Howard Berman

Howard Berman
Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
In office February 11, 2008 –January 3, 2011

Howard Lawrence Berman (born April 15, 1941) is an American attorney and retired politician who served as a U.S. representative from California from 1983 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state's 26th congressional district until redistricting and the 28th congressional district—which both encompassed parts of the San Fernando Valley—for a combined 15 terms.

Early life, education, and legal career

Berman was born in Los Angeles, to Jewish parents, ^{[1] [2]} the son of Eleanor (née Schapiro) and Joseph Berman. His maternal grandparents immigrated from Russia. ^[3] He graduated from Alexander Hamilton High School in 1959 and earned his B.A. in international relations in 1962 and his LL.B. in 1965 at the University of California, Los Angeles. Blanche Bettington, his high school civics teacher, inspired him to enter politics and government. ^[4]

He was a VISTA volunteer (1966–1967) in Baltimore and San Francisco, and was an associate at a Los Angeles law firm, Levy, Van Bourg & Hackler (1967–72) specializing in labor relations. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]}

California Assembly

Elections

Berman won election to the Assembly in 1972 from a district in the Hollywood Hills, unseating the incumbent Republican speaker pro tempore. His brother Michael, campaign manager in Henry Waxman's 1968 Assembly race, again ran a targeted mail operation.

Tenure

In 1974, Berman and Waxman both opposed Willie Brown's unsuccessful revolt against Speaker of the California State Assembly Leo McCarthy, who rewarded Berman's loyalty by appointing him the youngest majority leader in Assembly history. McCarthy fired Berman when Berman tried to replace him in 1980. Although McCarthy failed to retain the speakership, Berman failed to win it and Brown became speaker. Other members remarked on what a tough politician he was; the Bermans helped arrange a primary defeat for at least one colleague (Jack R. Fenton) who had opposed his bid. ^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]}

Committee assignments

He also served as Chairman of the Assembly Democratic Caucus and on the Policy Research Management Committee of the Assembly. ^[11]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

1982

After redistricting made the 26th district significantly more Democratic, incumbent Republican Congressman John Harbin Rousselot decided to run in California's 30th congressional district in 1982. Berman won the Democratic primary for the open seat with 83% of the vote, ^[15] and the general election with 60% of the vote. ^[16]

1984 through 2010

Berman was reelected 14 times, never dropping below 61% of the vote, from 1984 through 2010. ^[17]

The 2000 census allocated California one new House seat, 53 in all. Berman, "dad of the delegation" on redistricting, made a deal with Republicans Tom Davis and David Dreier to keep 34 safe seats for Democrats, add one new Republican district, and protect nineteen incumbent Republicans. Many California Democrats in the House and California State Senate hired Michael Berman, Howard Berman's brother, as a redistricting consultant, for a fee of $20,000 each. ^[18] When the August 2001 plan was unveiled, Congressman Brad Sherman, a fellow Democrat from California, complained that it undermined the safety of his seat with too many Hispanic voters, saying, "Howard Berman stabbed me in the back." ^[19] Berman agreed to redraw the boundary between their districts, giving himself 56% and Sherman 37% Latino population. The redistricting plan survived a court challenge from the MALDEF, which argued that the redistricting diluted Hispanic representation. ^[20] The Republicans suffered some slippage; they had only 19 members in the delegation to the 110th Congress. ^[21]

From 2001 to 2006, Berman paid his brother Michael Berman's consulting firm Berman & D'Agostino $195,000 from campaign funds. ^[22] In the 2002 campaign, Berman & D'Agostino was paid $75,000 in political consulting fees. In 2005, $50,000 in consulting fees were paid to the company, and Michael Berman himself was paid a further $80,500 in campaign management and consulting fees. In 2006, $70,000 was paid in consulting fees. ^[23]

2012

See also: 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in California § District 30

Following redistricting, Berman decided to run in the newly redrawn California's 30th congressional district, facing fellow Democrat Brad Sherman. Sherman had the advantage because he previously represented over half of the district. ^[24] About 60% of voters of the new 30th district resided in Sherman's former district, while just 20% of voters resided in Berman's. ^{[25] [26]}

The race, unprecedented in pitting two very similar candidates of the same party against each other in the general election, was called a "slugfest". ^[27] Berman received the endorsements from about two-thirds of California's Democratic congressional delegation. Among Sherman's endorsements were then-Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom of California, then-State Controller John Chiang of California, former President Bill Clinton, and Congressman John Conyers of Michigan. ^[28]

On June 5, 2012, Sherman ranked first in the seven-candidate open primary, with 42% of the vote. Berman ranked second, with 26% of the vote. ^[29] The state's top-two primary system, implemented in 2010, allows for two candidates of the same party to face-off in the general election. ^[30] Berman ran as the more conservative Democrat, hoping to divide the Democratic vote and dominate in the independent and conservative vote. However, in the November general election, Sherman defeated Berman, 60.3%–39.7%. ^{[31] [32]}

Political positions

Berman has been described as "one of the most creative members of the House, and one of the most clear-sighted operators in American politics". He has been an active legislator on several issues, but has also been described as "not one who gets much publicity". ^[33]

Berman was the House sponsor of the 1986 False Claims Act that authorized civil litigation by whistleblowers. It led to recoveries for the United States Government exceeding $1 billion dollars. ^[11]

Berman has championed protecting American film industry jobs from outsourcing ("runaway production"). He has also voted against amending the constitution to require a balanced budget, against banning the desecration of the American flag, ^[10] against the Defense of Marriage Act, and against restrictions on abortion. ^[10]

However, Berman concurs with many on the right on a number of issues, particularly foreign policy and trade. Berman voted in support of the invasion of Iraq in both 1991 and 2003, as well as for the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, ^{[21] [34]} positions that have hurt his standing among many liberals in his district. ^[35] While he generally supports free trade - for instance, voting in favor of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ^[36] and various trade agreements with specific countries -, he voted against the more recent Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). ^[21] He opposes withdrawing U.S. support for the World Trade Organization. In that same year, he also voted to phase out many farm subsidy programs put into place by the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as part of the "New Deal".

In Congress, Berman led the investigation into the conduct of House members in the Mark Foley page scandal. ^[37]

In May 2012, Berman co-sponsored a bill with Republican Congressman David Dreier of California to reinstate tax credits given to films produced mainly in the United States. The credits were active from 2008 until 2011, and were aimed at keeping films in Hollywood. Berman stressed that we "must make every effort to keep American productions here in the United States". ^[38]

Copyright law

Berman is known for his protection of copyright interests, and his alliances with the entertainment industry; he was sometimes referred to as the "representative from Hollywood". ^[39] The major industry contributing to his election campaigns has been the entertainment industry. ^[40] He proposed legislation under which copyright holders would be able to employ technological tools such as file blocking, redirection, spoofs, and decoys—among others—to curb piracy (Peer to Peer Piracy Prevention Act). He has been named as one of the primary politicians involved in the creation of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA).^{[ citation needed ]} In a September 2008 hearing of the House Intellectual Property Subcommittee, Berman criticized the National Institutes of Health's policy requiring NIH-sponsored research to be submitted to a database open to the public by saying that "the N in NIH shouldn't stand for Napster." ^{[41] [42]}

Iraq

According to LA Weekly , "Berman played a key and under-appreciated role in securing passage of a resolution that gave President George W. Bush broad authority to use force". ^[43] The National Journal reports that Berman, "played a critical role in winning passage, by a wide margin, of the Iraq War resolution in October 2002. He strongly supported military action against Iraq, and in September, he organized a group of Democrats who shared his views. Berman's discussions led to House Democratic Leader Dick Gephardt's agreement with the administration on the terms of the resolution—talks that undercut the demands of other senior Democrats, including then House Democratic Whip Nancy Pelosi and Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Joe Biden. In June 2006, Berman voted for the Republican resolution to reject a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq." ^[33]

Israel

Berman is also a supporter of Israel, telling the Jewish newspaper, The Forward , after being appointed Chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, "Even before I was a Democrat, I was a Zionist." ^[39] He has sponsored the Anti-Boycott Act in the House, which prohibits American individuals and organizations from actively boycotting Israeli goods. ^[44]

Immigration

In 2003, Berman expressed his concerns over the Patriot Act with then-United States Attorney General John Ashcroft, specifically on the method to hold illegal immigrants until they prove they are not terrorists. ^[45]

In 2000, Berman, along with then-Senator Gordon Smith of Oregon, proposed an amnesty, which would have granted legal status to hundreds of thousands of undocumented farm laborers. In exchange, requirements that growers provide housing to guest workers, and pay them a minimum wage adjusted annually for inflation, would have been relaxed. ^[46] In 2005, Berman was part of the bi-partisan group in Congress that fought for immigration reform efforts. ^[47] That path to citizenship was also supported by President George W. Bush and Senator John McCain.^{[ citation needed ]}

Investments

OpenSecrets named 151 members of Congress who had investments (as of year end 2006) in companies that do business with the United States Department of Defense, suggesting that such holdings conflict with their responsibility for U.S. security policy. The most important such companies, ranked by estimated total value of members' holdings, were Procter & Gamble, General Electric, Pepsi, ExxonMobil, Berkshire Hathaway, IBM, Microsoft, Johnson & Johnson, H. J. Heinz Company, and Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. OpenSecrets identified the top ten members of Congress, and the report named no other members among the 151, save committee chairmen Senator Joseph Lieberman and Representative Berman. ^{[48] [49]} None of the firms listed above ranked among the top ten DOD contractors in 2008, ^[50] nor in the top twenty for 2009. ^[51]

Ethics

Alan Mollohan, ranking member of the House Ethics Committee, resigned from the committee after he himself became the subject of an ethics complaint. Berman had been its senior Democrat 1997–2003, and on 2006-10-05, Minority leader Nancy Pelosi re-appointed him to replace Mollohan. Berman served on the subcommittee investigating the House's page program in the wake of the Mark Foley scandal. ^{[21] [52] [53]} "This is an honor I could have done without." ^[21]

Center for Public Integrity reported in 2006 that members of the House Ethics Committee and their staffs had taken many privately sponsored trips, about 400 trips from 2000 to mid-2005, at a total expense nearly $1 million. Of these, Democrats took about 80% of the trips at about 70% of the cost. Berman and his staff were at the top of the chart, with trips costing more than $245,000. Berman himself had taken 14 trips at the Aspen Institute's expense, including two to China with Mrs. Berman. Aspen replied that its events for members were like graduate seminars, and did not push any policy agenda. "Gene Smith, Berman's chief of staff, said that the bulk of the congressman's foreign travel can be attributed to his being a senior member on the House Committee on International Relations." Five private groups (Campaign Legal Center, Democracy 21, the League of Women Voters, Public Citizen and U.S. PIRG) jointly sent a letter to the ethics committee urging it to ban or restrict such travel. ^{[54] [55]}

Committee assignments

• Committee on Foreign Affairs (Ranking Member)
• Committee on the Judiciary
  • Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet

Caucus memberships

• Congressional Children's Working Group
• Congressional Diabetes Caucus
• International Conservation Caucus
• LGBT Equality Caucus

Career after Congress

Berman joined Washington, D.C. law firm Covington & Burling as a senior advisor in March 2013. ^[56] Berman also serves on the Board of Directors of the National Democratic Institute. ^[57] He serves on the board of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, ^[58] and is an advisory board member of the Counter Extremism Project. ^[59]

Personal life

Berman married Janis Gail Schwarz in 1979; they have two daughters, Brinley and Lindsey. ^{[10] [11] [20] [21] [36] [60]}

Memberships and awards

• First Annual Farmworker Justice Award, 2000 ^{[61] [62]}
• President, California Federation of Young Democrats, 1967–1969
• President's award, National Music Publishers Association, 2007 ^[60]
• NATO Parliamentary Assembly
• Mexico Parliamentary Group ^[11]

See also

• List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

References

1. National Jewish Democratic Council, "Jewish Members of Congress" Archived November 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved September 24, 2010.
2. Zach Silberman (June 25, 2012). "Calif. Rep. Howard Berman raps coalition behind anti-Israel billboards". JTA.
3. "Howard Lawrence Berman profile". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
4. Reich, Kenneth (March 3, 2001). "Obituaries – Blanche Bettington; Inspired Generations in L.A. Schools". The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
5. Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1997). The Almanac of American Politics (1998 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Journal, Inc. pp.  206–08. ISBN   0-89234-081-9.
6. Barone, Michael; Richard E. Cohen (2007). The Almanac of American Politics (2008 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Journal, Inc. pp.  233–37. ISBN   978-0-89234-117-7.
7. "Howard L Berman", Carroll's Federal Directory, Carroll Publishing, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K2415002198. Fee, via Fairfax County Public Library.
8. Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa; Douglas Matthews (2003). The Almanac of American Politics (2004 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Journal, Inc. pp. 236–39. ISBN   0-89234-106-8.
9. "Howard Lawrence Berman." Marquis Who's Who TM. Marquis Who's Who, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K2017593147. Fee.
10. Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1997). The Almanac of American Politics (1998 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Journal, Inc. pp.  206–208. ISBN   0-89234-081-9.
11. "Howard L Berman." Carroll's Federal Directory. Carroll Publishing, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K2415002198. Fee.
12. Meyerson, Harold (December 4, 1994). "The Liberal Lion in Winter. The Democrats' Legislative Genius, Los Angeles Congressman Henry A. Waxman is Back on Defense". Los Angeles Times Magazine . Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
13. Vassar, Alex; Shane Meyers. "11-07-1992 Election". Join California. One Voter Project. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
14. Isoardi, Steven L. (1994–1995). "Oral History Interview with Tom Bane" (PDF). State Government Oral History Program. California State Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2008. On top of that, Michael Berman was after votes. He figured if he'd knock off Jack Fenton, another vote for Howard. ... He did it to Jack Fenton, he'd do it to them.
15. "CA District 26 – D Primary Race – Jun 08, 1982". Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
16. "CA District 26 Race – Nov 02, 1982". Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
17. "Candidate – Howard L. Berman". Our Campaigns. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
18. "Editorial: Prop. 27 would strangle redistricting reform in the cradle". Orange County Register . September 3, 2010.
19. Finnegan, Michael (September 8, 2001). "Neighboring L.A. Democrats Trade Barbs Over Redistricting". Los Angeles Times .
20. Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa; Douglas Matthews (c. 2003). The Almanac of American Politics (2004 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Journal, Inc. pp. 236–239. ISBN   0-89234-106-8.
21. Barone, Michael; Richard E. Cohen (c. 2007). The Almanac of American Politics (2008 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Journal, Inc. pp.  233–237. ISBN   978-0-89234-117-7.
22. "Related recipients". USA Today . June 18, 2007.
23. "Family Affair" (PDF). Citizens for Ethics. June 19, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009.
24. Alice Walton (June 4, 2012). "Berman vs. Sherman: 2 longtime Democratic leaders face off in the the Valley". Scpr.org. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
25. Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 9, 2011). "Lines Redrawn, Longtime Allies Fight for a Seat". The New York Times.
26. "Clone Wars". The Atlantic.
27. "California Open Primary Leads to Democratic Slugfest". IVN. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
28. "Berman Beats Sherman in Endorsement Race - News". Forward.com. November 21, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
29. "Rep. Sherman Tops Rep. Berman in Calif. Dem Primary". ABC News.
30. "Voting in the Primary Election". CAVotes.org. April 1, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
31. "CA - District 30 Race - Nov 06, 2012". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
32. Michelle Quinn (November 7, 2012). "Brad Sherman defeats Howard Berman after bitter fight". Politico. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
33. "Rep. Howard Berman (D)". The National Journal Almanac. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
34. "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 145: Agree to the Senate Amendment with an Amendment". U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved September 18, 2008. To amend the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to establish a procedure for authorizing certain acquisitions of foreign intelligence, and for other purpoes (sic)
35. Sutton, Linda (May 17, 2007). "Peace Activists Target Cong. Howard Berman". Truth Now Sunday. Los Angeles Independent Media Center. Retrieved September 20, 2008. About 40 peace activists from multiple groups in the San Fernando Valley gathered in front of Congressman Howard Berman's home in Valley Village on Sat, May 26, 2007. Berman did NOT VOTE on the supplemental Iraq appropriations bill HR2206 that funds the war without timelines for withdrawal. Groups represented included Neighborhood Peace and Justice, Progressive Democrats of America, Progressive Caucus CDP, So. Cal. Grassroots, Valley Democrats United.
36. "Politics, Breaking News, US and World News – Howard Berman". The Washington Times. July 19, 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2008.^{[ dead link ]}
37. "No House Members Broke Rules in Ex-Rep. Foley's Congressional Page Scandal". Fox News. October 21, 2011. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
38. Daunt, Tina (May 18, 2012). "Rep. Howard Berman Seeks Tax Credit Extensions for U.S. Film Production". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
39. Guttman, Nathan (April 24, 2008). "New Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Draws Praise From All Sides". The Forward . Retrieved September 18, 2008.
40. "Howard L. Berman: Campaign Finance/Money summary". Open Secrets.
41. "Hearing on: H.R. 6845, the "Fair Copyright in Research Works Act". United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary. September 11, 2008. Archived from the original on April 27, 2013.
42. "Backlash against open access". Ars Technica. September 16, 2008.
43. "The Iraq Vote: Howard Berman's Most Momentous Achievement Is One He's Come to Regret". LA Weekly.
44. Rep. Howard Berman [D-CA28] (July 19, 2011). "Antiboycott Act (H.R. 2589)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
45. Tapper, Jake (June 11, 2003). "How Ashcroft beats a full House". Salon. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
46. Bacon, David (November–December 2001). "Braceros or Amnesty". Dollars & Sense. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
47. Le Templar (December 9, 2005). "Guest worker plan dropped from House immigration bill". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
48. Abid, Aslam (April 7, 2008). "FINANCE: U.S. Lawmakers Invested in Iraq, Afghanistan Wars". Inter Press Service International Association (Rome, Italy). Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2008. Other panel chiefs who invested in defence firms include Sen. Joseph Lieberman, the Connecticut Independent who presides over the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, and Rep. Howard Berman, the California Democrat who heads the House Foreign Affairs Committee. In all, 151 current members of Congress – more than one-fourth of the total – have invested between 78.7 million dollars and 195.5 million dollars in companies that received defense contracts of at least $5.0 million, according to CRP.
49. Mayer, Lindsay Renick (April 3, 2008). "Strategic Assets". Capital Eye. OpenSecrets . Retrieved September 18, 2008. ... lawmakers are personally invested in companies reaping billions of dollars from defense contracts.
50. Potter, Matthew (November 13, 2008). "Top Defense Contractors by Revenue". CBS News . Retrieved December 4, 2010.
51. "Top 20 defense contractors". Defense Systems News. May 28, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
52. Cillizza, Chris (April 21, 2006). "House: Mollohan Steps Down From Ethics Post". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 19, 2008. Congressman Howard Berman, who previously served as the senior member of the Ethics Committee, has agreed to accept my appointment to return temporarily as ranking member.
53. "ABC News - ABC News". www.abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009.
54. Robert, Brodsky (June 14, 2006). "Ethics Committee Members, Staff Among the Well-Traveled. House legislators mulling rules and their aides took about $1 million in trips". Center for Public Integrity.
55. "Sponsor Profile – Aspen Institute". Center for Public Integrity. June 5, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
56. "Archived copy". www.cov.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
57. "Board of Directors". ndi.org. June 10, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
58. "Board of Advisors - The Washington Institute for Near East Policy" . Retrieved December 24, 2015.
59. "Leadership". Counter Extremism Project . Retrieved February 26, 2017.
60. "Howard Lawrence Berman." Marquis Who's Who, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K2017593147. Fee.
61. "2000 Farmworker Justice Award Presented to Rep. Howard Berman" (PDF). Farmworker Justice News, Summer 2000. Farmworker Justice Fund, Inc. July 18, 2000. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2008. The Board of Directors of the Farmworker Justice Fund, Inc. presented the 2000 Farmworker Justice Award to Rep. Howard Berman of California. The presentation was made by Dolores Huerta, Secretary-Treasurer of the United Farm Workers, a long time friend of Howard Berman. The award reception was held at the Mott House in Washington, D.C. during the evening of May 24, 2000.
62. "Farmworker Justice Award 2000". Farmworker Justice Fund. Archived from the original on June 8, 2003.

External links

• Congressman Howard Berman official U.S. House website (archived)
• Howard Berman for Congress official campaign website (archived)
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Join California Howard L. Berman

California Assembly
Preceded by Charles J. Conrad	Member of the California Assembly from the 57th district 1973–1974	Succeeded by Mike Cullen
Preceded by Michael D. Antonovich	Member of the California Assembly from the 43rd district 1974–1982	Succeeded by Gray Davis
Preceded by Jack R. Fenton	Majority Leader of the California Assembly 1974–1980	Succeeded by Willie Brown
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by John H. Rousselot	Member of the  U.S. House of Representatives from California's 26th congressional district 1983–2003	Succeeded by David Dreier
Preceded by David Dreier	Member of the  U.S. House of Representatives from California's 28th congressional district 2003–2013	Succeeded by Adam Schiff
Preceded by Jim McDermott	Ranking Member of the House Ethics Committee 1997–2003	Succeeded by Alan Mollohan
Preceded by Alan Mollohan	Ranking Member of the House Ethics Committee 2006–2007	Succeeded by Doc Hastings
Preceded by Tom Lantos	Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee 2008–2011	Succeeded by Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by Jim Leach as Former US Representative	Order of precedence of the United States as Former US Representative	Succeeded by Dana Rohrabacher as Former US Representative