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Sedevacantism is a traditionalist Catholic movement which holds that since the death of Pius XII the alleged occupiers of the Holy See are not valid popes due to their espousal of one or more heresies and that, for lack of a valid pope, the See of Rome is thus vacant. Sedevacantism owes its origins to the rejection of the theological and disciplinary changes implemented following the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).
Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Huế, South Vietnam, and later a sedevacantist bishop who was excommunicated by the Holy See but is believed to have reconciled with the Holy See before his death in 1984. He was a member of the Ngô family who ruled South Vietnam in the years leading up to the Vietnam War. He was the founder of Dalat University. Today, various Independent Catholic and sedevacantist groups claim to have derived their apostolic succession from Thục.
Daniel Lytle Dolan was an American sedevacantist bishop.
Carlos Duarte Costa was a Brazilian Catholic bishop who became the founder of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, an Independent Catholic church, and its international communion, which long after his death became the short-lived Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches.
Independent Catholicism is an independent sacramental movement of clergy and laity who self-identify as Catholic and form "micro-churches claiming apostolic succession and valid sacraments", in spite of not being affiliated to the historic Catholic church, the Roman Catholic church. The term "Independent Catholic" derives from the fact that "these denominations affirm both their belonging to the Catholic tradition as well as their independence from Rome".
Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers was a French Dominican theologian and, later in life, a Traditionalist Catholic bishop who supported sedevacantism and sedeprivationism and was excommunicated by the Holy See.
Robert Fidelis McKenna was an American sedeprivationist bishop who used to be a Catholic priest of the Dominican order. He was known for his traditionalist Catholic positions and was an advocate of sedeprivationism. McKenna was one of the leaders of the Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement (ORCM). He was also known from the Fox TV-movie The Haunted, which is about the Smurl haunting where McKenna conducted two exorcisms.
The Argentine Catholic Apostolic Church, also known as the Argentine National Church, is an Independent Catholic Christian church derived from the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (ICAB). The ICAA was founded in 1971 in Buenos Aires by Leonardo Morizio Dominguez, with a clear right-wing political orientation and direct support from the ICAB.
The Catholic Apostolic Charismatic Church of "Jesus the King" is an independent international religious association of Catholic origin and character, with headquarters and legal recognition in Munich, Germany. It is known for its bishop, Rómulo Antonio Braschi, a former Roman Catholic priest, who performed the ordinations of the Danube Seven.
The Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church is an Independent Catholic Christian church established in 1945 by excommunicated Brazilian Catholic bishop Carlos Duarte Costa. The Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church is the largest Independent Catholic church in Brazil, with 560,781 members as of 2010, and 26 dioceses as of 2021; internationally, it has an additional 6 dioceses and 6 provinces. It is governed by a president bishop and the Episcopal Council. Its current president of the Episcopal Council is Josivaldo Pereira de Oliveira. The church's administration is in Brasilia, Brazil.
Hilarios Karl-Heinz Ungerer is a bishop of the Free Catholic Church in Munich, a small Independent Catholic denomination. Ungerer, with Bishop Roberto Garrido Padin, ordained Bishop Rómulo Antonio Braschi in 1998, who ordained a group of women known as the Danube Seven in 2002.
Roberto Garrido Padin is a bishop of the Independent Catholic Church, based at the church of Santa Barbara in Salvador de Bahia, Northern Brazil.
Salomão Barbosa Ferraz was a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and bishop whose career took him through membership of several Christian denominations from the Presbyterian Church to the Roman Catholic Church.
The independent sacramental movement (ISM) refers to a loose collection of individuals and Christian denominations which are not part of the historic sacramental Christian denominations embodying catholicity and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently.
Luigi Mascolo, was an Italian former Catholic priest who converted to and became a bishop of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (ICAB), an independent Catholic Church in Brazil.
Luis Fernando Castillo Méndez was a Venezuelan Independent Catholic priest who rose to the leadership of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (ICAB). Castillo Méndez was arguably the second or third 'Patriarch' of ICAB and its 48 dioceses, though none of his predecessors used that title. He was apparently the nominal head of a network of Iglesias Catolicas Apostolicas Nacionales (ICAN) or National Catholic Apostolic Churches and the Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic National Churches (WCCAC), which were unsuccessful attempts to form an international association of Independent Catholic Churches.
The Ecumenical Catholic Church (ECC/ICE) is an Independent Catholic church established in Santa Ana, California by Mark Steven Shirilau and Jeffrey Michael Lau, in 1987. Adhering to conventional Latin Catholic Trinitarian theology and professing the Nicene Creed, the Ecumenical Catholic Church practices a liturgy similar to the Pauline Mass. Also considered an offshoot of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, the ECC differentiates from Roman Catholicism and independent Brazilian Catholicism through affirming and ordaining persons within the LGBTQ+ community.
Donald J. Sanborn is an American sedevacantist bishop who is known for his advocacy of sedevacantism and sedeprivationism. He currently serves as the superior general of the sedevacantist Roman Catholic Institute (RCI) and rector of the sedevacantist Most Holy Trinity Seminary, which was relocated to Reading, Pennsylvania, United States, in 2022.
The Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch (CACA) is an Independent Catholic jurisdiction in the United States, established in 1958 by Herman Adrian Spruit.
Edward JarvisFRASFRHistS is a British author of religious history, politics and theology, and an Anglican clergyman. His books address previously underresearched topics such as the Independent Sacramental Movement and aspects of the introduction of Christianity in Southeast Asia, specifically in Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma), Malaysia, and Singapore.