Institute for Justice

Not to be confused with National Institute of Justice.

Institute for Justice

Formation	September 3, 1991;33 years ago (1991-09-03) [1]
Founders	Clint Bolick William Mellor
Type	501(c)(3) organization
Tax ID no.	52-1744337
Purpose	Economic liberty advocacy Property rights advocacy Free speech advocacy Parental choice in education advocacy Government immunity and accountability advocacy
Headquarters	901 N. Glebe Road, #900 Arlington, Virginia 22203
Coordinates	38°52′53″N77°06′55″W / 38.8814°N 77.1153°W / 38.8814; -77.1153
President & General Counsel	Scott Bullock
Revenue (2015)	$34,123,923 [2]
Staff	157 full-time staff members, including 64 attorneys (2023) [3]
Website	www.ij.org

The Institute for Justice (IJ) is a non-profit public interest law firm in the United States. ^{[4] [5] [6]} It has litigated twelve cases before the United States Supreme Court dealing with eminent domain, interstate commerce, public financing for elections, school vouchers, tax credits for private school tuition, civil asset forfeiture, and residency requirements for liquor license. The organization was founded on September 3, 1991. ^[7] As of 2023, it employed a staff of 157 full-time staff members (including 64 attorneys) in Arlington, Virginia, and seven offices across the United States.

History

William H. "Chip" Mellor and Clint Bolick co-founded the organization in 1990 with seed money from a private foundation. ^[8] Mellor was the organization's President & General Counsel through 2015. Bolick was the Vice President and Director of Litigation from 1990 until he left the organization in 2004. In March 2015, the organization announced that Mellor would become the chairman of its board of directors in January 2016. Senior Attorney Scott Bullock replaced Mellor as President. ^[9]

The organization's methods were modeled in part on work Bolick had done as the director of the Landmark Center for Civil Rights in Washington, D.C. For example, in the late 1980s Bolick represented Washington shoeshine stand owner Ego Brown in his attempt to overturn a Jim Crow-era law against bootblack stands on public streets. The law was designed to restrict economic opportunities for African Americans but was still being enforced 85 years after its passage. Bolick sued the District of Columbia on Brown's behalf, and the law was overturned in 1989. ^{[10] [11]} In 1991, Bolick joined former Department of Energy Deputy General Counsel Chip Mellor to create the Institute for Justice. Mellor had served as president of the Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, a think tank in San Francisco. ^[12] According to the Institute for Justice, books commissioned and published by the Pacific Research Institute "formed the Institute for Justice's long-term, strategic litigation blueprint". ^[13]

Supreme Court cases

The organization has litigated cases that reached the Supreme Court:

• Zelman v. Simmons-Harris , 536 U.S. 639 (2002): ^[14] The court ruled in favor of a Cleveland, Ohio school voucher program, allowing the use of public money to pay tuition at private and parochial schools. ^{[15] [16]} The institute represented the pro-voucher parents. ^{[17] [18]}
• Swedenburg v. Kelly , 544 U.S. 460 (2005): The court struck down laws in New York and Michigan that made it illegal for consumers to buy wine directly from out-of-state wineries. The institute represented small vintners in Virginia and California. ^{[19] [20]} (This case was consolidated with Granholm v. Heald ^[21] prior to consideration by the Supreme Court. ^[19] ) ^[22]
• Kelo v. City of New London , 545 U.S. 469 (2005): ^{[23] [24]} The court ruled that the state of Connecticut could use eminent domain to take property from the plaintiffs (a group of homeowners) and transfer it to a private business. The institute represented the homeowners. ^{[24] [25] [26]}
• Garriott v. Winn , 563 U.S. 125 (2011): The court upheld an Arizona program that gave tax credits for private school tuition. ^{[27] [28]} This case was consolidated with Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn prior to consideration by the Supreme Court. ^{[29] [30]}
• Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett , 564 U.S. 721 (2011): The court struck down part of a public campaign financing law in Arizona that provided additional public funding to candidates based on the amount of spending by their opponents. The institute represented several challengers to the law. ^{[31] [32]} This case was consolidated with McComish v. Bennett prior to consideration by the Supreme Court. ^{[33] [34]}
• Timbs v. Indiana , No. 17-1091 , 586 U.S. ___(2019): ^[35] The court ruled that the Eighth Amendment's Excessive Fines Clause is an incorporated protection applicable to the States under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, thus grossly disproportionate asset forfeiture is unconstitutional. ^[36]
• Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas , No. 18-96 , 588 U.S. ___(2019): ^[37] The court ruled the residency requirement for retail liquor licenses violates the Commerce Clause and the 21st Amendment does not save it. ^[38]
• Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue , No. 18-1195 , 591 U.S. ___(2020): ^[39] The court ruled that excluding religious schools from a tax-funded scholarship program available to non-religious private schools violates the Free Exercise Clause under a strict scrutiny analysis. ^[40]
• Brownback v. King , No. 19-546 , 592 U.S. ___(2021): ^[41] The court ruled that a failure to state a claim ruling in a district court is a judgement on merits and thus triggers the Federal Tort Claims Act's judgement bar, precluding additional claims to be brought under Bivens . ^{[42] [43]}
• Carson v. Makin , No. 20-1088 , 596 U.S. ___(2022): ^[44] The petitioners, represented by the Institute, argued that Maine's requirement that schools be "non-sectarian" to receive tuition assistance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments. ^[45] The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case on December 8, 2021. ^[45] The Court decided the case in favor of the plaintiffs on June 21, 2022. ^{[46] [47] [48]}
• Gonzalez v. Trevino , No. 22-1025 , 602 U.S. ___(2024) ^[49]
• Devillier v. Texas , No. 22-913 , 602 U.S. ___(2024) The Institute represented a farmer seeking to be allowed to sue the state of Texas regarding a Fifth Amendment issue. The court agreed with the farmer. ^[50]

Activities

Litigation

The organization provides pro bono legal advice and representation to clients. According to the organization, it selects cases based on the client's ability to pay (giving preference to clients who do not have the means to obtain other representation), ^[51] and on the case's potential to publicize and educate the public on the issues involved. ^[52]

Occupational licensing

IJ opposes many kinds of business licensing. ^{[53] [54] [55]} The organization's first case began in 1991, defending Taalib-Din Uqdah, a Washington, DC businessman who owned a salon to braid hair. Local authorities informed Taalib-Din that he would need a cosmetology license in order to continue operating his business. The institute contended that the licensing requirements did not apply to Taalib-Din's business. Further, the organization claimed that the licensing rules in this case were designed to protect existing businesses from competition, with the effect of reducing choice and raising prices for consumers. ^{[10] [56]} The case was dismissed in 1992, but later in that year the city council repealed the cosmetology regulations that prevented Taalib-Din from opening his business. While institute co-founders Clint Bolick and Chip Mellor have acknowledged the need for health, safety, and consumer protection regulations, ^[57] the organization continues to litigate against what it sees as abuse. It has defended a variety of small business owners across the United States in similar cases involving food cart and street vendors, ^[58] vendors and makers of caskets, ^{[59] [60]} florists, ^[61] interior designers, ^[62] and independent taxi drivers. ^[63] In defending tour guide operators in Philadelphia and Washington D.C., the Institute for Justice argued that restrictions on these businesses abridged First Amendment rights. ^{[64] [65]}

In 2005, the organization litigated on behalf of small wineries in California and Virginia. ^[25] The institute's case, Swedenburg v. Kelly, was consolidated with Granholm v. Heald ^[21] and considered by the Supreme Court. The court ruled that laws in Michigan and New York that prohibited consumers from buying wine directly from out-of-state wineries were unconstitutional. ^[20]

In 2009, the organization sued to allow donors to be compensated for giving bone marrow. ^[66] The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) made it illegal to compensate organ donors but did not prevent payment for other forms of donations (such as human plasma, sperm, and egg cells). Although bone marrow is not an organ or a component of an organ, the act made paying bone marrow donors punishable by up to 5 years in prison. At the time the act was passed, donating bone marrow involved a painful and risky medical procedure. ^[67] In the years after the act was passed, a new procedure (apheresis) made it possible to harvest bone marrow cells through a non-surgical procedure similar to the donation of blood components such as platelets or plasma. The Institute for Justice lawsuit argued that the development of apheresis meant that donors who gave bone marrow through blood donation should be allowed to receive compensation. ^[67] The organization predicted that allowing compensation would increase the pool of available donors, and claimed that 3,000 Americans die each year while waiting for compatible marrow donors. ^{[68] [67]} Critics argued that allowing compensation could reduce donation, increase the risk of disease, and lead to exploitation of the poor. ^{[66] [67] [69]} In December 2011, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously that donors giving bone marrow via apheresis were eligible for compensation. ^[67] In November 2013, the federal government proposed a regulation that would change legal definitions to cover bone marrow regardless of how it is obtained. This would have the effect of keeping the ban on compensating donors in place. ^{[69] [70]} However, HHS withdrew the proposed rule in 2017, clearing the way for compensating those who donate via apheresis. ^[71]

In 2010, the Institute for Justice filed suit on behalf of monks from Saint Joseph Abbey, a century-old Benedictine monastery in Covington, Louisiana. The monks sold handmade wooden caskets, ^[72] but the Louisiana Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors enforced a law requiring anyone who wanted to sell caskets or any funeral merchandise in the state to become a government-licensed funeral director. To secure a license, the monks would need to pass a funeral industry test [FN: La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 37:848(A).] and convert their monastery into a funeral establishment [FN:  La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 37:848(A); La. Admin. Code tit. 46, §§ 503, 709 & 903.], which would require installing equipment for embalming human remains. [FN:  La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 37:842(D); La. Admin. Code tit. 46, §§ 1105 & 1107.] On March 20, 2013, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous ruling in favor of the monks holding that laws amounting to “naked transfers of wealth” to politically favored insiders are unconstitutional.

In 2013, the Institute for Justice filed a federal suit on behalf of three independent tax preparers against the Internal Revenue Service. The tax preparers challenged the IRS’s imposition of a new licensing system (without congressional authorization) requiring tax preparers to get the IRS’s permission before they could work. ^[73] In January 2013, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled ^[74] the IRS didn’t have the power to impose nationwide licensing on tax preparers. In February 2014, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s ruling.

In July 2017, Airbnb property manager Sally Ladd—represented by the Institute for Justice—filed lawsuit challenging the Pennsylvania Real Estate Commission’s effort to require Ladd to obtain a real estate broker’s license to manage vacation rental properties. After winning a procedural case before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in 2020, ^[75] the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court held a trial on Ladd’s case in 2022 then ruled in October 2022 her favor ^[76] —a decision the government did not appeal.

In December 2018, the Institute for Justice filed suit on behalf of two would-be estheticians ^[77] —cosmetologists who specialize in beauty and care of the face—against the Pennsylvania Cosmetology Board. The clients, Courtney Haveman and Amanda Spillane, were denied government-issued licenses to work citing the state’s “good moral character” clause ^[78] because each of them had past criminal offenses. In August 2020, the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court struck down ^[79] the good moral standard clause, clearing the way for Haveman and Spillane to reapply for their licenses.

Property rights

Eminent domain

One of the few remaining houses in the Fort Trumbull neighborhood, September 1, 2006. Underneath the white paint can just barely be read the words "Thank you Gov. Rell for your support" and the web URLs of two organizations protesting over-use of eminent domain, the Castle Coalition and the Institute for Justice.

Eminent domain cases pursued by the organization involve instances where a government seeks to condemn a property and transfer it from one private owner to another (as opposed to using it for a road, building, park, or other publicly owned property). The organization gained national attention in 1996, defending a small business owner in a case involving Trump Casino (Casino Reinvestment Development Authority v. Coking), and again in 2005, arguing Kelo v. City of New London before the Supreme Court. ^{[24] [80]} In the casino case, a New Jersey state agency (the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority) was attempting to condemn Vera Coking's boarding house, along with two other businesses in Atlantic City, in order to transfer the properties to a business owned by Donald Trump. ^[80] In 1998, a New Jersey Superior Court judge ruled that the state was not allowed to seize the properties. ^[81] However, the ruling did not contest the state's right to take property from one private owner for the purpose of giving it to another. The judge based the ruling on the fact that the state did not get a guarantee that the Trump organization would use the property for a new parking area (as promised), instead of using the property for other purposes such as expanding Trump's casino. ^[81] According to the Institute for Justice, the organization received a "deluge" of requests to participate in other cases of eminent domain abuse after its win in the Coking case. In 2008, organization president Chip Mellor stated:

Frankly, we had not realized just how widespread this phenomenon was until [the Coking case] ... Once we became aware of it, though, we formed a strategic plan to escalate it to national attention and ultimately to the Supreme Court, which we did in the course of the next seven years. ^[52]

In 2005, the organization represented the plaintiffs in the Supreme Court case Kelo v. City of New London. In this case, the state of Connecticut was attempting to take properties owned by state residents and give them to a private company for use in a development. In a 5-to-4 decision the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the state, affirming the right of states to transfer properties from one private owner to another in this way. ^[24] The ruling prompted what was widely called a "backlash" against this kind of eminent domain activity. ^{[82] [83] [84] [85]} In 2006 (on the first anniversary of the Kelo ruling), President George W. Bush issued an executive order limiting how federal agencies could use eminent domain. ^[86] Between the Kelo ruling and June 2008, 37 states passed laws to increase restrictions on the use of eminent domain. ^[82] In 2006, the organization won an eminent domain case in the Ohio Supreme Court, the first eminent domain decision by a state supreme court after Kelo. ^[87] In the years since, the institute has continued its efforts to reform eminent domain laws. ^{[68] [52]}

Since litigating the Kelo case, the Institute for Justice has won eminent domain cases in Lakewood, Ohio, ^[88] Long Branch, New Jersey, ^[89] Riviera Beach, Florida, ^[90] National City, California, ^[91] Nashville, Tennessee, ^[92] and Atlantic City, New Jersey. ^[93]

Civil forfeiture

The organization seeks to end the use of civil forfeiture and replace it with criminal forfeiture, ^[94] which would require the government to convict someone of a crime before their property could be taken. ^[95] Civil forfeiture is the process by which law enforcement agencies in the United States can seize private property, based on the suspicion that the property was used in, or the fruit of, a crime, but without a criminal conviction or, in some cases, even criminal charges being filed. Typically, the law enforcement agencies can keep seized money and apply it to their budgets, though there may be requirements to utilize some or all of the money for specific purposes (e.g., drug and alcohol rehabilitation). State agencies can also confiscate property under federal statutes, and through a program called "equitable sharing" keep up to 80% of the property. ^[96] The Institute for Justice and other critics argue that this direct financial reward gives law enforcement agencies a strong incentive to abuse civil asset forfeiture. ^[97] In these cases, the organization occasionally works with other advocacy groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), The Heritage Foundation, and the American Bankers Association. ^{[95] [96] [98]}

The Institute for Justice has litigated numerous civil forfeiture cases across the country. Among them:

In 2011, the Institute for Justice represented Russ Caswell, ^[99] a motel owner from Tewksbury, Massachusetts, after the federal government sought to take his property through civil forfeiture. After a four-day trial in 2013, the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts dismissed the government’s forfeiture action. ^[100]

In 2013, the Institute filed suit on behalf of Terry Dehko ^[101] a grocery store owner in Fraser, Michigan. Federal agents seized Dehko’s bank account without charging him with a crime ^[102] but claiming he had made frequent deposits of less than $10,000 into his bank account in an effort to avoid bank regulations. Later that year, the IRS returned Dehko’s money. ^[103]

In 2014, the Institute filed three federal suits on behalf of those who had their money or property seized by the government through civil forfeiture:

IJ filed a class action lawsuit ^[104] against the City of Philadelphia challenging the city’s use of civil forfeiture, which often targeted minorities and the poor. ^[105] In 2018, the city agreed to return $3 million is seized assets to those whose cash and property was taken. ^[106]

The Institute filed suit on behalf of Iowa restaurant owner Carole Hinders, ^[107] who had her bank account of $33,000 seized by the IRS, despite never being accused of a crime. Later that year, the IRS agreed to return all of her money. ^[108]

The Institute filed suit on behalf of Jeffrey, Richard and Mitch Hirsch from Long Island, New York, after the IRS seized $446,000 from their candy and snack wholesale company ^[109] without filing any criminal complaint against them. The Hirsch brothers had made deposits of under $10,000 into their bank account, which the government called “structuring.” In 2015, the IRS agreed to return all of the Hirsch’s money. ^[110]

In 2019, President Donald Trump signed a law that now forbids the IRS from seizing bank accounts based on nothing but the allegation of structuring. ^[111]

In 2021, the Institute won a legal battle against the Drug Enforcement Administration after it seized $30,000—the life savings—of shoeshine man Kermit Warren as he was traveling through the airport in Columbus, Ohio. ^[112]

In 2023, the Institute for Justice secured the return of $39,500 to North Carolina shipping company owner Jerry Johnson. Although he earned the money legally and it is not illegal to travel with cash, Phoenix police seized Johnson’s money when he flew into Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. ^[113]

Additional Institute for Justice lawsuits successfully challenging civil forfeiture have been filed in North Carolina, Kentucky, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Connecticut, Wyoming and elsewhere.^{[ citation needed ]}

Unconstitutional searches

The Institute for Justice has litigated numerous cases challenging what it sees as the unconstitutional searching of private property. Among its areas of litigation are:

Warrantless searches of rental properties

The Institute has successfully challenged unconstitutional rental inspection requirements in Marietta, Georgia ^[114] and Park Forest, Illinois. ^[115]

Government searching and monitoring of “open fields”

Today, the government may inspect and even place cameras on private property without a warrant or the property owner’s consent as long as this does not include the area immediately surrounding the property owner’s home. This is known as the open fields doctrine. The Institute for Justice is challenging such searches in Pennsylvania ^[116] and Tennessee. ^[117]

Moreover, several state courts have rejected the open fields doctrine under their own state constitutional search-and-seizure provisions. [Proposed cite: See, e.g., Faulkner v. State, 98 So. 691 (Miss. 1924); State v. Bullock, 901 P.2d 61 (Mont. 1995); People v. Scott, 593 N.E.2d 1328 (N.Y. 1992); State v. Dixson, 766 P.2d 1015 (Or. 1988); Welch v. State, 289 S.W. 510 (Tenn. 1926); State v. Kirchoff, 587 A.2d 988 (Vt. 1991); State v. Johnson, 879 P.2d 984 (Wash. Ct. App. 1994).]

Fines and fees

Local governments impose fines and fees for minor traffic violations and property code violations to fund their budgets without raising taxes. ^[118] Such actions, however, create financial incentives for municipalities to maximize revenue rather than address public safety issues.

The Institute for Justice continues to litigate cases challenging excessive and arbitrary government-imposed fines and fees in:

Pagedale, Missouri, where the city could fine residents for having mismatched curtains, walking on the left-hand side of a crosswalk and having barbeques in the front of a home, among other infractions. ^[119] The U.S. Department of Justice cited the excessive use of fines and fees as among the issues that sparked the riots in nearby Ferguson, Missouri. ^[120] In 2018, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri ^[121] finalized a consent decree ^[122] in which Pagedale agreed to eliminate its municipal code dealing with fines and fees for what it deemed “nuisance” behaviors. ^[121]

Charlestown, Indiana, ^[123] where the mayor had imposed fines against low-income homeowners in an effort to help a developer secure the land for a new development project. ^[123]

Brookside, Alabama, where the municipality of 1,253 residents saw fines and fees rise by 640 percent in four years to pay for half of the city government’s income. ^[124]

In 2019, the Institute for Justice won Timbs v. Indiana , a U.S. Supreme Court that for the first time that held the U.S. Constitution's 8th amendment protection against excessive fines applies to state and local governments.

Freedom of speech

Occupational licensing of speech

In 1997, the Institute filed suit on behalf of Internet and software publishers challenging registration requirements by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The CFTC sought to require the publishers to register with the commission before they could offer generalized opinions on commodity markets. In 1999, U.S. District Court Judge Ricardo Urbina struck down the registration requirement as unconstitutional. ^[125] In 2000, the CFTC adopted a new rule stating that those who published impersonal, standardized commodity trading advice no longer needed to register with the government, thus ending the litigation ^[126] and marking one of the earliest protections for free speech among Internet and software publishers. ^[127]

In 2003, the Institute for Justice challenged California’s requirement that—unlike newspapers or magazines—Internet advertising companies, including its client ForSaleByOwner.com, had to secure a government-issued real estate brokers license before they could provide information online. ^[128] In 2004, the U.S. District Court in Sacramento struck down the law as “wholly arbitrary.” ^[129]   The Institute for Justice won a similar victory before the U.S. District Court for the District of New Hampshire in 2008 on behalf of ZeroBrokerFees.com. ^[130]

In 2013, newspaper columnist John Rosemond filed suit against the Kentucky Board of Examiners of Psychology when it ordered him to stop publishing his advice column in Kentucky newspapers because it constituted the unlicensed practice of psychology. ^[131] That same year, the Institute for Justice won a similar free speech case on behalf of North Carolina blogger Steve Cooksey, known as “the caveman blogger,” who had been told by the North Carolina Board of Dietetics/Nutrition that he could not provide dietary advice without first receiving a license from the state. ^[132]

The Institute for Justice has litigated several occupational speech cases on behalf of tour guides in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ^[133] Washington, D.C., Savannah, Georgia, ^[134] and Charleston, South Carolina ^[135] and on behalf of interior designers in New Mexico, ^[136] Texas, Connecticut, ^[137] Oklahoma and Florida. ^[138]

Political speech

In 2006, the Institute for Justice filed a successful suit against the Colorado Attorney General challenging the state’s campaign finance laws for stifling free speech. Residents of Parker North, Colorado, who had engaged in a grassroots effort to stop the annexation of their neighborhood into the town of Parker had spent more than $200 in their campaign and were then subject to the state’s campaign finance reporting requirements, which included registering with the state, tracking and reporting all contributions and expenditures, and disclosing the identities of anyone who contributed money to their efforts. ^[139] In 2010, the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the state’s ballot-issue registration and disclosure laws violated the First Amendment as applied to the grassroots group. ^[140]

In 2010, the Institute won a federal lawsuit before the en banc U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on behalf of SpeechNow.org. ^[141] As a result of the ruling, the Federal Election Commission could not ban an independent group of citizens from accepting unlimited donations to advocate regarding ballot issues. This led to the creation of super PACs.

In 2011, the Institute for Justice argued and won a landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Arizona Free Enterprise Club’s Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett, which struck down Arizona’s “matching funds” provision. Under Arizona’s law, the government gave publicly funded candidates additional funds when privately funded candidates and independent groups spent more than the amounts allotted to publicly funded candidates. ^[142]

In 2013, the Institute won challenges to grassroots political speech in Mississippi and Arizona. ^[143]

In 2018, IJ earned a victory in Holland v. Williams, a case that ultimately led to the complete invalidation of Colorado’s private enforcement system of campaign finance laws. ^[144]

Retaliation

Investigative journalist and author Carla Main was sued for defamation by developer H. Walker Royall ^[145] after Main wrote a book exposing his efforts to use eminent domain to remove family-owned business in Freeport, Texas to make way for a luxury marina development. The Institute for Justice represented Main ^[146] for free and won on her behalf before the Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals. ^[147]

IJ won a similar legal fight on behalf of Kelly Gallaher, a citizen journalist from Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, who was sued by the village attorney after Gallaher criticized him. ^[148]

Commercial Speech

In 2017, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously in favor of a Florida dairy farmer represented by the Institute for Justice who challenged the Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services regulation that banned her from labeling her all-natural skim milk as “skim milk” unless she artificially injected it with vitamin A. ^[149]

Through litigation, media relations and lobbying, the Institute has successfully challenged five interior-design “titling laws” (in Connecticut, ^[150] Florida, ^[151] New Mexico, ^[136] Oklahoma, ^[152] and Texas) which prohibited its clients from truthfully advertising their services. IJ did likewise on behalf of an engineer in Oregon who challenged a city’s red-light cameras. ^[153]

Signs

The Institute for Justice challenged Redmond, Washington when it banned ^[154] Blazing Bagels from using portable signs but allowed portable signs for real estate companies. Ultimately, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Blazing Bagels owner Dennis Ballen that the ban amounted to content-based discrimination of free speech. ^[155] The Institute successfully challenged a similar ban in Lynnwood, Washington on behalf of the Futon Factory. ^[156]

In 2016, in a case the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the Institute for Justice’s clients then remanded to the lower court, IJ challenged Norfolk, Virginia’s effort to ban a property owner from hanging a large sign protesting the government’s taking of his property through eminent domain. ^[157] The final ruling in that case was handed down by the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.

In 2020, the Institute successfully defended the owners of Lonesome Dove saloon ^[158] in Mandan, North Dakota after the city started fining the establishment for having its business name in a mural on the side of its building.

Parental choice in education

The organization has litigated several cases related to education reform and school vouchers, including four successful cases that went to the Supreme Court: Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002), Garriott v. Winn (2010), Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020) ^{[14] [29] [159]} and Carson v. Makin . In the Zelman case, the Supreme Court ruled that parents can use public money (in the form of school vouchers) to pay tuition at private schools, including parochial schools. ^[16] The Institute represented parents in that case. ^[15] In the Garriott case, the court dismissed a challenge to a program in Arizona that gave state tax credits for contributions to charitable organizations that provided scholarships for private school tuition. ^[27] The institute argued in favor of dismissal. ^[28] In the Espinoza case, the court ruled that Montana could not prohibit families from using tuition scholarships, which were funded by tax credit-eligible contributions to nonprofit scholarship organizations, at religiously affiliated schools. ^[160] In the Carson case, the court ruled that Maine could not exclude children from a publicly funded tuition assistance program because their parent's selected schools that provide religious instruction as part of their curriculum. ^[161]

Activism and coalitions

The institute maintains training programs, activism networks, and partnerships with other organizations.

The IJ Clinic on Entrepreneurship is a joint project of the Institute for Justice and the University of Chicago Law School. The clinic provides free legal services for startups and other entrepreneurs in economically disadvantaged communities in the Chicago area. ^{[162] [163]}

The organization provides educational opportunities for law students, such as a yearly conference for law students at George Washington University. According to the Institute for Justice, participants in the conference, along with the organization's former law clerks and interns, can join the institute's "Human Action Network". The institute offers to match network members with volunteer and pro-bono opportunities in their local communities. ^[164] The organization also recruits volunteers for its "Liberty in Action" project, for support activism by non-lawyers. ^[165] The institute founded the Castle Coalition in 2002 to provide more specific tools for activists in the area of eminent domain abuse.

Finances

IJ operates as a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit. Charity Navigator has given the institute a four-star rating (out of four) for financial transparency and efficiency in each year since it began evaluating charities in 2001. ^[166]

According to the institute, 85 percent of contributions in 2012 came from individuals, with 14 percent coming from foundations and 1 percent coming from businesses. ^[167] As of 2005, IJ did not actively solicit corporate donations. ^[8] According to information provided to the Internal Revenue Service, the organization spent about $12.8 million in the fiscal year ending June 2013. ^[168] In that year, 83.2% of money spent went to the programs and services the institute delivers, with the rest going to administrative expenses (9.4%) and fund-raising expenses (7.2%). ^[166]

See also

• Dana Berliner, Litigation Director at the Institute for Justice
• Libertarian theories of law

References

1. Editorial Board (September 3, 2021). "Happy Birthday, freedom-fighter Institute for Justice". NewYorkPost. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
2. Organizational Profile Archived December 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine – National Center for Charitable Statistics (Urban Institute)
3. https://ij.org/about-us/staff/ ^{[ bare URL ]}
4. Greenhouse, Linda (June 23, 2005). "Justices Rule Cities Can Take Property for Private Development". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
5. O'Harrow Jr., Robert; Rich, Steven (November 15, 2014). "D.C. police plan for future seizure proceeds years in advance in city budget documents". Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
6. Carroll, Jill; Abboud, Leila (July 1, 2002). "Voucher Battle Will Likely Extend To Statehouses Across the Country". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
7. Board, Post Editorial (September 3, 2021). "Happy Birthday, freedom-fighter Institute for Justice" . Retrieved December 1, 2023.
8. Rosen, Jeffrey (April 17, 2005). "The Unregulated Offensive". The New York Times .
9. "After 24 Years as IJ's One & Only President Chip Mellor Elevated to Board Chairman in 2016". Institute for Justice web site. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
10. Easton, Nina J. (April 20, 1997). "Welcome to the Clint Bolick Revolution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
11. "Shoeshine Businessman Standing Tall in Victory". The New York Times. April 19, 1989. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
12. Cokorinos, Lee (2003). The Assault on Diversity: An Organized Challenge to Racial and Gender Justice . Rowman & Littlefield. p.  77. ISBN   0742524760. Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy mellor.
13. "William H. Mellor Biography". The Institute for Justice web site. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
14. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris ,536U.S.639(2002).
15. Elsasser, Glen (September 26, 2001). "High court to rule on vouchers for religious schools". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
16. Greenhouse, Linda (June 28, 2002). "Supreme Court, 5-4, Upholds Voucher System That Pays Religious Schools' Tuition". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
17. Kramer, John (June 30, 2020). "Landmark Victory for Parents In U.S. Supreme Court School Choice Case". Institute for Justice (Press release). Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
18. "Simmons-Harris v. Zelman, 234 F.3d 945 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
19. Greenhouse, Linda (May 25, 2004). "Justices Step Into Interstate Wine Rift". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
20. Savage, David G. (May 17, 2005). "Wine Sale Curbs Lifted". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
21. Granholm v. Heald ,544U.S.460(2005).
22. "Swedenburg v. Kelly, 00 Civ. 0778(RMB)". vLex. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
23. Kelo v. City of New London ,545U.S.469(2005).
24. Greenhouse, Linda (June 24, 2005). "Justices Uphold Taking Property for Development". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
25. Waldmeir, Paul (May 17, 2005). "Supreme Court rules against state wine laws". Financial Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
26. "The State of Property Rights in America Ten Years After Kelo v. City of New London". congress.gov. July 9, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
27. Bravin, Jess (April 5, 2011). "Private-School Tax Break Is Upheld". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
28. Barnes, Robert (April 4, 2011). "Supreme Court tosses private-school tax-credit challenge". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
29. Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ,131S. Ct.1436(2010).
30. "High court to hear Arizona school case". NBC News. May 24, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
31. Liptak, Adam (June 27, 2011). "Justices Strike Down Arizona Campaign Finance Law". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
32. Bravin, Jess; Kendall,Brent (June 28, 2011). "Campaign Funding Measure in Arizona Overturned". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
33. Liptak, Adam (November 29, 2012). "Justices to Assess Arizona Campaign Financing". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
34. Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett ,131S. Ct.2806(2011).
35. "Timbs v. Indiana" (PDF).
36. "Timbs v. Indiana, 586 U.S. ___ (2019)" (PDF). The United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition. 586. February 20, 2019.
37. "Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Association v. Blair". Institute for Justice. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
38. "Supreme Court Strikes Down Tennessee Liquor Law". MemphisFlyer. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
39. "Montana School Choice". Institute for Justice. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
40. "Espinoza School Choice Case and Discrimination Against Religion". Reason.com. January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
41. "Brownback v. King". Institute for Justice. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
42. "Brownback v. King, 592 U.S. ___ (2021)". Justia Law. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
43. Sullum, Jacob (November 9, 2020). "SCOTUS Considers Whether James King Has Any Recourse Against the Cops Who Choked and Beat Him for No Good Reason". Reason.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
44. "Carson v. Makin". Institute for Justice. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
45. "Carson v. Makin". Justia Law. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
46. "Carson v. Makin" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
47. Mattox, Casey (August 21, 2022). "What Carson v. Makin means for your back-to-school list". Americans for Prosperity. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
48. "Carson v. Makin - Americans United". April 6, 2023. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
49. Rao, Devi M. "Gonzalez v. Trevino". macarthurjustice.org. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
50. Huff, Jess (April 16, 2024). "A Texas landowner can sue the state for flood damage to his property, U.S. Supreme Court rules". Texas Tribune. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
51. Mellor, William H. "The Quest for Justice: Natural Rights and the Future of Public Interest Law". The Institute for Justice web site. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
52. Gillespie, Nick (March 2, 2008). "Litigating for Liberty". Reason Magazine. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
53. Demsas, Jerusalem (February 24, 2023). "Permission-Slip Culture Is Hurting America". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
54. Tuccille, J. D. (March 27, 2023). "How bad are your state's occupational licensing requirements?". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
55. "Who benefits, who loses from the occupational licensing system?". www.wbur.org. February 27, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
56. Crovitz, L Gordon (February 5, 1992). "Rule of Law: Economic Rights: Guild Cuts Off Cornrows". Wall Street Journal.(subscription required)
57. Easton, Nina J. (2002). Gang of Five. Simon & Schuster. p. 332. ISBN   0743203208.
58. Campo-Flores, Adrian (January 21, 2013). "Street Vendors Battle Limits". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2013.(subscription required)
59. Brewer, Bill (September 16, 1999). "Lawsuit to challenge state law on casket sales". News Sentinel, Knoxville Tennessee.
60. Savage, David (October 19, 2013). "Monks in Louisiana win right to sell handcrafted caskets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
61. Schmidt, Kathrine (March 13, 2010). "Debate renewed over state's flower-license law". The Daily Comet. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
62. Dunkelberger, Lloyd (September 16, 2011). "Interior design law is disputed". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
63. Migoya, David (November 6, 2012). "Colorado Supreme Court to hear appeal for more cabs in Denver". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
64. Gambardello, Joseph A. (July 3, 2008). "Tour guides challenge Phila. licensing law". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
65. du Lac, J. Freedom (September 26, 2010). "Some tour guides challenge constitutionality of District's licensing test". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 7, 2013.,
66. Rubin, Rita (February 24, 2010). "Lawsuit urges payment for bone marrow donors". USA Today. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
67. Williams, Carol J. (December 2, 2011). "Pay ban on donor organs doesn't include bone marrow, court says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
68. Levy, Collin (January 7, 2012). "Litigating for Liberty". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 9, 2013.(subscription required)
69. The Associated Press (November 27, 2013). "Gov't To Keep Ban On Paying Bone Marrow Donors". NPR. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
70. Glembocki, Vicki (July 1, 2014). "The Case of the Bone Marrow Buyer". The Reader's Digest. No. July 2014. Archived from the original on April 10, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
71. "In Victory for Cancer Patients & Their Families, HHS Withdraws Controversial Rule That Would Have Banned Compensating Bone Marrow Donors". Institute for Justice. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
72. Levitz, Jennifer (August 24, 2010). "Crafting Coffins for Sale, Monks Go Up Against Louisiana's 'Casket Cartel'". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
73. "Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2011-27 | Internal Revenue Service". www.irs.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
74. "Loving v. Internal Revenue Serv., 917 F. Supp. 2d 67 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
75. "Ladd et al v. Real Estate Commission, et al. (majority)". Justia Law. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
76. "Permanent Injunction Granted" (PDF).
77. "Lawsuit: Pa. should end 'good moral character' requirement for cosmetology licenses". WHYY. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
78. "Suit: Drop 'good moral character' cosmetologist requirement". AP News. December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
79. "C. Haveman & A. Spillane v. BPOA, et al. (complete opinion)". Justia Law. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
80. Mansnerus, Laura (March 22, 1998). "What Public? Whose Use?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
81. Herszenhorn, David M. (July 21, 1998). "Widowed Homeowner Foils Trump in Atlantic City". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
82. Lopez, Edward; R. Todd Jewell; Noel D. Campbell (April 2009). "Pass a Law, Any Law, Fast! State Legislative Responses to the Kelo Backlash". Review of Law & Economics. 5 (1): 101–135. doi:10.2202/1555-5879.1268. S2CID   201061132 . Retrieved December 12, 2013.
83. Sandefur, Timothy (Fall 2006). "The 'Backlash' So Far: Will Americans Get Meaningful Eminent Domain Reform?". Michigan State Law Review . SSRN   868539.
84. Ung, Elisa (June 23, 2006). "Eminent domain's virulent backlash". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
85. Reid, T. R. (September 6, 2005). "Missouri Condemnation No Longer So Imminent; Supreme Court Ruling Ignites Political Backlash". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
86. Associated Press (June 24, 2006). "Bush Limits Eminent-Domain Seizures". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
87. Huffstutter, P.J. (July 27, 2006). "Ohio Landowners Win Eminent Domain Case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
88. "Eminent Domain - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. June 30, 2004. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
89. Star-Ledger, Michael Rispoli/The (September 16, 2009). "Long Branch, homeowners settle 5-year eminent domain dispute". nj. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
90. BRIAN SKOLOFF. "Eminent domain project on hold after council vote". The Star Banner. Associated Press. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
91. "National City loses battle over boxing gym". FOX 5 San Diego. December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
92. Root, Damon (October 2, 2008). ""The lesson here is that government does not need eminent domain to promote redevelopment."". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
93. "Owner beats N.J. government agency seeking to seize family home - for now". PhillyVoice. February 15, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
94. Rasmussen, Eric (December 30, 2020). "New national report gives Minnesota a 'D' for civil forfeiture". KSTP.com 5 Eyewitness News. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
95. Carelli, Richard (February 24, 1993). "Drug Agents Barred From Seizing Property From Innocent Owners". Associated Press. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
96. Emshwiller, John R. (August 22, 2011). "Federal Asset Seizures Rise, Netting Innocent With Guilty". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2013.(subscription required)
97. Fields, Gary (January 25, 2013). "Court Rejects Justice Department Seizure of Motel". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 13, 2013.(subscription required)
98. Hoppin, Jason (May 15, 2010). "Minnesota House approves civil forfeiture changes". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
99. Pye, Jason (February 22, 2017). "Congress must reform civil asset forfeiture laws". The Hill. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
100. "Magistrate Judge Judith G for United States v. 434 Main Street, Tewksbury, Massachusetts". Justia Dockets & Filings. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
101. Salzman, Larry. "Assault by civil forfeiture: Column". USA TODAY. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
102. Will, George. "Government uses civil forfeiture to prey on innocents". The Tennessean. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
103. Erb, Kelly Phillips. "IRS Backs Down, Returns Seized Cash To Family Businesses". Forbes. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
104. Weigel, David (September 12, 2014). "Come and Take It". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
105. Justice, Daryl James, Institute for (November 5, 2021). "Victims of Philly police cash grabs tell their side of the story in new civil forfeiture survey | Opinion". Billy Penn at WHYY. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
106. "Philadelphia reaches settlement, agrees to change civil forfeiture program". WHYY. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
107. Finney, Daniel P. "Forfeiture target calls it 'a violation of civil rights'". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
108. Dewan, Shaila (December 13, 2014). "I.R.S. Asset Seizure Case Is Dropped by Prosecutors". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
109. "The IRS has been quietly confiscating millions from small business owners". CBS 6 News Richmond WTVR. April 6, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
110. "Feds drop controversial forfeiture case led by Obama AG pick Lynch | Fox News". www.foxnews.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
111. Sullum, Jacob (July 2, 2019). "New Law Stops IRS From Stealing People's Money Simply Because It Deems Their Bank Deposits Suspiciously Small". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
112. "New Orleans shoeshine man wins legal battle over $30,000 seized by DEA agents". NBC News. October 29, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
113. Vandell, Perry. "Man had $39,500 seized by Arizona police for nearly 3 years. He finally received his money back". USA TODAY. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
114. Kramer, John (March 21, 2006). "Renters' Rights". Institute for Justice (Press release).
115. "REPEALED RENTAL LAW COSTING PARK FOREST". Chicago Tribune. April 14, 1999. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
116. Hayes, John (July 18, 2022). "Game Commission hands over evidence in constitutional case on privacy rights". The Bradford Era. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
117. Wadhwani, Anita (April 22, 2022). "State appeals ruling that warrantless searches by wildlife officers are unconstitutional". Tennessee Lookout. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
118. Sisson, Patrick (May 24, 2018). "How the municipal court money machine burdens city residents". Curbed. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
119. The Editorial Board (November 14, 2015). "Opinion | Policing for Profit in St. Louis County". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
120. Davey, Monica (November 4, 2015). "Lawsuit Accuses Missouri City of Fining Homeowners to Raise Revenue". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
121. "Whitner v. City of Pagedale 4:15-cv-01655 (E.D. Mo.) | Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse". clearinghouse.net. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
122. Shackford, Scott (May 21, 2018). "St. Louis Town Agrees to Stop Bankrolling Itself by Fining Its Residents into the Poorhouse". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
123. Plesset, Emilie (September 8, 2017). "Mayor Fined Renters Out of Homes So Builder Could Replace Them With the Rich, Lawsuit Says". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
124. "DOJ: Lawsuit should proceed over Brookside's police fines". Alabama Daily News. Associated Press. August 1, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
125. "Taucher v. Brown-Hruska, 396 F.3d 1168 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
126. "CFTC backs off rule that would require registration of newsletter publishers". The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
127. "The First Amendment in the Electronic Age: Free Speech-vs-Market Regulation" (PDF).
128. "House Hunting Online". Wall Street Journal. May 16, 2003. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
129. "Forsalebyowner.com Corp. v. Zinnemann, 347 F. Supp. 2d 868 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
130. "Web site challenges state real estate licensing law". NH Business Review. April 13, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
131. "Occupational Speech and the First Amendment". Harvard Law Review. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
132. "N.C. 'Caveman' Blogger Wins A Round in Federal Court". Carolina Journal -. July 1, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
133. Newman, Barry (March 31, 2009). "Philadelphia Tour Guides Say Licensing Quiz Treads on Them". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved December 14, 2023.
134. "Judge: License law violated speech rights of Georgia guides". AP News. May 21, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
135. "Federal judge strikes down Charleston's licensing requirement for tour guides". WCBD News 2. August 3, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
136. "New Mexico Ends "Unconstitutional Censorship" of Interior Designers". I+S Design. June 1, 2007. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
137. "Licensing red tape snarls interior designers - Nov. 11, 2008". money.cnn.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
138. Boehm, Eric (July 1, 2020). "Florida Just Passed the Most Sweeping Occupational Licensing Reform in History". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
139. Syndicate, David Harsanyi | Creators (February 11, 2007). "Neighbors' free speech muzzled". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
140. "Sampson v. Buescher, 625 F.3d 1247 (2010)". cite.case.law. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
141. "SpeechNOW.org v. Federal Election Commission". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
142. "Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
143. Sullum, Jacob (October 1, 2013). "Federal Judges Overturn Speech-Chilling Regulation of Grassroots Activists". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
144. "Parts of CO's Campaign Finance Enforcement System Struck Down". www.natlawreview.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
145. Rogers, Tim (July 26, 2011). "Appeals Court Affirms First Amendment, Slaps Down Hiram Walker Royall". D Magazine. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
146. Michels, Patrick. "Lawyers Spar Over HP Developer's Defamation Suit and How to Prove An Alliance "Unholy"". Dallas Observer. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
147. "CARLA T. MAIN AND THE ENCOUNTER FOR CULTURE AND EDUCATION, INC., Appellants v. H. WALKER ROYALL, Appellee". Justia Law. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
148. Rogan, Adam (May 24, 2022). "Defamation lawsuit, filed by Mount Pleasant's attorney against village resident, tossed out". Journal Times. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
149. "Ocheesee Creamery LLC v. Putnam, No. 16-12049 (11th Cir. 2017)". Justia Law. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
150. Courant, Hartford (July 1, 2009). "Connecticut Interior Designer Title Law Struck Down By Judge". Hartford Courant. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
151. Visconti, Ariel (March 4, 2022). "Florida passes most comprehensive deregulation bill to date". Ascend Magazine Website. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
152. J, Thornton,Robert J. ;Timmons,Edward. "The de-licensing of occupations in the United States : Monthly Labor Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
153. "A man who was fined for not being a "real" engineer has just changed traffic lights worldwide". We Rep STEM. March 3, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
154. Sullum, Jacob (December 1, 2003). "Moving Violation". Reason.com. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
155. "Cities, businesses go round and round on twirling signs of the times". The Denver Post. June 20, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
156. "Signs of the times". HeraldNet.com. March 4, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
157. Daugherty, Scott (January 29, 2016). "Federal court: Norfolk violated Central Radio's right to free speech in eminent domain dispute". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
158. "Lonesome Dove, city of Mandan settle mural lawsuit". KX NEWS. February 21, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
159. "Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, ___ U.S. ___ (2020)" (PDF).
160. Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, ____ U.S. ____ (2020)
161. Dame, Marketing Communications: Web | University of Notre (April 11, 2023). "Panelists share insights on Carson v. Makin and the legal landscape for school choice | The Law School | University of Notre Dame". The Law School. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
162. "U. Of C. Law School Opens New Center". Chicago Tribune. October 12, 1998. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
163. "Clinical Programs". University of Chicago Law School web site. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
164. "Programs for Law Students and Undergraduates". The Institute for Justice web site. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
165. "About Liberty in Action". The Institute for Justice web site. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
166. "Institute for Justice rating". Charity Navigator. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
167. "About IJ: Financial Report". The Institute for Justice web site. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
168. "Profile of Institute for Justice – IRS". Charity Navigator. Retrieved November 27, 2014.

External links

• Official website
• "Institute for Justice Internal Revenue Service filings". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
• Institute for Justice Profile at Charity Navigator