Jack Bauer

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Jack Bauer
24 character
Jack Bauer.jpg
Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer
First appearance Day 1 – Episode 1
Last appearance Live Another Day – Episode 12
Created by Joel Surnow
Robert Cochran
Portrayed by Kiefer Sutherland
Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Other appearances 24: The Game
24: Redemption
In-universe information
FamilyPhillip Bauer (father)
Graem Bauer (brother)
Josh Bauer (nephew)
Stephen Wesley (son-in-law)
Teri Wesley (granddaughter)
Unnamed grandson
Spouse Teri Bauer (deceased)
Children Kim Bauer

Jack Bauer is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Fox television series 24 . His character has worked in various capacities on the show, often as a federal agent of the Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) based in Los Angeles, and working with the FBI in Washington, D.C. during season 7. Within the 24 storyline, Bauer is a key member of the CTU, its Director in Season 1, and is often portrayed as their most capable agent. Bauer's job usually involves helping prevent major terrorist attacks on the United States, saving both civilian lives and government administrations. On many occasions, Jack does so at great personal expense, as those he thwarts subsequently target him and his loved ones. He is not a crooked agent; however, Bauer's frequent use of torture to gather information has generated much controversy and discussion.

Contents

Actor Kiefer Sutherland portrays Jack Bauer in the television show [1] and video game. The television series was originally set to end on May 24, 2010, after eight successful seasons but was renewed for a ninth season, which premiered on May 5, 2014. [2] A feature film was set to be released; however, discussions ended over a contract dispute with Fox.

TV Guide ranked him No. 49 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Heroes" and Sky 1 listed Jack as No. 1 on their list of "TV's toughest men". Entertainment Weekly named Jack Bauer one of The 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture. [3] In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly also named him one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years. [4] Jack is also the only character in the show to have appeared in all episodes.

Concept and creation

24 co-creator Joel Surnow commented that they did not have any actors in mind for the part; "We didn't really know who it was. We were casting a lot of people and then we heard Kiefer Sutherland's name and thought, that's Jack Bauer." [5] In 2000, Sutherland was contacted by his friend, director Stephen Hopkins, who was working on the pilot for the experimental real-time TV show and offered him the lead. [6] Initially Sutherland had reservations about playing Bauer, stating, "I thought, 'This is really clever and different, so there's no way they're going to pick it up. But I could use the money, and no one will ever see it'." [7]

Sutherland must produce around 24 hours of film each season, "which is like making 12 movies, so there are going to be mistakes along the way, but I am incredibly surprised by how many things work well as a result of working at that pace." [7] In 2006, Sutherland signed a contract to play the role of Bauer for three seasons following season five. The contract was reported to be worth $40 million. [5] Sutherland is also an executive producer of 24. [8]

Characterization

Jack Bauer was born in Santa Monica, California, [9] on February 18, 1966, [10] to Phillip Bauer, who placed his livelihood in his company, BXJ Technologies. The name of Jack's mother is unknown. Jack had one brother, Graem Bauer. Phillip originally planned to give the company to Jack, [11] but as Jack said in Day 6, "I just had to go my own way." [12]

Jack has a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature from the University of California, Los Angeles and a Master of Science degree in Criminology and Law from the University of California, Berkeley. [13] He enlisted in the United States Army and later graduated from Officer Candidate School. His branch was infantry. He first served in the Special Forces, and was later a member of the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D), popularly known as Delta Force. Among his awards and decorations are the Silver Star, the Purple Heart, and the Legion of Merit. Apart from Special Forces and Delta training, he received Airborne, Air Assault, and Ranger training. He left the Army with the rank of Captain after twelve years of service.

While in the Army, he married Teri Bauer and had one child, Kim Bauer. Following his military career, Jack worked for both the Los Angeles Police Department's Special Weapons and Tactics unit and for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as a Case Officer in the National Clandestine Service. He was recruited into the Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) by Christopher Henderson, CTU's Director of Field Operations. [14]

Bauer has shown a high proficiency with firearms (typically using a SIG P228 as his weapon of choice for the first and second seasons, then switching to a USP Compact, until after Season 8 he switches again, this time to a P30). He also can handle explosives and electronic devices, and has a high resistance to torture (after being kidnapped by Chinese agents and tortured for almost two years, it is revealed he didn't speak a single word the whole time). He is fluent in German (Season 8) and has demonstrated some ability to either speak or understand Spanish (Seasons 1 and 3), Serbian (Season 1), Russian (Season 6), and Arabic (Season 8). He is also shown to be capable of flying planes (Season 2) and helicopters (Seasons 3, 5, 8, and 9). Jack is a formidable hand-to-hand combatant from his years in the Army and as a federal agent, and he has killed multiple enemies in hand-to-hand combat.

Bauer generally wishes to live a humble life, but is willing to step forward and protect his country, even at the expense of his own health. His involvement throughout the show had caused him to lose many of his loved ones, despite his leadership and own calls. While the government acknowledges his service, Bauer and his superiors clash over his more rogue and extreme actions he takes without explicit authorization.

Jack has lost his wife Teri, murdered by a traitor who had infiltrated CTU. His relationship with his daughter Kim is at times tumultuous (Season 2, Season 5) while at other times accepting of who he is and what he must do (Season 7, Season 8). In his goal to find peace, he gets involved with Audrey Raines, the daughter of United States Secretary of Defense James Heller, whom Jack works for. The relationship with the Secretary's daughter is all but severed when Jack makes the decision to save a material witness over Audrey's ex-husband. He lost his best friend, Tony Almeida, and former boss, Michelle, to a car bomb. He lost his friend, former President David Palmer, to the same assassin who killed his friends. His girlfriend \ Renee Walker was killed by an assassin's bullet. His own government that he has sworn to protect has turned on him (former President Logan, President Taylor), and at the beginning of Season 7 he is on trial for his interrogation tactics. Finally, the friend he thought was dead (Tony Almeida), betrays him when he turns to terrorism in order to seek revenge against the person who killed his wife, Michelle.

Jack's final dialogue with FBI Special Agent Renee Walker in Season 7 [15] offers insight into his perspective on torture and its ramifications:

Jack: I've been wrestling with this one my whole life. I see 15 people held hostage on a bus, and everything else goes out the window. I will do whatever it takes to save them- and I mean whatever it takes. I guess maybe I thought if I save them I could save myself.

Renee: [Chuckles] Do you regret anything that you did today?

Jack: [Chuckles] No. But then again, I don't work for the FBI.

Renee: I don't understand.

Jack: You took an oath. You made a promise to uphold the law. When you cross that line, it always starts off with a small step. Before you know it, you're running as fast as you can in the wrong direction just to justify what you started in the first place. These laws were written by much smarter men than me. And in the end, I know that these laws have to be more important than the 15 people on the bus. I know that's right. In my mind I know that's right. I-I just don't think my heart could ever have lived with that. I guess the only advice I can give you is try to make choices that you can live with.

In other media

As the principal character in 24, Jack plays a prominent role in the television series as well as the video game. Jack is the lead protagonist of the 24 series and the books, and has appeared in every episode to date. Kiefer Sutherland has portrayed Jack Bauer in these episodes, including the prequels and the webisodes. Additionally, he voiced the same character in 24: The Game, 24: Day Zero and 24: DVD Board Game.

24 Prequels

Jack Bauer is also featured in all four prequels, that can be found on the 24 DVD releases and various websites. These prequels are designed to bridge the gap between seasons. They provide backstory into story arcs for upcoming seasons, namely insight into what Jack's actions have been leading up to the next season. Prequels have been made for Seasons 4, 5, 6, and 7.

24 Webisodes

24: Day 6 Debrief takes place 35 hours after the nuclear device exploded in Valencia, California. The series consists of 5 segments, no longer than three minutes in length each. Two agents, Agent Ramirez and Agent Moss, track Jack down to a hotel room and ask him to come to District for debriefing about the recovery of the tactical nukes. The Debrief consists of Agent Ramirez and other agents attempting to discover more about the supposed-death of an undercover agent, Marcus Holt, who disappeared shortly after Jack's imprisonment in China at the hands of Cheng Zhi. Since Holt was involved with the Chinese government, it is believed that Jack leaked information that led to his identity being discovered and execution. At the end of the series, the agents announce that they have no conclusive evidence about his involvement, but Ramirez promises to keep a close eye on him until he is certain. Jack tells Ramirez that if he ever sees him again, he better say "The Lord's Prayer", because it will mean he's come to kill him.

With that, Bauer is released from custody and the interrogation ends.

24: The Game

Bauer in 24: The Game, which takes place six months after Day 2. 24thegamejackbauer2.jpg
Bauer in 24: The Game , which takes place six months after Day 2.

24: The Game takes place between Day 2 and 3. Jack begins waiting outside a ship where terrorists are going to release a ricin bomb in the water supply. A CTU Team triggers an alarm causing Jack and his team to storm the ship. Jack and his team find the whole ship's crew dead in a cargo hold. He runs into Peter Madsen, an enemy from his past. It is unclear what the story is between them, but it is stated that he framed Jack's family for a vile crime, this is hinted with Jack saying to him: "Eight years ago, my family was not involved". Madsen also states that he no longer takes orders from Jack. It's hinted that Madsen was under Jack's command either in the army or in a SWAT team, and Madsen betrayed Jack. Madsen kidnaps Jack's daughter Kim, and later Kate Warner. Jack finally kills Madsen near the end of the game when he tries to escape by shooting up his speedboat with a Zastava M80 assault rifle, causing it to explode. He also kills Max, who was holding Kate hostage, saving her life. However Max managed to shoot Jack once before dying, the second of two times he was shot in the final hour of the game, the first time by Madsen. As a result, Chase Edmunds takes Jack to the hospital via helicopter.

24 Toys

Diamond Select Toys released 1/6 scale figures based on Jack Bauer:

Diamond Select Toys released 1/24 scale Minimates based on 24:

Enterbay released 1/6 scale figures based on 24:

McFarlane Toys released 1/12 scale figures based on Jack Bauer:

Medicom Toy (Japan) released 1/6 scale figures based on Jack Bauer in their Real Action Heroes line:

24 comic books

IDW has released a series of comic books based on the adventures of Jack Bauer and other members of the 24 Cast. 24's Comic License is published by IDW Publishing

The Simpsons

Jack Bauer appeared in the season 18 episode 24 Minutes of The Simpsons . In the episode, he receives a call from Bart Simpson in the middle of a shooting and falls victim to a prank call (as Moe Szyslak did in the early seasons of "The Simpsons"). Enraged, Bauer reappears at the end of the episode, having called all agents of his organization and abandoning his prior mission so that he could hunt Bart down and arrest him. A nuclear bomb then goes off in the distance, but everyone sighs with relief after Bauer reassures them that the nuclear bomb went off in Shelbyville.

Tripping the Rift

In the TV show Tripping the Rift episode 23 1/2, a character named "Jack Hour of the Alien Terrorist Unit" offers to help rescue Six.

It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia

In episode 14, season 3 of the TV show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , Dennis Reynolds names his junkyard cat “Agent Jack Bauer”.

Kingsman

In the spy film series Kingsman, main character Gary "Eggsy" Unwin named his dog JB after Jack Bauer.

The Trail to Oregon!

In the version of the musical "The Trail to Oregon!" that was uploaded to YouTube by the official StarKid Productions YouTube channel, the Father is named "'Jack Bauer", a name suggested by an audience member.

The Office

In "The Job", the third season finale of the American adaptation of The Office, Dwight Schrute wishes to name Jack Bauer his second-in-command, but laments that he is "unavailable, fictional, and overqualified".

Critical reception

Having won an Emmy Award (with 5 other nominations), a Golden Globe (with 4 other nominations), two SAG Awards (with 3 other nominations) and two Satellite Awards, Kiefer Sutherland's performance as Jack Bauer became (award-wise) the third most acclaimed Male Lead Dramatic TV performance of the 2000s behind James Gandolfini (with 3 Emmys, 1 Golden Globe and 3 SAG Awards) and Bryan Cranston (with 4 Emmys, 1 Golden Globe, 2 SAG Awards, and 4 Satellite Awards). He is also one of only two Male Lead Drama TV Actors ever to have won all 4 awards, the other being Bryan Cranston for his role as Walter White on Breaking Bad .

Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "When Kiefer Sutherland's 24 superagent barks "Dammit, Chloe—we're running out of time!" America's ass is about to be saved in some new, heart-stopping way." [16]

Some American politicians and lawyers have used Jack Bauer and his actions to frame the debate on American interrogation techniques (in this case, "torture"), which have become an object of intense controversy. [17] [18] As well, at a 2007 legal conference in Ottawa, Canada, Jack Bauer's tactics were raised during a panel discussion about "terrorism, torture and the law". Panel members, including U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, discussed the use of torture "in times of great crisis". [19] Scalia was quoted as saying: "Jack Bauer saved Los Angeles. He saved hundreds of thousands of lives. Is any jury going to convict Jack Bauer? I don't think so." [20]

Several philosophers have used Jack Bauer's character to settle challenging moral questions. Twenty philosophers contributed to a 2007 book, 24 and Philosophy: The World According to Jack, which assesses Bauer through the eyes of famous philosophers. [21] For the 24: Live Another Day series, in which anti-hero Jack Bauer and anti-villain Margot Al-Harazi have similar ethical viewpoints, some philosophers have resorted to Iain King's quasi-utilitarian approach to determine that Bauer is morally superior. [22]

Related Research Articles

<i>24</i> (TV series) American television series (2001–2010, 2014)

24 is an American action drama television series created by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran for Fox. The series stars Kiefer Sutherland as US counter-terrorist federal agent Jack Bauer. Each season covers 24 consecutive hours in Bauer's life using the real time method of narration, which is emphasized by the display of split screens and a digital clock. The show premiered on November 6, 2001, and spanned 204 episodes over nine seasons, with the series finale broadcast on July 14, 2014. In addition, the television film 24: Redemption aired between seasons six and seven, on November 23, 2008. 24 is a joint production by Imagine Television and 20th Century Fox Television.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tony Almeida</span> Fictional character

Anthony "Tony" Almeida is a fictional character portrayed by Carlos Bernard on the television series 24. Almeida appeared in a total of 126 episodes, the second highest number of episodes of any character in the series, behind Jack Bauer and just ahead of Chloe O'Brian. Despite initially having friction with Jack Bauer, he eventually develops a strong friendship with Jack and becomes one of the few people Jack trusts unconditionally with his life. However, the loss of his wife Michelle Dessler and unborn son at the hands of a government conspiracy drives him into despair and then rage. His descent into darkness and evil to seek revenge against those responsible for destroying his life is widely lamented by fans and showcases a dark contrast to Jack whose life has also been ruined by the government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloe O'Brian</span> Fictional character

Chloe O'Brian is a fictional character played by actress Mary Lynn Rajskub on the US television series 24. An analyst at CTU Los Angeles, she is Jack Bauer's most trusted colleague, often doing unconventional and unauthorized favors for him, even at personal risk to herself. As O'Brian, Rajskub appeared in 125 episodes of 24, more than any other actor except series star Kiefer Sutherland, who appeared in all 204 episodes of the series. UGO.com named her one of the best TV nerds. AOL named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters.

<i>24</i> season 1 Season of television series

The first season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 1, was first broadcast from November 6, 2001, to May 21, 2002, on Fox. The season's storyline starts at midnight and ends at the following midnight on the day of the California presidential primary.

<i>24</i> season 2 Season of television series

The second season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 2, was first broadcast from October 29, 2002, to May 20, 2003, on Fox. The season begins and ends at 8:00 a.m. The season premiere originally aired without commercial interruption, and has an extended running time of approximately 51 minutes, as opposed to the standard 43 minutes.

<i>24</i> season 4 Season of television series

The fourth season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 4, premiered on January 9, 2005, on Fox and aired its season finale on May 23, 2005. The season four storyline starts and ends at 7:00 am.

<i>24</i> season 5 Season of television series

The fifth season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 5, premiered on January 15, 2006, on Fox and aired its season finale on May 22, 2006. The season five storyline starts and ends at 7:00 a.m. – the same time frame as the previous season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karen Hayes</span> Fictional character

Karen Hayes is a fictional character on the television program 24 portrayed by actress Jayne Atkinson. She appeared as a recurring character in twelve episodes of the fifth season and a main cast member in eighteen episodes of the sixth season.

<i>24</i> season 6 Season of television series

The sixth season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 6, premiered in the United States on Fox on January 14, 2007, and concluded on May 21, 2007. The season's storyline begins and ends at 6:00 a.m. It is set 20 months after the events of the previous season.

<i>Operation Hell Gate</i>

Operation Hell Gate is the first of the 24: Declassified novels based on the FOX television series 24. It was written by Marc Cerasini and takes place before season 1, and Jack Bauer's story is set in New York City. Co-authors for the novel are Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran.

Charles Logan (<i>24</i>) Character from the television series 24

Charles Logan is a fictional character played by Gregory Itzin in the television series 24. During the show's fourth season, Logan is the Vice President of the United States who is sworn into office as President of the United States when former President John Keeler is critically injured in a terrorist attack. Subsequently, Logan's administration fell into corruption. The show's fifth season sees him engage in a massive conspiracy to solidify United States oil interests. Logan appears in the fifth and eighth seasons as the primary antagonist.

<i>24</i> season 7 Season of television series

The seventh season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 7, premiered in the United States on Fox on January 11, 2009, and concluded on May 18, 2009. The season was originally scheduled to premiere on January 13, 2008, but was delayed due to the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. On November 23, 2008, Fox aired 24: Redemption, a two-hour TV movie set between seasons. Unlike all of the other seasons, this season's DVD set was released one day after the season finale. The season's storyline begins and ends at 8:00 a.m.

The Fox Network television series 24 has won numerous Emmy Awards for its technical and artistic merits, and become part of American popular culture. Jack Bauer and David Palmer are seen as iconic television characters. It has also been heavily criticized for justifying the misuse of government authority and the use of torture, and accused of being racially insensitive.

Renee Walker is a fictional character in the TV series 24, portrayed by Annie Wersching. She is an FBI special agent and appeared in both season 7 and season 8.

<i>24</i> season 8 Season of television series

The eighth season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 8, premiered in the United States on Fox on January 17, 2010. The eighth season was announced as the final season of 24 and the show's series finale aired on May 24, 2010. However, the series returned with a ninth season as 24: Live Another Day, which aired in 2014. The season's storyline begins and ends at 4:00 p.m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Day 5: 7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.</span> 1st episode of the 5th season of 24

"Day 5: 7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m." is the fifth season premiere of the American action drama television series 24, and the 97th episode overall. It was written by executive producer Howard Gordon and directed by co-executive producer Jon Cassar. The episode was broadcast as the first hour of a two-night, four-hour season premiere, airing at 8:00 p.m. on Sunday, January 15, 2006, on Fox. The premiere was pre-empted by fifteen minutes on the East Coast by an NFL Playoff Game.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.</span> 1st episode of the 1st season of 24

"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m." is the pilot episode and the first episode of the first season of the American action drama television series 24. It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins, and originally aired in the United States on Fox at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001.

<i>24: Legacy</i> American television series

24: Legacy is an American television series created by Manny Coto and Evan Katz that aired on Fox network from February 5 to April 17, 2017. The series is a spin-off of 24 which was created by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and its premiere served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LI before moving to its regular time slot of Monday at 8:00 p.m. The series' premiere was watched by 17.6 million people, the lowest post-Super Bowl program viewership since 2003's Alias but the most viewed episode in the franchise's history.

<i>24 Japan</i> Japanese television drama

24 Japan is a Japanese action thriller television series airing on TV Asahi, based on the American series 24. It began airing from 9 October 2020 and continued through March 2021. It was created by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran, written by Shūkei Nagasaka and produced by Total Media Communication and 20th Century Fox Television, also commemorates the 60th anniversary of TV Asahi.

References

  1. ↑ Ken Tucker, "24: Mondays, 9 p.m., premiering Sunday, Jan. 11, at 8 pm," Entertainment Weekly 1o30 (January 16, 2009): 56.
  2. ↑ Ausiello, Michael (January 13, 2014). "Fox Announces Spring Premiere Dates for 24: Live Another Day, Surviving Jack and More". TVLine. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Entertainment Weekly's 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  4. ↑ Adam B. Vary (June 1, 2010). "The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years: Here's our full list!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  5. 1 2 Stephen M. Silverman (October 6, 2004). "Kiefer Sutherland: $40 Million Man" . Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  6. ↑ Hedegaard, Erik (April 20, 2006). "Kiefer Sutherland: Heart of Darkness". Rolling Stone Magazine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
  7. 1 2 Joel Schumacher (February 1, 2004). "Kiefer Sutherland: he's been around Hollywood for more than 20 years, but these days, this bold talent has them counting the minutes". Interview. Archived from the original on April 9, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
  8. ↑ Jenna Fryer (January 1, 2004). "24 SEASON 3 Q&A with JOEL SURNOW, ROBERT COCHRAN and HOWARD GORDON". Phase 9 Movies. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
  9. ↑ Cerasini, Marc (2003). 24: The House Special Subcommittee's Findings atCTU (First ed.). Harper Collins. p.  7. ISBN   0-06-053550-4.
  10. ↑ Writer: Howard Gordon, director: Brad Turner (May 28, 2007). "Debrief #2: 09:42:22". 24. Season 6 Debrief.
  11. ↑ Writer: Howard Gordon, director: Jon Cassar (February 5, 2007). "12:00 pm – 1:00 pm". 24. Season 6. Episode 127.
  12. ↑ Writer: Howard Gordon, director: Brad Turner (February 19, 2007). "3:00 pm – 4:00 pm". 24. Season 6. Episode 130.
  13. ↑ "FOX Broadcasting Company: 24". Archived from the original on April 4, 2008.
  14. ↑ Writer: Joel Surnow, director: Tim Iacofano (February 27, 2006). "4:00 pm – 5:00 pm". 24. Season 5. Episode 106.
  15. ↑ Writer: Manny Coto & Brannon Braga, director: Jon Cassar (May 18, 2009). "7:00 am – 8:00 am". 24. Season 7. Episode 168.
  16. ↑ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". Also, in the web series Key of Awesome, the main character has a man crush on Jack Bauer, but is not gay. Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
  17. ↑ Froomkin, Dan (April 21, 2008). "Duped About Torture". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  18. ↑ Sands, Phillip (April 19, 2008). "Stress, hooding, noise, nudity, dogs". Guardian. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
  19. ↑ Lattman, Peter (June 20, 2007). "Justice Scalia Hearts Jack Bauer". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
  20. ↑ Freeze, Colin (June 16, 2007). "What would Jack Bauer do?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  21. ↑ Link to Amazon page on '24 and Philosophy: the World According to Jack' (book), accessed July 20, 2014.
  22. ↑ "24 and philosophy". The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series. July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
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