Guantanamo military commission

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Court room where initial Guantanamo military commissions convened. Guantanamo court room.jpg
Court room where initial Guantanamo military commissions convened.

The Guantanamo military commissions were established by President George W. Bush through a military order on November 13, 2001, to try certain non-citizen terrorism suspects at the Guantanamo Bay prison. [1] To date, there have been a total of eight convictions in the military commissions, six through plea agreements. Several of the eight convictions have been overturned in whole or in part on appeal by U.S. federal courts.

Contents

There are five cases currently ongoing in the commissions and another two pending appeal, including United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.—the prosecution of the detainees alleged to be most responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks. None of those five cases has yet gone to trial.

History

As explained by the Congressional Research Service, the United States first used military commissions to try enemy belligerents accused of war crimes during the occupation in Mexico in 1847, made use of them in the Civil War and in the Philippine Insurrection, and then again in the aftermath of World War II. [2] In Ex parte Quirin , 317 U.S. 1 (1942), the United States Supreme Court upheld the jurisdiction of a military tribunal over eight German saboteurs captured in the United States during World War II. [3] Quirin has been cited as a precedent for the trial by military commission of unlawful combatants. For the next fifty years, however, the U.S. relied on its established federal court and military justice systems to prosecute alleged war crimes and terrorism offenses.

On November 13, 2001, President Bush issued a military order governing the "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism". [4] The order effectively established the military commissions at Guantanamo Bay, which began in 2004 with charges against four Guantanamo detainees.

In 2006, the US Supreme Court struck down the military commissions (in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ), determining that the commissions violated both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the 1949 Geneva Conventions. In response, and in order to permit the commissions to go forward, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA). Congress significantly amended the MCA in 2009. In 2019, exercising authority granted to him under the MCA, the Secretary of Defense published an updated Manual for Military Commissions, which sets forth the current procedures that govern the commissions.

Costs

According to the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), from fiscal years 2012 to 2018 the Department of Defense spent $679.6 million on the military commissions. Defense Department officials told GAO that the department plans to spend almost $1 billion more from fiscal year 2019 through at least fiscal year 2023. [5]

Commission cases and status

Of the 779 men detained at Guantanamo at some point since the prison opened on January 11, 2002, only 32 have been charged by military commissions. Charges were dismissed in 12 of those cases, and stayed in another. The U.S. government has procured eight convictions total, six of which were achieved through plea agreements. U.S. federal courts have overturned several of the eight convictions in whole or in part.

There are five cases currently ongoing in the commissions—and another two pending appeal—including United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al. —the prosecution of the detainees alleged to be most responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks. None of those five cases has yet gone to trial.

On July 9, 2021, Brig. Gen. Mark Martins – the chief prosecutor for the military commissions since March 2009 – announced his retirement. That same day, The New York Times reported that "General Martins submitted his retirement papers ... after repeatedly butting heads with Biden administration lawyers over positions his office had taken on the applicable international law and the Convention Against Torture at the Guantánamo court, according to senior government officials with knowledge of the disputes." [6]

Active cases and pending appeals

AccusedAllegationsCase status
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

Walid Bin 'Attash

Ali Abdul Aziz Ali

Mustafa al-Hawsawi

Ramzi Binalshibh

Varying levels of direct and indirect involvement in planning, funding, and otherwise facilitating the September 11, 2001 attacks that killed 2,997 people.were referred to the Capital Military Commission on April 4, 2012.

The case remains in pre-trial hearings.

No trial has been date set.

Abd al Rahim al Nashiri Alleged to have planned, organized, and directed the October 12, 2000 attack against the USS Cole while in port in Aden, Yemen, killing 17 sailors and injuring many more.

Alleged to have planned, organized, and directed the October 6, 2002 attack against the French supertanker MV Limburg, killing one, injuring 12, and spilling 90,000 barrels of oil into Gulf.

referred to a Capital Military Commission on September 28, 2011.

The case remains in pre-trial hearings

No trial has been date set.

Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi Alleged to have been an organizer and senior leader of al Qaeda and liaison to the Taliban., and to have participated to varying degrees in attacks against U.S. forces.referred to non-capital Military Commission on June 2, 2014.

The case remains in pretrial proceedings.

Encep Nurjaman, a/k/a "Hambali"

Mohammed Nazir Bin Lep, a/k/a "Lillie"

Mohamad Farik Amin, a/k/a "Zubair"

Alleged to have played various roles in the bombing of nightclubs in Bali, Indonesia in 2002 and the bombing of a J.W. Marriott hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2003.Charges referred (Zubon January 21, 2021.
Ali al-Bahlul Alleged to have received military training in Afghanistan and to have acted as a "media secretary" for Osama bin Ladenreferred on February 26, 2008.

Convicted of all counts in 2008.

Convictions for solicitation and material support for terrorism vacated and conviction for conspiracy sustained on plain error review by D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2016.

Petition for certoriari filed in the Supreme Court on August 24, 2021.

Omar Khadr

Repatriated to Canada

At age 15, alleged to have thrown a grenade – during a July 2002 U.S. military raid on a suspected al Qaeda compound in Afghanistan – that resulted in the death of a U.S. soldier.referred on April 24, 2007.

Pled guilty to all counts in 2010.

Sued the Canadian government for violating his constitutional rights, and obtained an apology and a multimillion-dollar settlement.

On appeal in the Court of Military Commission Review.

Ibrahim al Qosi

Repatriated to Sudan

Alleged to have served as a driver, logistician, and cook for Osama bin Laden and the residents of an al-Qaeda compound in Afghanistan.Petition for writ of mandamus in support of al Qosi's appeal rights filed on January 4, 2013.

Pled guilty to all counts in 2010.

Petition for writ of mandamus in support of al Qosi's appeal rights filed on January 4, 2013.

Appeal dismissed by D.C. Circuit on October 27, 2020.

Closed, inactive, and dismissed cases

AccusedCase status
Ahmed al Darbi

repatriated

Pled guilty. Findings and sentence approved by the Convening Authority

Transferred to Saudi Arabia per a pretrial agreement.

Majid Khan

repatriated

Pled guilty. Transferred to Belize after serving his sentence. [7]
Mohammed Hashim

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on May 20, 2009.

Transferred to Afghanistan.

Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani

serving sentence in federal prison

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on May 29, 2009.

Prosecution transferred to federal court (Southern District of New York).

Convicted of one count of conspiracy and sentenced to life imprisonment in federal prison.

Salim Hamdan

repatriated

Convicted of Material Support for Terrorism.

Transferred to Yemen after serving his sentence.

Conviction vacated by Hamdan v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2012).

David Hicks

repatriated

Pled guilty to all counts.

Transferred to Australia after serving his sentence.

Conviction vacated by the Court of Military commission Review pursuant to Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2014).

Noor Muhammed

repatriated

Pled guilty to all counts.

Transferred to Sudan after serving his sentence.

Charges subsequently dismissed by Convening Authority in light of Hamdan v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2012) and Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2014).

Mohammed Jawad

repatriated

Transferred to Afghanistan after federal court granted his petition for habeas corpus during pretrial proceedings.
Fouad al Rabia

repatriated

Transferred to Kuwait after federal court granted his petition for habeas corpus prior to trial.
Binyam Mohammed

repatriated

Transferred to England after charges dismissed by Convening Authority.
Obaidullah

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on June 7, 2011.

Transferred to Afghanistan.

Mohammed Kamin

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on December 3, 2009.

Transferred to Afghanistan.

Tarek El Sawah

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on March 1, 2012.

Transferred to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Faiz al Kandari

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority June 29, 2012.

Transferred to Kuwait.

Ghassan al SharbiCharges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 18, 2013.
Jabran al Qahtani

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 28, 2013.

Transferred to Saudi Arabia.

Sufyian BarhoumiCharges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 28, 2013.
Abdul Ghani

repatriated

Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on December 19, 2008.

Transferred to Afghanistan.

Abdul Zahir

resettled

Charges stayed indefinitely by the Appointing Authority on June 10, 2006.

Transferred to Oman.

Public access limitations

The Department of Defense currently facilitates public access to the military commissions, and to information about military commission proceedings, in the following ways: [8]

In practice, there are significant limitations associated with most of these access methods. Through the Fiscal Year 2018 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress required the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study the feasibility and advisability of expanding access to military commissions proceeding that are open to the public. GAO published its report in February, 2019. Its findings included: [8]

In-person viewing requires travel to Guantanamo, is limited to a narrow set of stakeholders, and is otherwise significantly burdensome in a number of respects.

Travel to Guantanamo is onerous, and logistics once there are difficult. The military commissions courtroom gallery limits attendance to 52 seats. Moreover, GAO notes that "while selected victims and family members and non-government stakeholders are able to view proceedings in-person [at Guantanamo] the vast majority of the general public cannot, due to DOD policy." [8]

The five CCTV sites are all located on military bases on the East Coast, significantly limiting access for both victims and their family members and the general public.

GAO noted that "victims and their family members are located throughout the world or are concentrated in areas of the United States that are a significant distance from one of these five locations." Moreover, some victims and family members reported that they or their relatives have been denied access to certain of the sites because, "according to DOD, they did not meet the department's definition of a victim or family member." [8]

Many court documents are not timely posted on the Office of Military Commissions website.

By regulation, the Defense Department is supposed to post court documents on the Office of Military Commissions website generally no later than 15 business days after they have been filed in court. However, GAO found that "DOD has generally not met this standard for the timely posting of documents, which substantially limits public access to information about proceedings." A sampling of over 11,000 filings from a six-month period in 2018 showed that, save for unofficial court transcripts from open hearing, filings were not posted until "almost four months to more than five months past DOD's timeliness standard." [8]

An enormous amount of information involved in commission proceedings remains secret, especially information related to post-9/11 U.S. torture.

Defense Department officials told GAO that "unlike most—if not all—federal criminal trials or courts-martial, commissions' court documents and proceedings regularly involve an unprecedented amount of classified information that cannot be shared with the public. For example, DOD officials told us that a substantial amount of evidence used in the commissions' proceedings relates to partially-classified activities conducted by intelligence agencies outside the department—such as the Central Intelligence Agency's former Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation Program." [8]

Consistent with GAO's findings, on August 4, 2021, 75 Members of Congress wrote to President Biden urging greater transparency in the military commissions process.

Comparisons to U.S. and international systems

United States justice systems

The United States has two parallel justice systems, with laws, statutes, precedents, rules of evidence, and paths for appeal. Under these justice systems, prisoners have certain rights. They have a right to know the evidence against them; they have a right to protect themselves against self-incrimination; they have a right to counsel; and they have a right to have the witnesses against them cross-examined.

The two parallel justice systems are the Judicial Branch of the U.S. Government, and a slightly streamlined justice system named the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) for people under military jurisdiction. People undergoing a military court martial are entitled to the same basic rights as those in the civilian justice system.

The Guantanamo military trials under the 2006 MCA do not operate according to either system of justice. The differences include:

International

International human rights law prohibits trying non-military personnel in military tribunals. The United States has also never ratified the International Criminal Court statute, and withdrew its original signature of accession when it feared repercussions of the Iraq War. [15]

Much like the military commissions, the International Criminal Court (ICC) trial procedures call for:

Criticisms

Many observers and stakeholders have expressed the view that the military commissions have failed. These observers and stakeholders include former senior U.S. government officials and military officers; [22] families of victims of the 9/11 attacks; [23] former military commission prosecutors; [24] [25] federal prosecutors; [26] prosecutors from the Nuremberg trials following World War II; [27] [28] academics; [29] Members of Congress; [30] human rights organizations; [31] and others. There has been outrage directed at the United States' usage of military commissions to try Guantanamo Bay detainees by the international community. Criticisms include that the militaries control of the trials has led to unfair results and procedures. The military tribunals secrecy, lack of habeas corpus, and overarching military control has led to criticisms against the US's usage of them. [32] [33]

In an amicus brief filed with the U.S. Supreme Court on August 20, 2021, September 11 Families for Peaceful Tomorrows – an organization of more than 250 family members of those killed in the attacks of September 11, 2001 – wrote the following:

"Through their collective experience, the pursuit of justice has appeared increasingly quixotic to the members of Peaceful Tomorrows, and they have lost confidence in the fairness and integrity of the Proceedings. As the twentieth anniversary of the September 11th attacks approaches, the members of Peaceful Tomorrows fear that the 9/11 Proceedings will never offer the justice they seek – namely, a fair trial that applies the rule of law to both sides and brings the defendants to justice. They also fear that the subjugation of the defendants' rights will result in a broader erosion of rights and undermine the historical legitimacy of the 9/11 Proceedings themselves." [23]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibrahim al Qosi</span> Sudanese al-Qaeda member

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References

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Further reading