This article needs additional citations for verification .(January 2013) |
Ignatius Timothy Trebitsch-Lincoln | |
---|---|
Member of Parliament for Darlington | |
In office January 1910 –November 1910 | |
Preceded by | Herbert Pease |
Succeeded by | Herbert Pease |
Personal details | |
Born | 4 April 1879 Paks,Austria-Hungary |
Died | 6 October 1943 64) [1] Shanghai,Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China | (aged
Nationality | Hungarian |
Occupation | Adventurer,con artist |
Ignatius Timothy Trebitsch-Lincoln (Hungarian :Trebitsch-Lincoln Ignác,German:Ignaz Thimoteus Trebitzsch;4 April 1879 –6 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born adventurer and convicted con artist. Of Jewish descent,he spent parts of his life as a Protestant missionary,Anglican priest,British Member of Parliament for Darlington,German right-wing politician and spy,Nazi collaborator,Buddhist abbot in China,and self-proclaimed Dalai Lama.
Ignácz Trebitsch (Hungarian :Trebitsch Ignác(z)) was born to an Orthodox Jewish family in the town of Paks in Hungary in 1879,subsequently moving with his family to Budapest. His father,Náthán Trebitsch (Hungarian :Trebitsch Náthán),was from Moravia.
After leaving school he enrolled in the Royal Hungarian Academy of Dramatic Art, [1] but was frequently in trouble with the police over acts of petty theft. In 1897 he fled abroad,ending up in London,where he took up with some Christian missionaries and converted from Judaism. He was baptised on Christmas Day 1899,and set off to study at a Lutheran seminary in Breklum in Schleswig-Holstein,Germany,destined for the ministry. Restless,he was sent to Canada to carry out missionary work among the Jews of Montreal,first on behalf of the Presbyterians,and then the Anglicans. He returned to England in 1903 after a quarrel over the size of his stipend.
He became Tribich Lincoln (or I. T. T. Lincoln) by deed poll in October 1904 [1] and secured British naturalisation on 11 May 1909. [2]
Trebitsch-Lincoln made the acquaintance of the Archbishop of Canterbury,who appointed him as a curate in Appledore,Kent,his last ecclesiastical post. Soon thereafter he met Seebohm Rowntree,a prominent member of the Liberal Party,who offered him the position of his private secretary. With Rowntree's support,he was nominated in 1909 as the Liberal candidate for the Parliamentary constituency of Darlington in County Durham,even though he was still a Hungarian citizen at the time. In the election of January 1910 he beat the sitting Unionist member Herbert Pease, [3] whose family had held the seat since 1895. However,at the time of this dramatic entrance to political life,MPs were not paid and Lincoln's financial troubles grew worse. He was unable to stand when a second general election was called in November 1910 and lost the post. Darlington returned to Pease.
In the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War,he was involved in a variety of failed commercial endeavours,living for a time in Bucharest,hoping to make money in the oil industry. Back in London with no money,he offered his services to the British government as a spy. When he was rejected he went to the Netherlands and made contact with the Germans,who employed him as a double agent.
Returning to England,he narrowly escaped arrest,leaving for the United States in 1915,where he made contact with the German military attaché,Franz von Papen. Papen was instructed by Berlin to have nothing to do with him,whereupon Trebitsch sold his story to the New York World Magazine ,which published under the banner headline Revelation of I. T. T. Lincoln,Former Member of Parliament Who Became a Spy. His book Revelations of an International Spy was published by Robert M. McBride in New York in 1916. [4]
The British government,anxious to avoid any embarrassment,employed the Pinkerton agency to track down Trebitsch-Lincoln. He was returned to England—though not on a charge of espionage,which was not covered by the Anglo-American extradition treaty,but of fraud,far more apt in the circumstances. He served three years in Parkhurst Prison on the Isle of Wight and was released and deported in 1919. His British nationality was revoked by the Home Secretary on 3 December 1918. [5]
A penniless refugee,Trebitsch-Lincoln worked his way bit by bit into the extreme right-wing and militarist fringe in Weimar Germany,making the acquaintance of Wolfgang Kapp and Erich Ludendorff among others. In 1920,following the Kapp Putsch,he was appointed press censor to Kapp's provisional government. In this capacity he met Adolf Hitler,who flew in from Munich the day before the Putsch collapsed. [6]
With the fall of Kapp,Trebitsch fled south from Munich to Vienna to Budapest,intriguing all along the way,linking up with a whole variety of fringe political factions,such as a loose alliance of monarchists and reactionaries from all over Europe known as the White International. Entrusted with the organization's archives,he promptly sold the information to the secret services of various governments. Tried and acquitted on a charge of high treason in Austria,he was deported yet again. His name was also used by other impostors;following the assassination of the Italian MP Giacomo Matteotti in 1924,the police arrested a certain Otto Thierschadl alias Chirzel,who gave as his name Tribisch Lincoln. [7]
He ended up in China,where he took up employment under three different warlords including Wu Peifu. Supposedly after a mystic experience in the late 1920s,Trebitsch converted to Buddhism,becoming a monk. In 1931,he rose to the rank of abbot,establishing his own monastery in Shanghai. All initiates were required to hand over their possessions to Abbot Chao Kung (Chinese :照空; pinyin :Zhào Kōng),as he now called himself. He also spent time seducing nuns. [ citation needed ]
In 1937,he transferred his loyalties yet again,this time to the Empire of Japan,producing anti-British propaganda on their behalf. Chinese sources say that he also wrote numerous letters and articles for the European press condemning Japanese imperial aggression in China. After the outbreak of the Second World War,he also made contact with the Nazis,offering to broadcast for them and to raise up all the Buddhists of the East against any remaining British influence in the area. The chief of the Gestapo in the Far East,SS Colonel Josef Meisinger,urged that this scheme receive serious attention. It was even seriously suggested that Trebitsch be allowed to accompany German agents to Tibet to implement the scheme. He proclaimed himself the new Dalai Lama after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama,a move that was supported by the Japanese but rejected by the Tibetans. [8]
Heinrich Himmler was enthusiastic,as was Rudolf Hess,but it all came to nothing after the latter flew to Scotland in May 1941. After this,Adolf Hitler put an end to all such pseudo-mystical schemes. Even so,Trebitsch may have continued his work for the German and Japanese security services in Shanghai until his death in 1943. [ citation needed ]
In response to a letter protesting the Holocaust which Trebitsch-Lincoln had written to Hitler [ citation needed ],the Nazi High command requested that the Japanese occupation government in Shanghai poison Trebitsch-Lincoln in 1943. [ citation needed ] The response to this request is not known;however,Trebitsch-Lincoln did die of stomach trouble in Shanghai in 1943,aged 64. Yosef Nedava,who attended his funeral,assumed that the coffin was empty. In 1956,he wrote Trebitsch's biography in Hebrew. [9]
Dalai Lama is a title given by the Tibetan people to the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" school of Tibetan Buddhism,the newest and most dominant of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th and incumbent Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso,who lives in exile as a refugee in India. The Dalai Lama is considered to be the successor in a line of tulkus who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteśvara,the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar,the 1932nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations,the 932nd year of the 2nd millennium,the 32nd year of the 20th century,and the 3rd year of the 1930s decade.
The Kapp Putsch,also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch,was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz,its goal was to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919,overthrow the Weimar Republic,and establish an autocratic government in its place. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr,as well as nationalist and monarchist factions.
IgnácGoldziher,often credited as Ignaz Goldziher,was a Hungarian scholar of Islam. Along with the German Theodor Nöldeke and the Dutch Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje,he is considered the founder of modern Islamic studies in Europe. Goldziher is also known for his foundational work of esoteric exegesis of the Hebrew Bible in the seminal work on the topic in "Mythology among the Hebrews," in which he defended Jewish mythology from accusations by the racists of the time that the Jews "stole" the myths of other peoples by explaining the similarities as a consequence of an origination in star lore and astral theology.
While the Tibetan plateau has been inhabited since pre-historic times,most of Tibet's history went unrecorded until the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism around the 6th century. Tibetan texts refer to the kingdom of Zhangzhung as the precursor of later Tibetan kingdoms and the originators of the Bon religion. While mythical accounts of early rulers of the Yarlung Dynasty exist,historical accounts begin with the introduction of Buddhism from Nepal in the 6th century and the appearance of envoys from the unified Tibetan Empire in the 7th century. Following the dissolution of the empire and a period of fragmentation in the 9th-10th centuries,a Buddhist revival in the 10th–12th centuries saw the development of three of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
Elyesa Bazna,sometimes known as Ilyaz and Iliaz Bazna,was a secret agent for Nazi Germany during World War II,operating under the code name Cicero.
Bernard Wasserstein is a British and American historian.
Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal,abbreviated to Thubten Gyatso was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet,enthroned during a turbulent era and the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Referred to as "the Great Thirteenth",he is also known for redeclaring Tibet's national independence,and for his reform and modernization initiatives.
Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen was a British diplomat,civil servant and author. He is best remembered as the diplomat whose secrets were stolen by his Kosovar Albanian valet and passed on to Nazi Germany.
Véronique Françoise Caroline Renard is a Dutch author and visual artist. She is also known as Pantau,a name that was adopted after meeting the Dalai Lama at an audience at his home in McLeodganj,Dharamsala,India in 2000. The name Pantau means "to be helpful" or "beneficial". Pantao is also a Chinese name for a flat,small peach,reputed to be food for Taoist fairies.
Seven Years in Tibet is a 1997 American biographical war drama film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. It is based on Austrian mountaineer and Schutzstaffel (SS) sergeant Heinrich Harrer's 1952 memoir of the same name,about his experiences in Tibet between 1944 and 1951. Seven Years in Tibet stars Brad Pitt and David Thewlis,and has music composed by John Williams with a feature performance by cellist Yo-Yo Ma.
Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme was a Tibetan senior official who assumed various military and political responsibilities both before and after 1951 in Tibet. He is often known simply as Ngapo in English sources.
Noel Barber was a British novelist and journalist. Many of his novels,set in exotic countries,are about his experiences as leading foreign correspondent for the Daily Mail. He was the son of John Barber and his Danish wife,Musse,and had two brothers:Kenneth,a banker,and Anthony Barber,Baron Barber.
Agvan Lobsan Dorzhiev was a Russian-born monk of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism,sometimes referred by his scholarly title as Tsenyi Khempo. He was popularly known as the Sokpo Tsеnshab Ngawang Lobsang to the Tibetans.
The 14th Dalai Lama is,as the incumbent Dalai Lama,the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. By the adherents of Tibetan Buddhism,he is considered a living Bodhisattva;specifically,an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit,and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school,the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism,formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet at the time of his selection,the Ganden Phodrang,invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959.
The Tibet Mirror was a Tibetan-language newspaper published in Kalimpong,India,from 1925 to 1963 and circulated primarily in Tibet but eventually with subscribers worldwide. Its originator was Gergan Tharchin who was at the same time its journalist,editor,and manager.
Tibet under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's rule over Tibet from 1720 to 1912. The Qing rulers incorporated Tibet into the empire along with other Inner Asia territories,although the actual extent of the Qing dynasty's control over Tibet during this period has been the subject of political debate. The Qing called Tibet a fanbu,fanbang or fanshu,which has usually been translated as "vassal","vassal state",or "borderlands",along with areas like Xinjiang and Mongolia. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty,the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control over Tibet,while granting it a degree of political autonomy.
Archibald Trojan Steele was an American foreign or war correspondent for United Press,The New York Times,the Chicago Daily News and the New York Herald Tribune. He covered China,Southeast Asia,the Middle East,and Africa from the early 1930s until his retirement in 1960. He then published several books,and is known for filing reports of the Nanjing Massacre in 1937 that first informed the world of the activities of the Japanese Army.
Buddhism in Hungary has existed since 1951 when ErnőHetényi founded the Buddhist Mission in Germany,as a member of the Arya Maitreya Mandala Buddhist order. However,the first Buddhist community had been founded in the 1890s in Máramarossziget. József Hollósy took refuge and wrote Buddhista Kátét (1893) —the first Buddhist catechism in Hungarian. According to this,the Dharma has been present in Hungary for more than a century. In 1933 the Hungarian philologist and Orientalist —author of the first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book Sándor Kőrösi Csoma —was recognised as a bodhisattva in Japan. In Hungary József Hollósy is regarded as the second bodhisattva.
Wang Tifu was a Chinese diplomat for Manchukuo. He worked for the Legation of Manchukuo in Germany from 1938 to 1944 in Berlin as the secretary of Minister LüYiwen (吕宜文). During his tenure,he used his authority to help the Jewish refugees in Germany. He issued about 12,000 Manchukuo visas to the Jewish people between the spring of 1939 and May 1940 to allow them to cross Manchukuo in order to flee from the Holocaust.