HLA-DR4

Last updated
DR Illustration.PNG
human major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR4
Haplotypes groupsDRA*01:DRB1*04:01 to DRA*01:DRB1*04:13
Structure (See HLA-DR)
Identifiers
alpha *01:01
Symbol(s) HLA-DRA [ permanent dead link ]
EBI-HLA DRA*01:01
Identifiers
beta 1 *04:01 to *04:13
Symbol(s) HLA-DRB1 [ permanent dead link ]
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:01
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:02
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:03
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:04 Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:05
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:06
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:07 Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:08
EBI-HLA DRB1*04:09 Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
EBI-HLA DRB1*0410
EBI-HLA DRB1*0411
EBI-HLA DRB1*0412
EBI-HLA DRB1*0413
Shared data
Locus chr.6 6p21.31

HLA-DR4 (DR4) is an HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number of moderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the world.

Contents

Serology

DR4 serological recognition of the gene products of some DRB1*04 alleles [1]
DRB1*DR4Sample
allele %size (N)
04:01985118
04:02921029
04:0392748
04:04892164
04:0591505
04:068983
04:0786846
04:0886258
04:099513
04:108429
04:119376
04:12>501
04:13>303

The serological identification of DR4 is good. The serology of DRB1*04:17 to *04:60 is unknown.

Disease associations

By serotype

DR4 is associated with extraarticular [2] rheumatoid arthritis, [3] hydralazine-induced female systemic lupus erythematosus, [4] pemphigoid gestationis, [5] pemphigus foliaceus, [6] obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, [7] IgA nephropathy, [8] 'shared syndrome'-systemic sclerosis/rheumatoid arthritis [9] and polymyalgia rheumatica. [10]

By allele

DRB1*04 is associated with increased risk for alopecia areata. [11]

DRB1*04:01 is associated with multiple sclerosis, [12] rheumatoid arthritis, [13] type 1 diabetes, [14] [15] lyme disease induced arthritis. [16] HLA-DRB1*04:01 gene variant is found three times more often in asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 than in patients with symptoms of COVID-19. It is known that the prevalence of the HLA-DRB1*04:01 variant directly correlates with the latitude and longitude of the population. This variant of the gene is more common in northern and western Europe, which means that people of European descent are more likely to be asymptomatic carriers that can transmit the disease to more susceptible populations. [17]

DRB1*04:02: drug-triggered [18] /idiopathic pemphigus vulgaris, [19] [20] type 1 diabetes, [15] SLE associated anti-cardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein I. [21]

DRB1*04:03: polycystic ovary syndrome, [22] SLE associated anti-cardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein I. [23]

DRB1*04:04: anti-citrullinated fibrinogen [24] in rheumatoid arthritis, [13] autoimmune hepatitis. [25]

DRB1*04:05: rheumatoid arthritis, [26] Autoimmune hepatitis, [27] type 1 diabetes. [14] [15]

DRB1*04:06: caspase-8 autoantibodies silicosis-systemic sclerosis (SSc)-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). [28]

DRB1*04:09: T. cruzi infection with cardiomyopathy. [29]

By haplotype

DR4-DQ8 is a risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma, [30] juvenile diabetes, coeliac disease and rheumatoid arthritis. [31]

DRB1*04:DQA1*03:03-DQB1*04:01 haplotype: type III autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, [32] autoimmune hepatitis, [33] autoimmune pancreatitis. [34]

DRB1*04:DQA1*03-DQB1*03:02 haplotype: Type 1 diabetes [35] [36] with DRB1*04:01, *04:05, *04:02 increasing risk when DQ8 is present. [37]

By genotype

DRB1*01:01/*04:04 and *01:01/*04:01 increases risk of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis, with ischemic heart disease and smoking. [38] these same genotypes are associated with rheumatoid vasculitis. [39]

Genetic linkage

DR4 Haplotypes
SerotypesDRADRB1DRB4
DR4-DR53 *01:01*04:01*01:03
*01:01*04:02*01
*01:01*04:03*01
*01:01*04:04*01
*01:01*04:05*01
SerotypesDQA1DQB1DRB1
DR4-DQ7 (7.3, 3)*03:03*03:01*04:01
DR4-DQ7 (8.1, 3)*03:01*03:02*04:01
*03:01*03:02*04:02
*03:01*03:02*04:04
DR4-DQ4 (4.3)*03:03*04:01*04:05
Serotypes HLA-A HLA-C HLA-B DRB1
A2-Cw10-B62(15)-DR4*02:01*03:04*1501*04:01
A2-Cw10-B60(40)-DR4*02:01*03:04*4001*04:02
A2-Cw5-B44(16)-DR4*02:01*05:01*44:02*04:01

Related Research Articles

HLA DR3-DQ2 is double serotype that specifically recognizes cells from individuals who carry a multigene HLA DR, DQ haplotype. Certain HLA DR and DQ genes have known involvement in autoimmune diseases. DR3-DQ2, a multigene haplotype, stands out in prominence because it is a factor in several prominent diseases, namely coeliac disease and juvenile diabetes. In coeliac disease, the DR3-DQ2 haplotype is associated with highest risk for disease in first degree relatives, highest risk is conferred by DQA1*0501:DQB1*0201 homozygotes and semihomozygotes of DQ2, and represents the overwhelming majority of risk. HLA DR3-DQ2 encodes DQ2.5cis isoform of HLA-DQ, this isoform is described frequently as 'the DQ2 isoform', but in actuality there are two major DQ2 isoform. The DQ2.5 isoform, however, is many times more frequently associated with autoimmune disease, and as a result to contribution of DQ2.2 is often ignored.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQ8</span>

HLA-DQ8 (DQ8) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. DQ8 is a split antigen of the DQ3 broad antigen. DQ8 is determined by the antibody recognition of β8 and this generally detects the gene product of DQB1*0302.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQ2</span>

HLA-DQ2 (DQ2) is a serotype group within HLA-DQ (DQ) serotyping system. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of β2 subset of DQ β-chains. The β-chain of DQ is encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ2 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*02 allele group. This group currently contains two common alleles, DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0202. HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQB1*02 are almost synonymous in meaning. DQ2 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA-DQA1 alleles, to form the cis-haplotype isoforms. These isoforms, nicknamed DQ2.2 and DQ2.5, are also encoded by the DQA1*0201 and DQA1*0501 genes, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQ4</span>

HLA-DQ4 (DQ4) is a serotype subgroup within HLA-DQ(DQ) serotypes. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of β4 subset of DQ β-chains. The β-chain of DQ is encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ4 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*04 allele group. This group currently contains 2 common alleles, DQB1*0401 and DQB1*0402. HLA-DQ4 and HLA-DQB1*04 are almost synonymous in meaning. DQ4 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA-DQA1 alleles, to form the cis-haplotype isoforms. These isoforms, nicknamed DQ4.3 and DQ4.4, are also encoded by the DQA1*0303 and DQA1*0401 genes, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQ6</span>

HLA-DQ6 (DQ6) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of β6 subset of DQ β-chains. The β-chain of DQ isoforms are encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ6 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1*06 allele group. This group currently contains many common alleles, DQB1*0602 is the most common. HLA-DQ6 and DQB1*06 are almost synonymous in meaning. DQ6 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA-DQA1 alleles, to form the cis-haplotype isoforms. For DQ6, however, cis-isoform pairing only occurs with DQ1 α-chains. There are many haplotypes of DQ6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQ9</span>

HLA-DQ9 (DQ9) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ (DQ) serotype group. DQ9 is a split antigen of the DQ3 broad antigen. DQ9 is determined by the antibody recognition of β9 and this generally detects the gene product of DQB1*0303.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQ1</span> Serotype that covers a broad range of HLA-DQ haplotypes.

HLA-DQ1 is a serotype that covers a broad range of HLA-DQ haplotypes. Historically it was identified as a DR-like alpha chain called DC1; later, it was among 3 types DQw1, DQw2 and DQw3. Of these three serotyping specificities only DQw1 recognized DQ alpha chain. The serotype is positive in individuals who bear the DQA1*01 alleles. The most frequently found within this group are: DQA1*0101, *0102, *0103, and *0104. In the illustration on the right, DQ1 serotyping antibodies recognizes the DQ α (magenta), where antibodies to DQA1* gene products bind variable regions close to the peptide binding pocket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR53</span>

HLA-DR53 is an HLA-DR serotype that recognizes gene products of HLA-DRB4 locus. There are 13 alleles at this locus that encode 7 proteins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR17</span>

HLA-DR17 (DR17) is an HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*0301 and *0304 gene products. DR17 is found at high frequency in Western Europe. DR17 is part of the broader antigen group HLA-DR3 and is very similar to the group HLA-DR18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR16</span>

HLA-DR16(DR16) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1601, *1602 and *1604 gene products. DR16 is found in the Mediterranean at modest frequencies. DR16 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR15 antigens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR15</span>

HLA-DR15 (DR15) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1501 to *1505 and *1507 gene products. DR15 is found at high levels from Ireland to Central Asia. DR15 is part of the older HLA-DR2 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR16 antigens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR14</span>

HLA-DR14(DR14) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1401 to *1408, *1410 to *1418, and other *14 gene products. DR14 serotype is a split antigen of the older HLA-DR6 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR13 antigens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR11</span>

HLA-DR11 (DR11) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1101 to *1110. DR11 serotype is a split antigen of the older HLA-DR5 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR12 antigens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR12</span>

HLA-DR12(DR12) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1201 to *1203, *1206. DR12 serotype is a split antigen of the older HLA-DR5 serotype group which also contains the similar HLA-DR11 antigens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR10</span>

HLA-DR10 (DR10) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1001 gene product.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR3</span>

HLA-DR3 is composed of the HLA-DR17 and HLA-DR18 split 'antigens' serotypes. DR3 is a component gene-allele of the AH8.1 haplotype in Northern and Western Europeans. Genes between B8 and DR3 on this haplotype are frequently associated with autoimmune disease. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4. Nearly half the US population has either DR3 or DR4, yet only a small percentage of these individuals will develop type 1 diabetes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DR1</span>

HLA-DR1 (DR1) is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*01 gene products. It has been observed to be common among centenarians.

In autoimmune disease, anti-apolipoprotein H (AAHA) antibodies, also called anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies, comprise a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. These antibodies are involved in sclerosis and are strongly associated with thrombotic forms of lupus. As a result AAHA are strongly implicated in autoimmune deep vein thrombosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HLA-DQB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, also known as HLA-DQB1, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic locus that contains this gene. The protein encoded by this gene is one of two proteins that are required to form the DQ heterodimer, a cell surface receptor essential to the function of the immune system.

HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype is a multigene haplotype that covers a majority of the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. A multigene haplotype is set of inherited alleles covering several genes, or gene-alleles; common multigene haplotypes are generally the result of descent by common ancestry. Chromosomal recombination fragments multigene haplotypes as the distance to that ancestor increases in number of generations.

References

  1. ↑ derived from IMGT/HLA
  2. ↑ Roudier J (2006). "HLA-DRB1 genes and extraarticular rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis Research & Therapy . 8 (1): 103. doi:10.1186/ar1886. PMC   1526581 . PMID   16542468.
  3. ↑ Winchester R (1981). "Genetic aspects of rheumatoid arthritis". Springer Semin Immunopathol. 4 (2): 89–102. doi:10.1007/BF01857089. PMID   6459655. S2CID   21303372.
  4. ↑ Batchelor J, Welsh K, Tinoco R, Dollery C, Hughes G, Bernstein R, Ryan P, Naish P, Aber G, Bing R, Russell G (1980). "Hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of HLA-DR and sex on susceptibility". Lancet. 1 (8178): 1107–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91554-8. PMID   6103441. S2CID   27312391.
  5. ↑ Shornick J, Jenkins R, Artlett C, Briggs D, Welsh K, Kelly S, Garvey M, Black M (1995). "Class II MHC typing in pemphigoid gestationis". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 20 (2): 123–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1995.tb02668.x. PMID   8565245. S2CID   10047304.
  6. ↑ Matsuyama M, Hashimoto K, Yamasaki Y, Shirakura R, Higuchi R, Miyajima T, Amemiya H (1981). "HLA-DR antigens in pemphigus among Japanese". Tissue Antigens. 17 (2): 238–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1981.tb00689.x. PMID   7233418. S2CID   40684479.
  7. ↑ Sakurami T, Ueno Y, Iwaki Y, Park M, Terasaki P, Saji H (1982). "HLA-DR specificities among Japanese with several autoimmune diseases". Tissue Antigens. 19 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01428.x. PMID   6954729.
  8. ↑ Kashiwabara H, Shishido H, Tomura S, Tuchida H, Miyajima T (1982). "Strong association between IgA nephropathy and HLA-DR4 antigen". Kidney Int. 22 (4): 377–82. doi: 10.1038/ki.1982.185 . PMID   6217371.
  9. ↑ Szücs G, Szekanecz Z, Zilahi E, et al. (2007). "Systemic sclerosis-rheumatoid arthritis overlap syndrome: a unique combination of features suggests a distinct genetic, serological and clinical entity". Rheumatology. 46 (6): 989–93. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kem021 . PMID   17384178.
  10. ↑ Page 255 in: Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) . Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-0-7817-7153-5.
  11. ↑ Entz P, Blaumeiser B, Betz RC, et al. (2006). "Investigation of the HLA-DRB1 locus in alopecia areata". European Journal of Dermatology . 16 (4): 363–7. PMID   16935791.
  12. ↑ Laroni A, Calabrese M, Perini P, Albergoni M, Ranzato F, Tiberio M, Battistin L, Gallo P (2006). "Multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diseases : Epidemiology and HLA-DR association in North-east Italy". J Neurol. 253 (5): 636–9. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0084-4. PMID   16502215. S2CID   35854155.
  13. 1 2 Angelini G, Morozzi G, Delfino L, Pera C, Falco M, Marcolongo R, Giannelli S, Ratti G, Ricci S, Fanetti G (1992). "Analysis of HLA DP, DQ, and DR alleles in adult Italian rheumatoid arthritis patients". Hum Immunol. 34 (2): 135–41. doi:10.1016/0198-8859(92)90039-P. PMID   1429034.
  14. 1 2 Fernandez-Viña M, Ramirez L, Raskin P, Stastny P (1993). "Genes for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of African-Americans". Tissue Antigens. 41 (2): 57–64. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1993.tb01980.x. PMID   8475491.
  15. 1 2 3 Undlien D, Friede T, Rammensee H, Joner G, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Søvik O, Akselsen H, Knutsen I, Rønningen K, Thorsby E (1997). "HLA-encoded genetic predisposition in IDDM: DR4 subtypes may be associated with different degrees of protection". Diabetes. 46 (1): 143–9. doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.1.143. PMID   8971095.
  16. ↑ Gross D, Forsthuber T, Tary-Lehmann M, Etling C, Ito K, Nagy Z, Field J, Steere A, Huber B (1998). "Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis". Science. 281 (5377): 703–6. Bibcode:1998Sci...281..703G. doi:10.1126/science.281.5377.703. PMID   9685265.
  17. ↑ Bourke SC, Lie Benedicte A, Reiff G, Natu S, Darlay R, Burn J, Echevarria C (2021). "The influence of HLA genotype on the severity of COVID-19 infection". HLA. 98 (1): 14–22. doi: 10.1111/tan.14284 . PMC   8251294 . PMID   33896121.
  18. ↑ Matzner Y, Erlich H, Brautbar C, Sanilevitch A, Landau M, Brenner S, Friedmann A (1995). "Identical HLA class II alleles predispose to drug-triggered and idiopathic pemphigus vulgaris". Acta Derm Venereol. 75 (1): 12–4. doi: 10.2340/00015555751214 . PMID   7747528.
  19. ↑ Sáenz-Cantele AM, Fernández-Mestre M, Montagnani S, Calebotta A, Balbas O, Layrisse Z (2007). "HLA-DRB1*0402 haplotypes without DQB1*0302 in Venezuelan patients with pemphigus vulgaris". Tissue Antigens. 69 (4): 318–325. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00826.x. PMID   17389015.
  20. ↑ Lee E, Lendas K, Chow S, Pirani Y, Gordon D, Dionisio R, Nguyen D, Spizuoco A, Fotino M, Zhang Y, Sinha A (2006). "Disease relevant HLA class II alleles isolated by genotypic, haplotypic, and sequence analysis in North American Caucasians with pemphigus vulgaris". Hum Immunol. 67 (1–2): 125–39. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2005.09.003. PMID   16698434.
  21. ↑ Galeazzi M, Sebastiani G, Tincani A, Piette J, Allegri F, Morozzi G, Bellisai F, Scorza R, Ferrara G, Carcassi C, Font J, Passiu G, Smolen J, Papasteriades C, Houssiau F, Nebro A, Ramon Garrido E, Jedryka-Goral A, Marcolongo R (2000). "HLA class II alleles associations of anticardiolipin antibodies". Lupus. 9 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1177/096120330000900109. PMID   10715100. S2CID   208624924.
  22. ↑ Kaibe M, Takakuwa K, Murakawa H, Ishii K, Tamura M, Tanaka K (2006). "Studies on the human leukocyte antigens in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in a Japanese population--possible susceptibility of HLA-A11 and -DRB1*0403 to patient population with polycystic ovary syndrome". Am J Reprod Immunol. 55 (4): 301–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00369.x. PMID   16533342. S2CID   34179090.
  23. ↑ Galeazzi M, Sebastiani G, Tincani A, Piette J, Allegri F, Morozzi G, Bellisai F, Scorza R, Ferrara G, Carcassi C, Font J, Passiu G, Smolen J, Papasteriades C, Houssiau F, Nebro A, Ramon Garrido E, Jedryka-Goral A, Marcolongo R (2000). "HLA class II alleles associations of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in a large series of European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus". Lupus. 9 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1177/096120330000900109. PMID   10715100. S2CID   208624924.
  24. ↑ Auger I, Sebbag M, Vincent C, Balandraud N, Guis S, Nogueira L, Svensson B, Cantagrel A, Serre G, Roudier J (2005). "Influence of HLA-DR genes on the production of rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies to citrullinated fibrinogen". Arthritis Rheum. 52 (11): 3424–32. doi:10.1002/art.21391. PMID   16255019.
  25. ↑ Vázquez-García M, Aláez C, Olivo A, Debaz H, Pérez-Luque E, Burguete A, Cano S, de la Rosa G, Bautista N, Hernández A, Bandera J, Torres L, Kershenobich D, Alvarez F, Gorodezky C (1998). "MHC class II sequences of susceptibility and protection in Mexicans with autoimmune hepatitis". J Hepatol. 28 (6): 985–90. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80347-4. PMID   9672174.
  26. ↑ Al-Swailem R, Al-Rayes H, Sobki S, Arfin M, Tariq M (2006). "HLA-DRB1 association in Saudi rheumatoid arthritis patients". Rheumatol Int. 26 (11): 1019–24. doi:10.1007/s00296-006-0119-2. PMID   16673133. S2CID   21900892.
  27. ↑ Ota M, Seki T, Kiyosawa K, Furuta S, Hino K, Kondo T, Fukushima H, Tsuji K, Inoko H (1992). "A possible association between basic amino acids of position 13 of DRB1 chains and autoimmune hepatitis". Immunogenetics. 36 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1007/BF00209292. PMID   1350267. S2CID   39851212.
  28. ↑ Ueki A, Isozaki Y, Kusaka M (2005). "Anti-caspase-8 autoantibody response in silicosis patients is associated with HLA-DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 alleles". J Occup Health. 47 (1): 61–7. doi: 10.1539/joh.47.61 . PMID   15703453.
  29. ↑ García Borrás S, Diez C, Cotorruelo C, et al. (2006). "HLA class II DRB1 polymorphism in Argentinians undergoing chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 43 (Pt 3): 214–6. doi:10.1258/000456306776865205. PMID   16704757. S2CID   41178678.
  30. ↑ Porto T, Coelho I, Boavida J, et al. (2006). "Association of HLA DQ4-DR8 haplotype with papillary thyroid carcinomas". Clin. Endocrinol. 64 (2): 179–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02445.x. PMID   16430717. S2CID   22695710.
  31. ↑ Singal D, Green D, Reid B, Gladman D, Buchanan W (1992). "HLA-D region genes and rheumatoid arthritis (RA): importance of DR and DQ genes in conferring susceptibility to RA". Ann Rheum Dis. 51 (1): 23–8. doi:10.1136/ard.51.1.23. PMC   1004612 . PMID   1371662.
  32. ↑ Hashimoto K, Maruyama H, Nishiyama M, Asaba K, Ikeda Y, Takao T, Iwasaki Y, Kumon Y, Suehiro T, Tanimoto N, Mizobuchi M, Nakamura T (2005). "Susceptibility alleles and haplotypes of human leukocyte antigen DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type III in Japanese population". Horm Res. 64 (5): 253–60. doi:10.1159/000089293. PMID   16254435. S2CID   43559284.
  33. ↑ Yoshizawa K, Ota M, Katsuyama Y, Ichijo T, Matsumoto A, Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K (2005). "Genetic analysis of the HLA region of Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis". J Hepatol. 42 (4): 578–84. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.019. hdl: 10091/219 . PMID   15763345.
  34. ↑ Kawa S, Ota M, Yoshizawa K, Horiuchi A, Hamano H, Ochi Y, Nakayama K, Tokutake Y, Katsuyama Y, Saito S, Hasebe O, Kiyosawa K (2002). "HLA DRB10405-DQB10401 haplotype is associated with autoimmune pancreatitis in the Japanese population". Gastroenterology. 122 (5): 1264–9. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.33022 . PMID   11984513.
  35. ↑ Park Y, Tait B, Kawasaki E, Rowley M, Mackay I (2004). "Closer association of IA-2 humoral autoreactivity with HLA DR3/4 than DQB1*0201/*0302 in Korean T1D patients". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1037 (1): 104–9. Bibcode:2004NYASA1037..104P. doi:10.1196/annals.1337.015. PMID   15699500. S2CID   38178367.
  36. ↑ Hermann R, Turpeinen H, Laine A, Veijola R, Knip M, Simell O, Sipilä I, Akerblom H, Ilonen J (2003). "HLA DR-DQ-encoded genetic determinants of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in Finland: an analysis of 622 nuclear families". Tissue Antigens. 62 (2): 162–9. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00071.x. PMID   12889996.
  37. ↑ Thomson G, Valdes AM, Noble JA, et al. (2007). "Relative predispositional effects of HLA class II DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and genotypes on type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis". Tissue Antigens. 70 (2): 110–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00867.x . PMID   17610416.
  38. ↑ Mattey DL, Thomson W, Ollier WE, et al. (2007). "Association of DRB1 shared epitope genotypes with early mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: results of eighteen years of followup from the early rheumatoid arthritis study". Arthritis Rheum. 56 (5): 1408–16. doi:10.1002/art.22527. PMID   17469097.
  39. ↑ Gorman JD, David-Vaudey E, Pai M, Lum RF, Criswell LA (2004). "Particular HLA-DRB1 shared epitope genotypes are strongly associated with rheumatoid vasculitis". Arthritis Rheum. 50 (11): 3476–84. doi:10.1002/art.20588. PMID   15529352.
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