A Moroccan concept known as the Halqa is people's theater, with the Helayqi (the performer) positioned in the center of the audience circle. This phrase has long been linked to the richness of Moroccan storytelling, dancing, singing, and music as intangible cultural assets.[1]
This type of social gathering slid into Moroccan popular culture over time, taking on a unique identity and becoming an intangible cultural asset. The Halqa is a custom that is deeply ingrained in Moroccan culture and is associated with a specific geographic area in Moroccan society. The anthropological interest in the traditions related to the location—dubbed the "place of memory," by Pierre Nora—rose from this.
The word "Halqa" (plural: "Helaki"), which means "a circle" in Arabic, describes the arrangement of spectators or listeners (forming a circular shape) around an individual or group of individuals who are giving a speech or putting on a show. As a result, anything that has a round or semi-circular shape can utilize this name. It is well known in the Arab world that in the past, classes in the medrassa(schools) took the form of a circle, with students sitting in a semicircle around their teacher. The so-called Agora, a type of meeting, was also common in ancient Greek society.
History
Groups of Halaqi formed around the artists of the Halqa in Jemaa El Fna square in Marrakesh in the years 1930-31
According to certain historical accounts, the art of the halqa in Morocco began in the Jemaa el-Fna plaza of Marrakech in the 19th century AD before spreading to the other cities. Particularly in its weekly Souq marketplaces, which attracted visitors from many neighboring cities.
and the origins of this kind of popular theater can be traced back to a long-standing ritualistic practice carried out by the local Arab, Jewish, or Berber communities. [1]
Experts in mime, storytelling, and acrobatics oversee the Halqa presentation, which takes place in major cities' markets and squares like Bab al-Saqma, Bab al-Futuh, Bab 'Ajisah in Fez, or al-Hedim square, Bab Mansour al-'Alaj in Meknes, and Jemaa el-Fna Square in Marrakech. The performances combine humor, drama, poetry, singing, dance, storytelling, and occasionally even audience participation. The Halqa frequently personifies Arab and Amazigh myths and legends that are influenced by the rich Moroccan culture.
Regarding the Lbsat, or jokes or teases, they were originally just customary parodies meant to amuse the populace as well as entertain sultans and politicians. Examples of these were narrating the story of the Balarj through the melodies of the flute and the ringtones of the bendir.
The first Lbsat theatrical concerts were held in front of Sultan Muhammad bin Abdullah in Morocco and served as an enjoyable means of instruction and sermonizing. With time and with the sultans' support, this little show evolved into a work of art.
These Halayqiya artists came to Rabat on the occasion of Ashura, so they went to the royal palace in an atmosphere of humor and fun amidst the curiosity of adults and children,[2] and when they reach the royal palace, they began to perform their shows.[3]
Artist specialized in monkey shows at El-Hedim Square in Meknes
If each group has its own characteristics that distinguish it, the people of Fez have specialized in imitation. It is said that the themes of the sketches they presented became social and patriotic in addition to their comedic character.[2] These sketches dealt with social issues presented in an amusing form in front of the king who is aware of the hidden dramas of their owners, so he researches these issues and empowers the owners of their rights.[3]
In 2003, UNESCO considered the Jemaa el-Fna square as a cultural space and a form of cultural expression, and a masterpiece of oral tradition. Out of 32 files, 19 were selected, including the Jemaa el-Fna square file, as a place that shines in various types of intangible heritage.[4]
This art has known periods of ups and downs, and has begun to gradually disappear in certain Moroccan cities. In addition to a few spaces, the Jemaa el-Fna square in Marrakech, which has been labeled by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage 2008, is still the vital cradle that embraces the pioneers of Halqa art with wonderful stories of local oral heritage or acrobatic movements performed by young men who never entered a sports institute, but inherited a gestural heritage traditional which is specific to certain tribes.[5]
The traditional storytelling
Definition
El-Hedim square in Meknes
The traditional storytelling is defined as a narrative heritage that is part of Moroccan folk oral literature. It is transmitted from generation to generation orally, and is usually presented in the form of a story, a riddle or a fable, the purpose of which is to draw a lesson at the end. It is one of the most important means of transmitting culture and moral values to future generations.
Traditional storytelling in the Marrakesh community
The traditional storytelling is part of the identity of the Marrakchi community. The art of storytelling circulated among people, in a family form, before the Halqa of the storyteller of Jemaa El-Fna square became one of the most important constituent elements of the activities of this square. As a result, storytelling has become an important part of intangible heritage.[6]
Lhlaiqi
Djemaa el Fna, Marrakesh
He humorously and ironically speaks to all the generations gathered around him through valiant acts and skillfully constructed speech. In exchange for a few pennies or simply well wishes, he performs, talks a lot, speaks to animals who follow his instructions, makes fun of bystanders, plays the fool, discusses politics, mimics sounds, and performs gymnastics.
On rare occasions, this figure is joined by female dancers, musical instruments, or non-human helpers like submissive dogs, domesticated snakes, or well-behaved monkeys and donkeys that are able to carry out amazing feats and comprehend the master's language.[7]
Mohammed Bariz
Muhammad Bariz was born in 1959 in Marrakech. He was influenced by his mother's tales and by the most famous storyteller of his time, Moulay Muhammad al-Jabri. He entered the realm of storytelling through its wide doors in 1969, mastering the art of storytelling, and the method of maintaining balance of the Ḥalqa through his storytelling and oral theatrical embodiment. His repertoire has remained filled to this day with the precious things he never ceases to tell. Over three decades, his storytelling legacy has endured, and he and others like him have preserved it in Jemaa El-Fna Square and passed it on to generations who now carry the torch of its enhancement and preservation.[8]
Moroccan woman and the traditionnal storytelling
Women have always been a source of inspiration for storytellers, their presence adding to the intrigue and suspense of storytelling. Not only she was one of its heroines of the tale, but she was the narrator of its events. As a result, women have had two fundamental roles in the transmission of oral tales throughout history: sometimes as a character helping to influence the course of events, and sometimes as the narrator of the tale herself.[9]
Women's leadership in conveying the traditional tales within Moroccan society
In a former era, women used to hold gatherings for storytelling in a closed, warm family atmosphere, as part of traditional rituals that are now on the verge of extinction, in which they celebrate the art of the storytelling with the company of the whole family.[9]
The storytelling gathering usually consisted of women and children, and every woman pours into it the stories she has in her chest. The woman narrator was that bridge through which the child crosses in his imagination the events of the story, to settle into slumber, and then sleep in stillness. Just like the lullabies that are sought for the infant before he surrenders to sleep.[9]
She was, and still, playing the role of the socialization of the child, starting from the lullabies of the cradle, to the riddles and stories of childhood, which inculcate in them the values of goodness and the principles of identity. The narrator transports them to the depth of imagination, so that she and her listeners have a collective imagination that is an outlet and a refuge to escape from the realistic void.[9]
Oral narration is a function that grandmothers and mothers took care of in the past. However, the common collective arena is not devoid of the presence of female storytellers and women narrators who practiced the art of storytelling by entering the Halqa, whether in the Jemaa El Fna square, or in the hospitality of the largest Riads of Marrakech , so they were artists, carrying the torch of this heritage, especially here as an example: the honorable storyteller called Lalla Ruqia, was about 111 years from now, she lived in the suite reserved for women at the Zaouia of Sidi Bel Abbes, where all the unmarried, poor, honorable women were gathered.[9]
Jmi'a and Zahra too learned the art of storytelling as children from an old slave-lady in the Makhzen House, who was the storyteller of SultanMawla al-Hasan at the time. Sultan Hassan I, back then (18th century AD), was also instructed to hold special evenings for tales in the Agdal Palace in Marrakesh, under the supervision of the best storytellers of the city of Marrakech.[10]
The honorable Lalla Ruqia, Lalla Jmi’a, and Lalla Zahra, and if they are preserved in the Moroccan collective memory, they are no exception. It is certain that there are female storytellers other than them, who were inadvertently or perhaps deliberately omitted from the Moroccan Marrakeshi documentation record, and we did not receive anything from their news.[10]
Popular theater
The popular theater played an important role in the Halqa performances, it is built on the capabilities of the artist by resurrecting the oral heritage from its old forms by his ability to imitate and improvise that was one of the most important qualities that captivated minds. The Halqa is related to the symbol, and as it is an expression of the past, it is able to touch the nostalgia for the heritage of the ancestors.[11][12] There are so many types of popular theater: Rma, Rehhala, Mejdoub, Baqsheesh, Lamsiyeh, owners of pigeons, snakes, monkeys and donkeys, “knowers” of the secrets of the horoscope, astrologers, magicians and singers ... Each of these has its own way of playing the theatre, but they are all based on employing elements of popular memory.[13]
In this art, the theatrical game takes place in front of everyone, everyone watches from his angle, and everyone is shown in front of everyone.[13]
Within the circle of Ḥalqa is a special time, a time cut out from the real time. It is a time of enjoyment and collective retrieval of memory, of origin, of the village, the desert, and the distant ravine.[13]
Halqa of comedy
It consists of an individual or a group of two to three people performing a short scene (sketches) that satirizes certain aspects of daily, political or cultural life. Some of them use magic tricks to attract and entertain the spectators, and the great comedians in the second half of the twentieth century were distinguished by a high reputation, such as: Baqsheesh, Flifla, moul lahmar, Saroukh, and the quotes of Lamsiyyeh in the twenty-first century. Each generation has its own way, and each has its own comic and expressive style in conveying the jokes and short scenes that it has inherited, inspired by the customs and traditions of Moroccan society.[4]
Halqa of acrobatics show
These shows are presented by young people from Sous and their tutor Sidi Hamad or Musa. They wear red and green suits. From an early age, acrobats are forced to live by very strict rules of life. They learn from the elderly to flex the muscles of their bodies and subject them to difficult exercises as their embodiment of a pyramid made up of all the members of the group. The secret of the success of the type of Halqa is the teamwork that allows such physical performance.[4]
Halqa of animal tamers
The Halqa of animal tamers, of the monkey trainers for example, delight audiences because of the animals' innate abilities to mimic people's facial expressions. Also these of the snake tamers, who have a very special aura around them, always arousing in the spectators respect mixed with fear. They have been immunized since birth against snake venom, and they also have the ability to absorb the deadly poison directly, which enables them, at the same time, to save human lives. This is a grant and a gift, which they owe to their sheikh, Sidi Ahmed Ben Aissa, whose zawiya is located in the city of Meknes.[4]
During the Haḍra ceremonies, which are organized each year on the day of the Prophet's birthday, the Issawi show the diversity of their dignities. But instead Jemaa el-Fna, they content themselves with submitting the snakes to their laws, uniting with them in enchantment to the sound of ghaita music. However, behind the desire to entertain passers-by on the ring, Issawi always remains deeply respectful of his snakes.[4]
Halqa of traditional music
Traditional music is one of the components of the Halqa that energizes the Jemaa El-Fna square theater. Al-Malhoun, Gnaoua, Al-Ruwais, Al-Ghaita, Awlad Hmar, Hadawa, Al-Aita Al-Houzia (Al-Hawzi), Hamadcha, Awlad Sidi Rahal, all of them are independent musical variations that represent the diverse musical heritage of Morocco.[14]
Traditional music consists of poems called Zajal, inspired by popular literature, sung in the Moroccan dialectal Arabic, in the form of musical and lyrical sequences, accompanied by playing an instrument: the Cambri, the flute, the violin, Taarija or Tara (tambourine), to distinguish the rhythm. In this way, a lyrical and musical show is formed, inspired by the lifestyle of passers-by, or derived from the traditions and stories of one of the various regions of Morocco.[14] It may also be an improvisation from the inspiration of the moment that gives the Halqa a character of pleasure and familiarity.[6]
Valorization of the art of Halqa as Moroccan popular oral heritage in our time
The presence of Helayqi is nothing but fairness to his ancestors of the Helayqi, an appreciation and continuity in the preservation of this oral heritage. Indeed, Halqa art in general and Helayqi artists in particular have always formed the core of a form of spontaneous theatrical expression of social issues such as heritages, customs, traditions and the politics of model and laws of life in society. Since then, they have been seen as the faithful guardians, recruits and defenders of an oral culture that is hundreds of years old.[6]
Marrakesh or Marrakech is the fourth-largest city in Morocco. It is one of the four imperial cities of Morocco and is the capital of the Marrakesh–Safi region. The city lies west of the foothills of the Atlas Mountains.
Meknes is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco, located in northern central Morocco and the sixth largest city by population in the kingdom. Founded in the 11th century by the Almoravids as a military settlement, Meknes became the capital of Morocco during the reign of Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), son of the founder of the Alaouite dynasty. Sultan Ismail created a massive imperial palace complex and endowed the city with extensive fortifications and monumental gates. The city recorded a population of 632,079 in the 2014 Moroccan census. It is the seat of Meknès Prefecture and an important economic hub in the region of Fès-Meknès.
Jemaa el-Fnaa is a square and market place in Marrakesh's medina quarter. It remains the main square of Marrakesh, used by locals and tourists.
Mohammed Ben Aarafa, or Ben Arafa, was a paternal first cousin once removed of Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco; he was put in Mohammed V's place by the French after they exiled Mohammed V to Madagascar in August 1953. His reign as "Mohammed VI" was not recognized in the Spanish-protected part of Morocco. Protests against Ben Aarafa helped lead to Moroccan independence, which was agreed to between France and Mohammed V, after his abdication in October 1955.
Malhun, meaning "the melodic poem", is a form of music that originated in Morocco. It is a kind of urban, sung poetry that comes from the exclusively masculine working-class milieu of craftsmen's guilds. On 6 December 2023, malhun was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Morocco.
The Kutubiyya Mosque or Koutoubia Mosque is the largest mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco. It is located in the southwest medina quarter of Marrakesh, near the Jemaa el-Fnaa market place, and is flanked by large gardens.
Fes Jdid or Fes el-Jdid is one of the three parts of Fez, the second largest city of Morocco. It was founded by the Marinids in 1276 as an extension of Fes el Bali and as a royal citadel and capital. It is occupied in large part by the historic Royal Palace, which was once the center of government in Morocco and which is still used on occasion by the King of Morocco today. The district also contains the historic Mellah of the city. Since 1981 it has been classified, along with Fes el-Bali, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Bab Agnaou, also transliterated as Bab Agnaw, is one of the best-known gates of Marrakesh, Morocco. Its construction is attributed to the Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur and was completed around 1188 or 1190.
This article describes notable landmarks and architecture in the city of Marrakesh, Morocco.
The Last Storytellers: Tales from the Heart of Morocco is a book by radio and television journalist Richard Hamilton. The book contains a foreword by the travel writer and publisher Barnaby Rogerson.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Marrakesh, Morocco.
The architecture of Fez, Morocco, reflects the wider trends of Moroccan architecture dating from the city's foundation in the late 8th century and up to modern times. The old city (medina) of Fes, consisting of Fes el-Bali and Fes el-Jdid, is notable for being an exceptionally well-preserved medieval North African city and is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A large number of historic monuments from different periods still exist in it today, including mosques, madrasas, synagogues, hammams (bathhouses), souqs (markets), funduqs (caravanserais), defensive walls, city gates, historic houses, and palaces.
The Moulay Abdallah Mosque or Mosque of Moulay Abdallah is a major mosque and royal necropolis complex situated in the center of the Moulay Abdallah district in Fes el-Jdid, the historic palace-city and citadel in Fes, Morocco. It was founded by the Alaouite sultan Moulay Abdallah who is buried in the adjoining necropolis along with later members of the dynasty.
The Zawiya of Sidi Muhammad Ben Sliman al-Jazuli is an Islamic religious complex (zawiya) in Marrakesh, Morocco. It is centered around the tomb of the 15th-century Muslim scholar and Sufi saint Muhammad al-Jazuli, who is one of the Seven Saints of Marrakesh.
The Barrima Mosque is a mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco, attached to the Kasbah (citadel) and Royal Palace of the city. It was built in the late 18th century by the Alaouite sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah.
Sidi Yusuf ibn 'Ali as-Sanhaji is a wali who was born in Marrakesh, Morocco and died there in 1196 CE. He is considered one of the Seven Saints of Marrakesh, and one of the administrative divisions of Marrakesh is named after him.
The Seven Saints of Marrakesh or Patron Saints of Marrakesh are seven historical Muslim figures buried in Marrakesh, Morocco. Each of them was a famous Muslim judge, scholar or Sufi saint (wali) venerated for their piety or other mystical attributes. Their tombs form the basis of a centuries-old annual pilgrimage, a ziyara, during which visitors pray at each of their tombs over the course of seven days.
The Kasbah of Moulay Ismail is a vast palace complex and royal kasbah (citadel) built by the Moroccan sultan Moulay Isma'il ibn Sharif in Meknes, Morocco. It is also known, among other names, as the Imperial City or Palaceof Moulay Ismail, or the Kasbah of Meknes. It was built by Moulay Isma'il over the many decades of his reign between 1672 and 1727, when he made Meknes the capital of Morocco, and received occasional additions under later sultans.
The Andalusian wall is the wall that delimits the southern border of the medina of Rabat, Morocco.
1 2 3 4 5 Ahmed Skounti - Ouidad tebbaa (2006). La Place Jemaa El Fna patrimoine immateriel de Marrakech du Maroc et de lhumanite 2006 (in French). Bureau de l’UNESCO pour le Maghreb.
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