such as unemployment insurance or pensions are dependent on growth. [56] [65] Raghuram Rajan sees the cause primarily in political promises that are inherent to social systems. [66] Unemployment, which would occur in the event of technical progress and simultaneous lack of economic growth, is identified as a central problem (Okun's law). [1] [67] [68] [69] Thus, growth above the employment threshold is repeatedly called for in political debates, in order to reduce unemployment. [62] Growth enhancing state investment, but also numerous incentives for private investment would not be simply politician's free will but indispensable to prevent social instability through mass unemployment. [1] This situation would be aggravated by international competition and free trade. [59]

As a way out, a redirection of technological development with the help of resource taxes is discussed (ecotax, emissions trading), [48] [70] but also a general reduction of working time to reduce unemployment. [71] [72] [73] At the same time, a more equal distribution of income is demanded, either by fighting the privatisation of economic rents such as land rent or resource rent (→ rentier state), [1] [74] [75] or by calling for an unconditional basic income. [73]

Monetary system and the role of positive interest rates

For a long time, [76] several authors especially from German-speaking countries [77] have been locating a macroeconomic growth imperative in the monetary system, especially due to the combination of credit money and compound interest. This is considered to lead inevitably and system-immanently to an exponential growth of debt and interest-bearing deposits. [78] [79] [80] Some proponents of post-growth would derive a general criticism of positive interest rates from that and support ideas such as demurrage on currency, a concept from Freiwirtschaft, [76] [81] [82] [83] [84] or full-reserve banking. [85]

A second line of argument goes back to Hans Christoph Binswanger  [ de ], his doctoral student Guido Beltrani, [86] and his son Mathias Binswanger  [ de ]. [87] [88] They argue [89] that "a portion of money is constantly removed from circulation" by banks [90] which is mainly responsible for the growth imperative. [91] [92] In his book The Growth Spiral (2013), Hans Christoph Binswanger estimated a necessary minimum growth rate to be 1.8 %, while Mathias Binswanger (2009) [92] derived a minimum growth rate of 0.45 %, such that enterprises can still generate profits in the aggregate. In his book Der Wachstumszwang (2019), this minimum rate is lowered to zero as to enable firms to accumulate profits. [93] [94]

Numerical stability analysis of Stock-Flow consistent models. For certain parameter values (here: interest rate and consumption out of wealth), zero growth is unstable, but stable for others. Njp506747f2 hr SFC model stability analysis.png
Numerical stability analysis of Stock-Flow consistent models. For certain parameter values (here: interest rate and consumption out of wealth), zero growth is unstable, but stable for others.

Other authors criticise the results of Beltrani as well as H. C. and M. Binswanger on the basis that they are based on inconsistent economic models and therefore not valid (→ Stock-Flow consistent model). [96] [97] Those models show how repaid interest is not simply 'removed' from circulation, but flows back into the economy where it can be earned and repeated used to service debts. Models such as those created by Jackson & Victor show that, if no money is accumulated, then all debt can be serviced, and hence that no growth imperative arises from the creation of money as debt, 'per se'. [98] This leads some theorists to conclude that the monetary growth imperative only applies for certain parameters in the consumption function. [29] [89] [99] They argue that ultimately it is not the interest rate but the savings rate that is decisive for the stability of a stationary economy. If any interest income is consumed in full by the lender, i.e., bank or creditor of the bank, it is available again for repayment. Whether a stationary state can be reached, therefore, depends on the saving decisions of those who earn income or own assets. For zero growth it would only be necessary that savings of some are balanced by consumption out of wealth by others [22] [89] [95] (→ life-cycle hypothesis). The assumption that banks must retain profits even in a non-growing economy would be unfounded. [89] Accordingly, there would be no grow imperative "inherent" to the monetary system, but zero growth would be impossible as long as actors decide to continuously accumulate financial assets. [100]

In neoclassical theory and all varieties that presuppose the neutrality of money (classical dichotomy), the money market has no long-term effects on real economic variables such as economic growth. A monetary growth imperative is already excluded here by assumption. [77] [101] [100] However, post-Keynesian authors who doubt the neutrality of money reject a monetary growth imperative as well. [95] [99] [102] [103]

Political demands to overcome growth imperatives

In September 2018, more than 200 scientists asked the European Union to turn away from any growth imperative [104] – a similar demand was raised by the participants of the International Conference on Degrowth  [ de ] [105] [106] and the post-growth working group of attac Germany. [107] But even within the post-growth or degrowth movement, the existence of growth imperatives is disputed. [1] [29] Among German parties, the demand was included in the political programmes of the Ecological Democratic Party [108] and Alliance 90/The Greens. [109] Green politicians such as Reinhard Loske [110] or Jürgen Trittin [111] call for overcoming growth imperatives. In a dissenting opinion on the final report of the Enquete Commission on Growth, Prosperity and Quality of Life  [ de ] of the German parliament (Bundestag), the experts Michael Müller, Uwe Schneidewind  [ de ], Ulrich Brand, Norbert Reuter  [ de ] and Martin Jänicke  [ de ], as well as the members of the Bundestag Hermann E. Ott  [ de ] and the parliamentary group Die Linke, argued that "the question must be answered as to whether progress that is innovative and integrative, socially just and ecologically sustainable is possible without any growth imperative". [112]

Literature

This article was translated from Wachstumszwang in the German Wikipedia which is based on:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uneconomic growth</span> Economic growth that reflects or creates a decline in the quality of life

Uneconomic growth is economic growth that reflects or creates a decline in the quality of life. The concept is used in human development theory, welfare theory, and ecological economics. It is usually attributed to ecological economist Herman Daly, though other theorists may also be credited for the incipient idea, According to Daly, "uneconomic growth occurs when increases in production come at an expense in resources and well-being that is worth more than the items made." The cost, or decline in well-being, associated with extended economic growth is argued to arise as a result of "the social and environmental sacrifices made necessary by that growing encroachment on the eco-system."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecological economics</span> Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems

Ecological economics, bioeconomics, ecolonomy, eco-economics, or ecol-econ is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially. By treating the economy as a subsystem of Earth's larger ecosystem, and by emphasizing the preservation of natural capital, the field of ecological economics is differentiated from environmental economics, which is the mainstream economic analysis of the environment. One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing strong sustainability and rejecting the proposition that physical (human-made) capital can substitute for natural capital.

Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. "the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veblen good</span> Luxury good for which the demand increases as the price increases

A Veblen good is a type of luxury good, named after American economist Thorstein Veblen, for which the demand increases as the price increases, in apparent contradiction of the law of demand, resulting in an upward-sloping demand curve. The higher prices of Veblen goods may make them desirable as a status symbol in the practices of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. A product may be a Veblen good because it is a positional good, something few others can own.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steady-state economy</span> Constant capital and population size

A steady-state economy is an economy made up of a constant stock of physical wealth (capital) and a constant population size. In effect, such an economy does not grow in the course of time. The term usually refers to the national economy of a particular country, but it is also applicable to the economic system of a city, a region, or the entire world. Early in the history of economic thought, classical economist Adam Smith of the 18th century developed the concept of a stationary state of an economy: Smith believed that any national economy in the world would sooner or later settle in a final state of stationarity.

Post-capitalism is in part a hypothetical state in which the economic systems of the world can no longer be described as forms of capitalism. Various individuals and political ideologies have speculated on what would define such a world. According to classical Marxist and social evolutionary theories, post-capitalist societies may come about as a result of spontaneous evolution as capitalism becomes obsolete. Others propose models to intentionally replace capitalism, most notably socialism, communism, anarchism, nationalism and degrowth.

Helmut Reichelt is a German Marxian critic of political economy, sociologist and philosopher. Reichelt is one of the main authors of the “Neue Marx-Lektüre” and considered to be one of the most important theorists in the field of Marx's theory of value.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermoeconomics</span> Heterodox economic theory

Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory. Thermoeconomics can be thought of as the statistical physics of economic value and is a subfield of econophysics.

Degrowth or post-growth economics is an academic and social movement critical of the concept of growth in gross domestic product as a measure of human and economic development. Degrowth theory is based on ideas and research from a multitude of disciplines such as economics, economic anthropology, ecological economics, environmental sciences and development studies. It argues that the unitary focus of modern capitalism on growth, in terms of monetary value of aggregate goods and services, causes widespread ecological damage and is not necessary for the further increase of human living standards. Degrowth theory has been met with both academic acclaim and considerable criticism.

Demographic economics or population economics is the application of economic analysis to demography, the study of human populations, including size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christoph M. Schmidt</span> German economist

Christoph Matthias Schmidt is a German economist. He has been President of RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research in Essen since 2002 and also holds the Chair for Economic Policy and Applied Econometrics at the Faculty of Management and Economics at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum. He was a member of the German Council of Economic Experts from 2009 to 2020 and its chairman from 2013 to 2020. Since 2019 he has been a member, and since 2020 co-chairman, of the Franco-German Council of Economic Experts. From 2011 to 2013, he was a member of the Enquete Commission "Growth, Prosperity, Quality of Life" of the German Bundestag. From 2020 to 2021 he was a member of the "Corona-Expertenrat" of the Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia. He has been a member of acatech – Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften since 2011, a member of the presidium since 2014, and vice president since 2020. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Mainz Academy of Sciences and Literature and the North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Snower</span> American-German economist (born 1950)

Dennis J. Snower is an American-German economist, specialising in macroeconomic theory and policy, labor economics, digital governance, social economics, and the psychology of economic decisions in "caring economics". He is President of the Global Solutions Initiative in Berlin, Professorial Research Fellow at the Institute for New Economic Thinking at Oxford University, Fellow at the New Institute in Hamburg, and Non-resident Fellow of the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. He is former president of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. His prominent labor research explores the role of “insiders” and “outsiders” in generating unemployment and macroeconomic fluctuations; his socio-economic research examines how social groups shape economic behavior; his psycho-economic research explains how economic decisions depend on psychological motives; and his macroeconomic research investigates why inflation and unemployment can move in opposite directions even in the long run.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niko Paech</span> German economist

Niko Paech is a German economist. Since 2018, he has worked as a supernumerary ("außerplanmäßiger") professor at the University of Siegen. From 2010 to 2018, he was substitute professor at the chair of production and environment (PUM) at the University of Oldenburg. His research focuses on the fields of environmental economics, ecological economics and sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Post-growth</span> Beyond optimum economic growth

Post-growth is a stance on economic growth concerning the limits-to-growth dilemma — recognition that, on a planet of finite material resources, extractive economies and populations cannot grow infinitely. The term "post-growth" acknowledges that economic growth can generate beneficial effects up to a point, but beyond that point it is necessary to look for other indicators and techniques to increase human wellbeing.

Stock-flow consistent models (SFC) are a family of macroeconomic models based on a rigorous accounting framework, that seeks to guarantee a correct and comprehensive integration of all the flows and the stocks of an economy. These models were first developed in the mid-20th century but have recently become popular, particularly within the post-Keynesian school of thought. Stock-flow consistent models are in contrast to dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, which are used in mainstream economics.

Eva Lang is a German economist. Before her retirement, she was full professor at Bundeswehr University Munich for economic policy in special consideration of political economy.

Vereinigung für Ökologische Ökonomie (VÖÖ) is a German scientific society promoting ecological principles in the global economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulrich Brand</span> German political scientist

Ulrich Brand is a German political scientist. Since September 2007 he has been a professor of International Politics at the University of Vienna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giorgos Kallis</span>

Giorgos Kallis is an ecological economist from Greece. He is an ICREA Research Professor at ICTA - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, where he teaches political ecology. He is one of the principal advocates of the theory of degrowth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jason Hickel</span> Economic anthropologist (born 1982)

Jason Edward Hickel is an Eswazi anthropologist and professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Hickel's research and writing focuses on economic anthropology and development, and is particularly opposed to capitalism, neocolonialism, as well as economic growth as a model of human development.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Richters, Oliver; Siemoneit, Andreas (2019). "Growth imperatives: Substantiating a contested concept". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics . 51: 126–137. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2019.07.012. S2CID   203243535. Preprint: Oldenburg Discussion Papers in Economics V-414-18, November 2018, hdl: 10419/184870 .
  2. 1 2 3 Ferguson, Peter (2019). "The Growth Imperative". Post-growth Politics. Cham: Springer. pp. 75–100. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78799-2. ISBN   978-3-319-78797-8.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Lange, Steffen (2018). Macroeconomics Without Growth: Sustainable Economies in Neoclassical, Keynesian and Marxian Theories. Marburg: Metropolis. pp. 109–216. ISBN   978-3-7316-1298-8.
  4. ↑ Robert Solow said in an interview: "There is nothing intrinsic in the system that says it cannot exist happily in a stationary state". Cited after: Steven Stoll: Fear of Fallowing: The specter of a no-growth world. In: Harper’s Magazine, March 2008, pp. 88–94, steadystate.org, accessed February 27, 2019. See also Mathias Binswanger, Der Wachstumszwang, 2019, p. 39.
  5. 1 2 3 Gordon, Myron J.; Rosenthal, Jeffrey S. (2003). "Capitalism's growth imperative". Cambridge Journal of Economics . 27 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1093/cje/27.1.25.
  6. ↑ Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31). "Degrowth as a Concept and Practice : Introduction". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  7. ↑ Scherhorn, Gerhard (1996). "Der innere Zwang zum Wirtschaftswachstum". In Biervert, Bernd; Held, Martin (eds.). Die Dynamik des Geldes: über den Zusammenhang von Geld, Wachstum und Natur. Frankfurt/Main: Campus. pp. 162ff. ISBN   978-3-593-35461-3.
  8. 1 2 3 Paech, Niko (2012). Befreiung vom Überfluss. Auf dem Weg in die Postwachstumsökonomie. oekom. ISBN   978-3-86581-181-3.
  9. ↑ Binswanger, Hans Christoph; von Flotow, Paschen (1994). Geld & Wachstum. Zur Philosophie und Praxis des Geldes. Weitbrecht. p. 8. ISBN   978-3-5227-1670-3.
  10. 1 2 Binswanger, Hans Christoph (2006). Die Wachstumsspirale: Geld, Energie und Imagination in der Dynamik des Marktprozesses. Marburg: Metropolis. ISBN   978-3-89518-554-0.
  11. ↑ Binswanger, Hans Christoph (2012). "Wachstumszwang und Wachstumsdrang in der modernen Wirtschaft". In Woynowski, Boris; et al. (eds.). Wirtschaft ohne Wachstum?! Notwendigkeit und Ansätze einer Wachstumswende. pp. 46–53. hdl:10419/69631. ISSN   1431-8261.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Ferguson, Peter (2019). "The Growth Imperative". Post-growth Politics. Cham: Springer. p. 119. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78799-2. ISBN   978-3-319-78797-8.
  13. ↑ Deutschmann, Christoph (2014). "Moderne Ökonomie ohne Wachstumszwang: ein Wunschtraum?" (PDF). WSI-Mitteilungen. 67 (7): 513–521. doi:10.5771/0342-300X-2014-7-513. S2CID   188792556.
  14. ↑ Abercrombie, Nicholas; Hill, Stephen; Turner, Bryan S. (1984). The Penguin dictionary of sociology. A. Lane. p. 45. ISBN   978-0-7139-1380-4. compelled [...] by situational circumstances, that is by the structure of society and not by individuals
  15. ↑ Sullivan, Larry E., ed. (2009). The SAGE glossary of the social and behavioral sciences. SAGE Publications. p. 81. ISBN   978-1-4129-5143-2.
  16. 1 2 3 Smith, Richard. "Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism" (PDF). Real-world economics review . 53: 28–42.
  17. 1 2 3 Foster, John Bellamy; Magdoff, Fred (2010). "What every environmentalist needs to know about capitalism". Monthly Review . 61 (10): 1–30.
  18. ↑ Ferguson, Peter (2019). "The Growth Imperative". Post-growth Politics. Cham: Springer. p. 76. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78799-2. ISBN   978-3-319-78797-8.
  19. ↑ Binswanger, Hans Christoph (2013). The Growth Spiral: Money, Energy, and Imagination in the Dynamics of the Market Process. Springer. p. 119. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31881-8. ISBN   978-3-642-31881-8.
  20. ↑ Seidl, Irmi; Zahrnt, Angelika (2010). "Argumente für einen Abschied vom Paradigma des Wirtschaftswachstums". Postwachstumsgesellschaft: Konzepte für die Zukunft. Marburg: Metropolis. p. 24. ISBN   978-3-89518-811-4.
  21. ↑ Mugier, Simon (2019). Wirtschaftswachstum und soziale Frage. Zur soziologischen Bedeutung der ökonomischen Theorie von Hans Christoph Binswanger. Marburg: Metropolis. ISBN   978-3-7316-1383-1.
  22. 1 2 Wenzlaff, Ferdinand; Kimmich, Christian; Richters, Oliver (2014). Theoretische Zugänge eines Wachstumszwangs in der Geldwirtschaft. Zentrum für Ökonomische und Soziologische Studien. hdl:10419/103454.
  23. ↑ Radkau, Joachim (2010). "Wachstum oder Niedergang: ein Grundgesetz der Geschichte?". In Seidl, Irmi; Zahrnt, Angelika (eds.). Postwachstumsgesellschaft: Konzepte für die Zukunft. Marburg: Metropolis. pp. 37–52. ISBN   978-3-89518-811-4.
  24. ↑ Marx, Karl (1965). Das Kapital, Band 1. Dietz. p. 618.
  25. ↑ Marx, Karl (1906). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Modern Library. p. 649.
  26. ↑ Pineault, Eric (2019). "From Provocation to Challenge: Degrowth, Capitalism and the Prospect of "Socialism without Growth": A Commentary on Giorgios Kallis". Capitalism Nature Socialism . 30 (2): 251–266. doi:10.1080/10455752.2018.1457064. S2CID   150255333.
  27. ↑ Blauwhof, Frederik Berend (December 2012). "Overcoming accumulation: Is a capitalist steady-state economy possible?". Ecological Economics . 84 (84): 254–261. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.03.012.
  28. ↑ Karathanassis, Athanasios (2015). Kapitalistische Naturverhältnisse. Ursachen von Naturzerstörungen – Begründungen einer Postwachstumsökonomie. VSA-Verlag. ISBN   978-3-89965-623-7.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Kallis, Giorgos; Kostakis, Vasilis; Lange, Steffen; Muraca, Barbara; Paulson, Susan; Schmelzer, Matthias (2018). "Research On Degrowth". Annual Review of Environment and Resources . 43 (1): 291–316. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025941 .
  30. ↑ Kallis, Giorgos (2019). "Socialism without growth". Capitalism Nature Socialism . 30 (2): 189–206. doi:10.1080/10455752.2017.1386695. S2CID   158796873.
  31. 1 2 Lawn, Philip (February 2011). "Is steady-state capitalism viable?: A review of the issues and an answer in the affirmative". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1219 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05966.x. PMID   21332490. S2CID   40089385.
  32. ↑ Richters, Oliver; Siemoneit, Andreas (2019). Marktwirtschaft reparieren: Entwurf einer freiheitlichen, gerechten und nachhaltigen Utopie. München: oekom. pp. 49–59. hdl:10419/213814. ISBN   978-3-96238-099-1.
  33. ↑ Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy . Harper & Brothers.
  34. 1 2 Richters, Oliver; Siemoneit, Andreas (2019). Marktwirtschaft reparieren: Entwurf einer freiheitlichen, gerechten und nachhaltigen Utopie. oekom. pp. 96–116. hdl:10419/213814. ISBN   978-3-96238-099-1.
  35. ↑ Hulten, Charles (2009). "Growth Accounting". NBER Working Paper (w15341). doi: 10.3386/w15341 .
  36. ↑ Blanchard, Olivier J. Macroeconomics. Pearson. chapter 12.
  37. ↑ Stern, David I. (2015). "Energy-GDP Relationship". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK: 1–19. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_3015-1. ISBN   978-1-349-95121-5.
  38. ↑ Jones, Charles I. (2005). "Growth and Ideas". In Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. (eds.). Handbook of Economic Growth. Vol. 2. Elsevier. pp. 1063–1111. doi:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01016-6. ISBN   978-0-444-52043-2.
  39. ↑ Rosen, Shervin (2008). "Human Capital". In Vernengo, Matias; Caldentey, Esteban Perez; Rosser Jr, Barkley J. (eds.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_743-2. ISBN   978-1-349-95121-5.
  40. ↑ Kümmel, Reiner (2011). The Second Law of Economics: Energy, Entropy, and the Origins of Wealth. Springer. ISBN   978-1-4419-9365-6.
  41. ↑ Kümmel, Reiner; Lindenberger, Dietmar (December 2014). "How energy conversion drives economic growth far from the equilibrium of neoclassical economics". New Journal of Physics . 16 (12): 125008. Bibcode:2014NJPh...16l5008K. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/16/12/125008 .
  42. ↑ Ayres, Robert U.; Warr, Benjamin (2009). The economic growth engine: how energy and work drive material prosperity. Edward Elgar. ISBN   978-1-84844-595-6.
  43. ↑ Ozturk, Ilhan (January 2010). "A literature survey on energy–growth nexus". Energy Policy . 38 (1): 340–349. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.024.
  44. ↑ Grahl, Jürgen; Kümmel, Reiner (2009). "Das Loch im Fass – Energiesklaven, Arbeitsplätze und die Milderung des Wachstumszwangs" (PDF). Wissenschaft und Umwelt Interdisziplinär: 195–212.
  45. ↑ Reichel, André (2013). "Betriebswirtschaftliche Perspektiven. Das Ende des Wirtschaftswachstums, wie wir es kennen". Ökologisches Wirtschaften (1): 15–18. doi: 10.14512/oew.v28i1.1262 .
  46. ↑ Posse, Dirk (2015). Zukunftsfähige Unternehmen in einer Postwachstumsgesellschaft. Vereinigung für Ökologische Ökonomie. hdl:10419/110257. ISBN   978-3-9811006-2-4.
  47. ↑ Gebauer, Jana; Lange, Steffen; Posse, Dirk (2017). "Wirtschaftspolitik für Postwachstum auf Unternehmensebene. Drei Ansätze zur Gestaltung". In Adler, Frank; Schachtschneider, Ulrich (eds.). Postwachstumspolitiken: Wege zur wachstumsunabhängigen Gesellschaft. oekom. pp. 239–253. ISBN   978-3-86581-823-2.
  48. 1 2 Binswanger, Hans Christoph (2009). Vorwärts zur Mäßigung. Perspektiven einer nachhaltigen Wirtschaft. Murmann. ISBN   978-3-86774-072-2.
  49. ↑ Scherhorn, Gerhard (2010). "Unternehmen ohne Wachstumszwang: Zur Ökonomie der Gemeingüter". In Seidl, Irmi; Zahrnt, Angelika (eds.). Postwachstumsgesellschaft: Konzepte für die Zukunft. Marburg: Metropolis. pp. 129–144. ISBN   978-3-89518-811-4.
  50. 1 2 Siemoneit, Andreas (2019). "An offer you can't refuse – Enhancing personal productivity through 'efficiency consumption'". Technology in Society. 59: 101181. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101181. hdl: 10419/201502 . S2CID   202269762. Preprint: ZOE Discussion Paper 3, January 2019, hdl: 10419/201502 .
  51. ↑ Blanchard, Olivier J.; Fischer, Stanley (1989). Lectures on Macroeconomics. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN   0-262-02283-4.
  52. ↑ Veblen, Thorstein (1899). The theory of the leisure class. An economic study in the evolution of institutions. The Macmillan Company.
  53. ↑ Hirsch, Fred (1976). Social Limits to Growth. Harvard University Press.
  54. ↑ Sturn, Simon; Treeck, Till van (2010). "Wachstumszwang durch Ungleichheit und Ungleichheit als Wachstumsbremse?" (PDF). SPW – Zeitschrift für sozialistische Politik und Wirtschaft. 177: 15–21.
  55. ↑ Rogall, Holger (2008). Ökologische Ökonomie. Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. p. 131. doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91001-7. ISBN   978-3-5311-6058-0.
  56. 1 2 Paech, Niko (2006). "Wirtschaften ohne Wachstumszwang". Ökologisches Wirtschaften . 21 (3): 30–33. doi: 10.14512/oew.v21i3.460 .
  57. ↑ Perrotta, Cosimo (2004). Consumption as an Investment. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-4153-0619-5.
  58. ↑ Schmelzer, Matthias (2015). "The growth paradigm: History, hegemony, and the contested making of economic growthmanship". Ecological Economics . 118: 262–271. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.029.
  59. 1 2 Schmelzer, Matthias (2016). The Hegemony of Growth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-3164-5203-5.
  60. ↑ Growth duty: statutory guidance, 30 March 2017.
  61. ↑ Stratmann-Mertens, Eckhard; Hickel, Rudolf; Priewe, Jan (1991). Wachstum: Abschied von einem Dogma: Kontroverse über eine ökologisch-soziale Wirtschaftspolitik. S. Fischer. ISBN   978-3-1003-1408-6.
  62. 1 2 Rivera, Manuel (January 2018). "Growth in parliament: Some notes on the persistence of a dogma". Futures. 95: 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2017.09.002 .
  63. ↑ Barry, John (2018). "A Genealogy of Economic Growth as Ideology and Cold War Core State Imperative". New Political Economy. 25 (1): 18–29. doi:10.1080/13563467.2018.1526268. S2CID   159024755.
  64. ↑ Seidl, Irmi; Zahrnt, Angelika (2010). "Staatsfinanzen und Wirtschaftswachstum". Postwachstumsgesellschaft: Konzepte für die Zukunft. Marburg: Metropolis. pp. 179–188. ISBN   978-3-89518-811-4.
  65. ↑ Höpflinger, François (2010). "Alterssicherungssysteme: Doppelte Herausforderung von demografischer Alterung und Postwachstum". In Seidl, Irmi; Zahrnt, Angelika (eds.). Postwachstumsgesellschaft: Konzepte für die Zukunft. Marburg: Metropolis. pp. 53–64. ISBN   978-3-89518-811-4.
  66. ↑ Rajan, Raghuram. "Going Bust for Growth". In Blanchard, Olivier; Rajan, Raghuram; Rogoff, Kenneth S.; Summers, Lawrence (eds.). Progress and Confusion: The State of Macroeconomic Policy. MIT Press. pp. 267–284.
  67. ↑ Antal, Miklós (2014). "Green goals and full employment: Are they compatible?". Ecological Economics . 107: 276–286. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.08.014.
  68. ↑ Antal, Miklós; van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. (2013). "Macroeconomics, financial crisis and the environment: Strategies for a sustainability transition". Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions . 6: 47–66. doi:10.1016/j.eist.2013.01.002. hdl: 10419/129023 .
  69. ↑ Jackson, Tim; Victor, Peter (2011). "Productivity and work in the 'green economy' – some theoretical reflections and empirical tests". Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions . 1 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/j.eist.2011.04.005. S2CID   150636345.
  70. ↑ Richters, Oliver; Siemoneit, Andreas (2017). "Wachstumszwänge: Ressourcenverbrauch und Akkumulation als Wettbewerbsverzerrungen". In Adler, Frank; Schachtschneider, Ulrich (eds.). Postwachstumspolitiken: Wege zur wachstumsunabhängigen Gesellschaft. oekom. pp. 169–182. hdl:10419/152267. ISBN   978-3-86581-823-2.
  71. ↑ D'Alisa, Giacomo; Demaria, Federico; Kallis, Giorgios (2015). Degrowth: A Vocabulary for a New Era. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-1380-0077-3.
  72. ↑ Videira, Nuno; Schneider, François; Sekulova, Filka; Kallis, Giorgos (2014). "Improving understanding on degrowth pathways: an exploratory study using collaborative causal models". Futures. 55: 58–77. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2013.11.001.
  73. 1 2 Ferguson, Peter (2013). "Post-growth policy instruments". International Journal of Green Economics . 7 (4): 405–421. doi:10.1504/IJGE.2013.058560.
  74. ↑ Richters, Oliver; Siemoneit, Andreas (2019). Marktwirtschaft reparieren: Entwurf einer freiheitlichen, gerechten und nachhaltigen Utopie. oekom. pp. 96–153. hdl:10419/213814. ISBN   978-3-96238-099-1.
  75. ↑ Stratford, Beth (March 2020). "The Threat of Rent Extraction in a Resource-constrained Future". Ecological Economics . 169: 106524. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106524 .
  76. 1 2 Onken, Werner (1992). Gerechtes Geld – gerechte Welt: Auswege aus Wachstumszwang und Schuldenkatastrophe: 1891–1991. 100 Jahre Gedanken zu einer natürlichen Wirtschaftsordnung. Verlag für Sozialökonomie. ISBN   978-3-87998-433-6.
  77. 1 2 Strunz, Sebastian; Bartkowski, Bartosz; Schindler, Harry (2017). "Mythos monetärer Wachstumszwang. Am Gelde hängt doch alles?". Ökologisches Wirtschaften . 32 (1): 23–25. doi: 10.14512/OEW320123 .
  78. ↑ Douthwaite, Richard (2000). The ecology of money. Green Books. ISBN   978-1-8700-9881-6.
  79. ↑ Lietaer, Bernard; Arnsperger, Christian; Goerner, Sally; Brunnhuber, Stefan (2012). Money and Sustainability: The Missing Link. Triarchy Press. ISBN   978-1-908009-75-3.
  80. ↑ Walter, Johann (2011). "Geldordnung – eine ordnungspolitische Analyse". Wirtschaftsdienst . 91 (8): 543–549. doi:10.1007/s10273-011-1260-4. hdl: 10419/88820 . S2CID   154298933.
  81. ↑ Suhr, Dieter (1986). Befreiung der Marktwirtschaft vom Kapitalismus. Monetäre Studien zur sozialen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Vernunft (PDF). Basis Verlag. pp. 47ff. ISBN   3-88025-415-X.
  82. ↑ Bender, Harald; Bernholt, Norbert; Simon, Klaus (2014). Das dienende Geld: die Befreiung der Wirtschaft vom Wachstumszwang. oekom. ISBN   978-3-86581-471-5.
  83. ↑ Creutz, Helmut (1994). Das Geldsyndrom. Wege zu einer krisenfreien Marktwirtschaft. Ullstein. ISBN   978-3-548-35456-9.
  84. ↑ Kennedy, Margrit (1991). Geld ohne Zinsen und Inflation. Ein Tauschmittel, das jedem dient. Goldmann. pp. 26–7. ISBN   978-3-442-12341-4.
  85. ↑ Farley, Joshua; Burke, Matthew; Flomenhoft, Gary; Kelly, Brian; Murray, D. Forrest; Posner, Stephen; Putnam, Matthew; Scanlan, Adam; Witham, Aaron (June 2013). "Monetary and Fiscal Policies for a Finite Planet". Sustainability . 5 (6): 2802–2826. doi: 10.3390/su5062802 .
  86. ↑ Beltrani, Guido (1999). Monetäre Aspekte des Wirtschaftswachstums. Universität St. Gallen. OCLC   722449216.
  87. ↑ Binswanger, Mathias (May 2015). "The growth imperative revisited: a rejoinder to Gilányi and Johnson". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics . 37 (4): 648–660. doi:10.1080/01603477.2015.1050333. S2CID   54606846.
  88. ↑ Binswanger, Mathias; Beltrani, Guido; Kölbl, Robert (2010). "Warum müssen moderne Geldwirtschaften wachsen?". In Aubauer, Hans Peter; Knoflacher, Hermann; Woltron, Klaus (eds.). Kapitalismus gezähmt? Sozialer Wohlstand innerhalb der Naturgrenzen. Peter Lang. pp. 203–231. ISBN   978-3-631-58919-9.
  89. 1 2 3 4 Richters, Oliver; Siemoneit, Andreas (June 2017). "Consistency and Stability Analysis of Models of a Monetary Growth Imperative". Ecological Economics . 136: 114–125. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.017. hdl: 10419/144750 . Preprint: VÖÖ Discussion Paper 1, February 2016, hdl: 10419/144750 .
  90. ↑ Binswanger, Hans Christoph (2013). The Growth Spiral: Money, Energy, and Imagination in the Dynamics of the Market Process. Springer. p. 131. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31881-8. ISBN   978-3-642-31881-8.
  91. ↑ Binswanger, Hans Christoph (2006). Die Wachstumsspirale. Geld, Energie und Imagination in der Dynamik des Marktprozesses. Marburg: Metropolis. p. 331. ISBN   3-89518-554-X.
  92. 1 2 Binswanger, Mathias (2009). "Is there a growth imperative in capitalist economies? a circular flow perspective". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics . 31 (4): 707–727. doi:10.2753/PKE0160-3477310410. S2CID   54702411.
  93. ↑ Binswanger, Mathias (2019). Der Wachstumszwang: Warum die Volkswirtschaft immer weiterwachsen muss, selbst wenn wir genug haben. Wiley-CVH. p. 275. ISBN   978-3-527-50975-1.
  94. ↑ Richters, Oliver (2019). "Review of Mathias Binswanger's Der Wachstumszwang". Ökologisches Wirtschaften (3): 53–55.
  95. 1 2 3 Berg, Matthew; Hartley, Brian; Richters, Oliver (2015). "A Stock-Flow Consistent Input-Output Model with Applications to Energy Price Shocks, Interest Rates, and Heat Emissions". New Journal of Physics . 17 (1): 015011. Bibcode:2015NJPh...17a5011B. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/17/1/015011 . hdl: 10419/224923 .
  96. ↑ Gilányi, Zsolt (2018). "Comment on Johnson's creating dimensional stock-flow inconsistency in Binswanger's model". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics . 42 (2): 319–327. doi:10.1080/01603477.2018.1431791. S2CID   158184441.
  97. ↑ Johnson, A. Reeves (2018). "Response to "Comment on Johnson's creating dimensional stock-flow inconsistency in Binswanger's model"". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics . 42 (2): 328–334. doi:10.1080/01603477.2018.1458631. S2CID   158990885.
  98. ↑ Jackson, Tim; Victor, Peter (December 2015). "Does credit create a 'growth imperative'? A quasi-stationary economy with interest-bearing debt". Ecological Economics . 120: 32–48. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.09.009. Preprint: PASSAGE Working Paper 15/01. Guildford: University of Surrey.
  99. 1 2 Cahen-Fourot, Louison; Lavoie, Marc (June 2016). "Ecological monetary economics: A post-Keynesian critique". Ecological Economics . 126: 163–168. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.007.
  100. 1 2 Strunz, Sebastian; Bartkowski, Bartosz; Schindler, Harry (2017). "Is there a monetary growth imperative?". In Victor, Peter A.; Dolter, Brett (eds.). Handbook on growth and sustainability (PDF). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. pp. 326–355. doi:10.4337/9781783473564.00024. hdl:10419/108971. ISBN   978-1-7834-7356-4. Preprint: UFZ Discussion Papers 5/2015, hdl: 10419/108971 .
  101. ↑ Binswanger, Mathias (2019). Der Wachstumszwang: Warum die Volkswirtschaft immer weiterwachsen muss, selbst wenn wir genug haben. Wiley-CVH. ISBN   978-3-527-50975-1.
  102. ↑ Fontana, Giuseppe; Sawyer, Malcolm (September 2016). "Full Reserve Banking: More 'Cranks' Than 'Brave Heretics'" (PDF). Cambridge Journal of Economics . 40 (5): 1333–1350. doi:10.1093/cje/bew016.
  103. ↑ Carnevali, Emilio; Deleidi, Matteo; Pariboni, Riccardo; Veronese Passarella, Marco (2019). "Stock-Flow Consistent Dynamic Models: Features, Limitations and Developments". In Arestis, Philip; Sawyer, Malcolm (eds.). Frontiers of Heterodox Macroeconomics. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 223–276. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23929-9_6. ISBN   978-3-030-23928-2. S2CID   202959298..
  104. ↑ WissenschaftlerInnen fordern Abkehr vom Wachstumszwang, wachstumsimwandel.at, Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus, September 20, 2018.
  105. ↑ "Konkrete Schritte für eine Gesellschaft und Impulse für eine gemeinsame gesellschaftliche Vision jenseits von Wachstumszwängen standen im Mittelpunkt der Degrowth-Konferenz 2014." Dokumentation: Degrowth 2014, Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung.
  106. ↑ Daniel Constein, Nina Treu: "The focus of this Fourth International Conference on Degrowth for Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity will be on concrete steps towards a society beyond the imperative of growth." Programme of the International Conference on Degrowth  [ de ] 2014, p. 3. www.degrowth.info. Accessed February 6, 2019.
  107. ↑ Jenseits des Wachstumszwangs – Globale Armut und Naturzerstörung solidarisch überwinden, attac Germany. Accessed February 6, 2019.
  108. ↑ Wohlstand ohne Wachstumszwang, basic programme of Ecological Democratic Party Germany 2016. Accessed February 6, 2019.
  109. ↑ Federal board of Alliance 90/The Greens: Neue Zeiten. Neue Antworten. April 6, 2018. Accessed February 6, 2019.
  110. ↑ Loske, Reinhard (2011). Abschied vom Wachstumszwang. Konturen einer Politik der Mäßigung (2 ed.). Basilisken Presse. ISBN   978-3941365117.
  111. ↑ Ulrich Schulte: Ausrichtung der Grünen: Die Möchtegern-Liberalen. die tageszeitung , September 26, 2018.
  112. ↑ Abschlussbericht der Enquete-Kommission Wachstum, Wohlstand, Lebensqualität, Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 17/13300. p. 749: es müsse "die Frage beantwortet werden, ob ein Fortschritt, der innovativ und integrativ, sozial gerecht und ökologisch verträglich ist, ohne Wachstumszwang möglich ist."
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.