Halliwick

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The Halliwick Concept focuses on biophysical principles of motor control in water, in particular developing sense of balance (equilibrioception) and core stability. The Halliwick Ten-Point-Programme implements the concept in a progressive programme of mental adjustment, disengagement, and development of motor control, with an emphasis on rotational control, and applies the programme to teach physically disabled people balance control, swimming, and independence. Halliwick Aquatic Therapy (also known as Water Specific Therapy, WST), implements the concept in patient-specific aquatic therapy for application in rehabilitation of injury and disability.

Contents

The Halliwick Concept

The Halliwick Concept was originally developed by fluid mechanics engineer James McMillan in the late 1940s and 1950s, at the Halliwick School for Girls with Disabilities in London, to teach physically disabled people independence in water. Based on fluid mechanics, McMillan developed teaching and therapeutic approaches to enhance sense of balance (equilibrioception) and core stability. [1] [2] [3]

According to the Halliwick Concept, physical properties of water form the basis for therapeutic intervention: [2]

The first part of the concept, the Halliwick Ten-Point-Programme, incorporates these biophysical principles and focuses on mental adjustment, disengagement, and development of motor control, with an emphasis on rotational control, and is applied to teach participation in water activities, moving independently in water, and swimming. McMillan emphasized participation and independence: the willingness to lose balance and knowing how to stand up again. [2]

The second part of the concept, Halliwick Aquatic Therapy (also known as Water Specific Therapy, WST), applies the fundamental biophysical principles and the underlying principles of the Ten-Point-Programme for planning and implementing patient-specific aquatic therapy. [2]

Technique

The Halliwick Ten-Point-Programme

The first part of the Halliwick Concept implements the Halliwick Ten-Point-Programme to develop balance control, swimming skills, and independence: [2]

  1. Mental Adjustment: adjusting turbulence and buoyancy, learning breath control, cultivating confidence and good attitude.
  2. Disengagement: reducing reliance on instructor, changing instructors, practicing independently.
  3. Transversal Rotation Control: learning movement in the sagittal plane around a transverse axis, in particular, regaining the upright position from the horizontal position, and the horizontal position from the upright position; eventually learning somersaulting.
  4. Sagittal Rotation Control: learning movement in the transverse plane around a sagittal axis, controlling activities that involve trunk side flexion, such as side stepping.
  5. Longitudinal Rotation Control: learning movement around a longitudinal axis, controlling activities that involve rolling over.
  6. Combined Rotation Control: learning to control any combination of rotations executed in a single movement; once learned a swimmer can control position in pool and is safe.
  7. Upthrust or Mental Inversion: learning about buoyancy, in particular that water always pushes up.
  8. Balance in Stillness: learning to maintain a relaxed body while floating and with turbulence.
  9. Turbulent Gliding: learning to control the position of the body while being moved by the instructor.
  10. Simple Progression and Basic Swimming Movement: progressing from simple propulsive movements to coordinated arm, leg, head, and torso movements required for swimming.

Halliwick Aquatic Therapy

The second part of the Halliwick Concept, known as Halliwick Aquatic Therapy (also called Water Specific Therapy, WST) is an aquatic therapy approach developed in Bad Ragaz, Switzerland since 1974. Halliwick Aquatic Therapy is a system-oriented aquatic motor (re)learning approach, which includes elements of the Ten-Point-Programme. It uses a holistic task-directed approach within the context of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), in particular postural control, normalizing muscle stiffness, and facilitation of movement to attain functional goals on land. It also follows training guidelines of physiology and its clinical reasoning in various patient populations. [4] Most Halliwick therapy is active (dynamic) to facilitate movement and sensory input. Halliwick also has a passive (static) component, in which, for example, involving selective activation of muscles and stabilization of specific joints by the therapist. Halliwick Aquatic Therapy is a problem-solving approach, in that specific possibilities and constraints of the client are analyzed in order to plan a systematic intervention to help the client gain functional increases. [2]

Applications

The Halliwick Ten-Point-Programme has been applied for teaching swimming to people with disability, as well as more broadly as a general approach to teaching swimming and working with disability.

Halliwick Aquatic Therapy has mainly used in neurorehabilitation and pediatrics. It has resemblances to Bobath and Conductive education. In neurological and paediatric rehabilitation, clients can experience early mobility. [5] The mechanical advantages of water support the abilities of the trunk in a mobilising and stabilising way. In this sense, Halliwick is a constraint-induced movement therapy without the disadvantage of gravity compensation. Many activities easily can be repeated and varied, and clients can learn balance- and stumble- strategies, which have carry-over effects to dry land. This application in fall prevention is extended by using obstacle courses or Ai Chi. [6]

Halliwick also enables a graded activity programme: with low mechanical impact and increasing physiological demand, chronic low back pain patients and others can increase their functional capacity in a mostly joyful way.

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Watsu is a form of aquatic bodywork used for deep relaxation and passive aquatic therapy. Watsu is characterized by one-on-one sessions in which a practitioner or therapist gently cradles, moves, stretches, and massages a receiver in chest-deep warm water.

The Bad Ragaz Ring Method (BRRM) is a type of aquatic therapy used for physical rehabilitation based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). BRRM is a water-based technique in which therapist-assisted strengthening and mobilizing exercises are performed while the patient lies horizontally in the water, with support provided by rings or floats around the neck, arms, pelvis, and legs.

Ai Chi is a form of aquatic exercise used for recreation, relaxation, fitness, and physical rehabilitation. Clinical Ai Chi is distinguished as a specialized, active form of aquatic therapy. In essence, Ai Chi uses breathing techniques and progressive resistance training in water to relax and strengthen the body, based on elements of qigong and Tai chi chuan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogymnastics</span>

Hydrogymnastics is a water-based therapeutic exercise. As its name suggests, this form of aquatic therapy or aquatic rehabilitation is performed in water, and it can take place in swimming pools at aquatic leisure centres and/or in home pools. Being a form of aquatic therapy, hydrogymnastics aims to improve the physical and psychological health and well-being of an individual. Hydrogymnastics can be performed by anyone, including youths, middle-aged people, the elderly, athletes and those with disabilities. Hydrogymnastics is often assisted by a qualified aquatic therapist and/or exercise physiologist. Although the effects of hydrogymnastics may vary between individuals belonging to different age groups and genders, hydrogymnastics mainly improves one's cardiovascular fitness, strength, balance and mobility.

References

  1. ↑ Dutton, M. 2011. Orthopaedics for the physical therapist assistant. p 187 Halliwick Concept. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN   978-0763797553.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ainslie, T. 2012. The concise guide to physiotherapy - 2-volume set: Assessment and Treatment. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp 1106-1116 (Halliwick Concept). ISBN   9780702053030.
  3. ↑ Lambeck, J and Gamper U. 2011. The Halliwick Concept. In: Becker, BE and Cole, AJ and (eds). 2011. Comprehensive aquatic therapy, 3rd edition. Washington State University Press. ISBN   978-0615365671.
  4. ↑ "Bad Ragaz Ring Method Group". www.badragazringmethod.org. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  5. ↑ "Aquatic Therapy versus conventional land-based therapy for body". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2018-05-12.
  6. ↑ Noh DG, Lim JY, Shin HI, Paik NJ. 2008. The effect of aquatic therapy on postural balance and muscular strength in stroke survivors - a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 22: 966-976.
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