Jinwar

Last updated

Jinwar is a village for women and children in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava). Its construction began on 25 November 2016, during the Syrian Civil War. Construction of the houses of the villages began in 2017, and it was officially inaugurated on 25 November 2018, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. [1] It is in part inspired by the women's village of Umoja, Kenya. It is based on the principle of self-sustainability and aims to give women a safe place to live, without violence and oppression. [2] The word "Jin" means "woman" in the Kurdish language. The word "war" means "space", "land", or "home". Together the word "Jinwar" literally means "woman’s place" or "woman’s land." [3] The women of Jinwar have created this community to be a place of solace for the oppression women have endured for centuries in Syria. [4]

Contents

Jinwar's Philosophy

Jinwar's philosophy is that by giving women the necessary resources and tools to educate themselves, they will become free from the social constraints under a patriarchal society, which in turn creates freedom for everyone. [5] A line written on the walls of Jinwar reflects the ideology of these women, "Without women there is no freedom. Until women educate and empower themselves, there won’t be freedom." [6] The message of the commune is to liberate women by uplifting them and by raising awareness of the injustices women in Syria have faced for centuries. Through the implementation of educational programs such as sewing, reading, and writing, and even driving lessons, the women and children in Jinwar have an abundance of opportunities they could not even fathom having access to before moving there. [6]

Historical Context

Jineology (Jineologi)

Jineology is a primary foundation for Jinwar's philosophy. Abdullah Ocalan, one of the founders of the PKK, advocated for Jineology. Ocalan believed that for the world to reach full liberation, there must be a radical women's revolution that challenges all aspects of oppression. [7] This is at the core of the Jineology belief system. The ideology establishes an alternative means of reviewing social sciences in contrast with historical androcentric systems of knowledge. [8] "With Jineoloji, the science of women, she will develop social and scientific remediation methods and deepen her knowledge of education, art, production, ecology, economics, demography, health, history, ethics-aesthetics, and self-defense." [9]

Historical Women's Movement in Syria

Jinwar's official website introduces their fight for female-only spaces by recalling the beginnings of the women's movement in the Middle East. They state, "Several millennia ago in the Middle East a women’s revolution took place. On the shores of the Euphrates, Tigris, Habur and Zap rivers, women led the development of a meaningful life, based on ethics, nature, humanity, and rationality. This process culminated in the Neolithic revolution. That this history of the Middle East, and women’s own social history, is still alive is vividly reflected at Göbeklitepe, Vajukani, Orkiş, Çemê Xellan, Kortik Tepe, and Şanidar cave. World historians and archaeologists have confirmed these findings, which are also our own lived truths and experiences." [9]

Modern Day Women’s Movement Syrian Civil War and Women-Only Communes

The women's movement in Rojava is directly related to the construction of Jinwar. The women's movement in Syria is hundreds of years old, but it reached a recent turning point in 2011 when the Syrian Civil War began. Jinwar was created out of a need women were having in Syria to take refuge away from their oppressive patriarchal communities. The community of Jinwar was inspired by another all-female commune called Umoja in Kenya, where women were facing similar mistreatment. The Syrian Civil War, which has been going on since March 15, of 2011, has wreaked havoc on the country. Many of the women who have fled to Jinwar are victims of various forms of assault either from soldiers who invaded their communities during the war and/or at the hands of the men in their villages. [10] "Some of the women who live there have fled displacement, rape, imprisonment and death at the hands of ISIS and other armed groups. "In the war conditions that we have been through, every woman suffered. Every woman was hurt. Every woman was lost, but Jinwar brought them together," claimed Fatima Emin, a resident of Jinwar, in an interview done by CNN. [11] The war has caused an immense amount of trauma for female refugees. Women face the threat of sexual assault and rape on a regular basis under the conditions of the Syrian Civil War. "A June 2015 investigation by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) questioned 190 women and girls from Dara’a and Quneitra, and found 40 per cent had experienced sexual violence while trying to access aid." [12] The women who founded Jinwar, aimed to create a community in which women could free themselves of the oppressive patriarchal constraints that have limited their mobility in society for hundreds of thousands of years. The women of Jinwar feel that by choosing their own lifestyle and a sustainable community they are able to find freedom. [13] As stated on Jinwar's official website, "By working to build a free women’s village, in essence we aim to transform all living spaces of society." [13]

Kongra Star Formation and Aid for Women's Movement Organizations

Kongra Star, also known as the Star Congress, is the confederation which serves as council to all Women's groups in Rojava. The confederation was founded in 2005. “Star Congress is based on the voluntary union of democratic organizations, institutions, and democratic figures. It is a confederal women’s organization which organizes itself in the form of communes, assemblies, academies, cooperatives, foundations, associations, parties, etc.” [14] Their goal is to bring awareness and recognition to the injustices women have faced for centuries in Rojava as well as other parts of Syria. The members of the Kongra Star give a voice to women who face oppression everywhere. [14]

Groups Associated with Women's Movement

There are multiple female combat groups who have continuously worked at the forefront of conflict in Syria. There is no formal count of how many female soldiers are involved in the Syrian Civil War. However, an estimated 30% to 40% are assumed to be among the organizations involved in combat. There are multiple women's combat groups which emerged from this need for female representation.

PKK is one of the largest Kurdish military forces in Syria and contains one of the largest amount of female militants in the world. “The women’s military wing of the PKK, Yekîneyên Jinên Azad ên Star (YJA-Star), have challenged traditional gender roles and contributed to the idea of “democratic confederalism,” a term the PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan coined to highlight a move away from patriarchal nationalism.”

YPJ is among these organizations that work with the Kongreya Star academy. There are members of Jinwar who are also part of another female-activist group called YPJ. YPJ stands for "Women’s Protection Units." The YPG and YJP use guerrilla warfare tactics to commit surprise attacks.

Location

The village of Jinwar is located in the western part of the ed-Derbasiah district in al-Hasakah canton in North Syria, close to "Kebaz hill" and near the villages of Karkand, Harba, Atishan and Kirwan. [15] The commune is located in what is considered an “unstable region” [16] due to Syria's ongoing conflict with Turkey. Jinwar rests on the Syrian-Turkish border, making it an easy target for Turkish invasion. [16]

Population

In the village women of all ethnicities and religions are welcome to settle together with their children. [17] Arab and Kurdish, including Yazidi women live in Jinwar. [18] The population of Jinwar is made up of women whose husbands have died during the war and women who have voluntarily chosen not to wed in efforts to escape the traditional gender roles they played in their previous community. Widows who lost their husband in war have preference to be accepted as residents of the village.

Infrastructure

Construction of Buildings

The village consists of 30 houses, a clinic where patients are treated with herbs, the al-Om Awish school which is named after the mother of Abdullah Öcalan, a small museum and the JINWAR Academy. [19] The women in Jinwar built their houses and other buildings through a process called "Kerpîç," [20] which translates to "Adobe" in English. Adobe is an environmentally conscious and sustainable way of building because it uses natural resources such as "sand, sometimes gravel, clay, water, and often straw or grass." [21] This method building consists of packing mud into a rectangular four-paneled brick mold. Then the bricks are laid out to bake in the sun and harden. Once the bricks are hardened, one can take the bricks and begin the process of laying the bricks on top of one another with a “mud” mortar consisting of water, dirt, and hay. Once the bricks are laid, a layer of the mud content is smoothed over the brick structure to form a smooth wall on the inside and outside of the building. Because the bricks are made with mud and sun-baked instead of being made with clay and fired in a kiln, the buildings are not as structurally sound as they could be. However, while this method of building has some structural flaws, it is both efficient and effective, given the environment in Jinwar. [21] On Jinwar's website, it states that while from an outside perspective mud-brick construction might not appear to be innovative, to those who are coming from "battle zones where bullets, blood, gunpowder, and human parts are gathered have a different understanding of life, and their philosophy and vision of building with mud bricks is different." [9]

Artwork in Community

The women in Jinwar have made the commune a beautiful place to live. They have painted murals on the buildings throughout the community. The artwork depicts the Jinwar message of strong women who are building an ecological community. One mural shows a woman holding two trees in the palm of her hand. One tree is bare with no sign of life, while the other tree is shown with an abundance of leaves. The artwork brings color and life to the community's initially bare buildings. The murals show the beauty of Jinwar's movement to liberate women. [22]

Educational Programs

Primary School

Within Jinwar there is a school that teaches students from first to sixth grade. After students have reached completion of this schooling program, they can then attend schools outside of the commune in neighboring communities. The women in Jinwar see education as one of the first steps of self-empowerment and becoming an independent woman. [23]

Women's Academy

Jineology will primarily be taught in the Women's Academy. Lessons of the different fields Jineology are to be exchanged, taught and discussed. [24] Additionally, a language program is also offered to older women in Jinwar. The languages taught are Kurdish, Arabic, and English. [11]

Agriculture

The women in Jinwar grow their own food on a communal farm in the commune. Each family has their own plot of land they tend to. [25] The items Jinwar published on their June Newsletter said "aubergines, paprika, tomato, bamya, beens, watermelon, melon, cucumber, onions, garlic and several other vegetables" [24] The purpose of learning how to farm gives women a new sense of autonomy over how they get their food and a means of making money by selling left over produce to other communities. [23]

Government and Regulations

Democratic Council

Jinwar does not have a single central figure of leadership in the way many other villages in the world do. The commune has a democratically elected council. Each month the council members take turns serving as the town's leader. All women in the community have a voice in the political action that occurs in Jinwar. [26]

Men Living in Jinwar

Men are not allowed to stay in the Jinwar. The only males who are granted permission to stay in the commune are the sons of the women who move there. "Men are allowed to visit during the day as long as they behave respectfully toward the women, but they cannot stay overnight." [11] The women in the commune take turns protecting the entrance of the village. The women have shifts to monitor the outsiders who visit the community. The leaders of the commune intend on letting the children raised in Jinwar decide whether they want to remain living there once they come to the age of adulthood. “The boys will be allowed to stay in the village because they were raised with Jinwar's values.” [11]

Support for Jinwar by External Organizations

The Jinwar official website stated, “JINWAR is supported by women’s organizations all over the world. As an independent foundation, it is locally collaborating with the women’s communes and organizations including but not limited to: The Free Women’s Foundation of Rojava (Weqfa Jina Azad a Rojava), Kongreya Star, the Association of Martyrs’ Families, the Committee for Women's and Children's Affairs of Canton Cîzirê, and the Jineology Committee.” [27]

Continued War Conflict With Jinwar

2019 Turkish Offensive

“Turkey is one of the powers in northern Syria that opposes two US-backed Kurdish groups: the Syrian Democratic Forces and People's Protection Units, known as YPG. Turkey sees elements of these groups as linked to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, or PKK, an organization that Turkey considers a terrorist group.” [11] ISIL poses another threat to the commune. “Even though the war on ISIS is over, the potential risk of sleeper cells and the state’s supporters loom over the region.” [11] Sleeper cells are considered spies that do not act until they are told to by the group leaders they are working under. [11] The village came under threat during the 2019 Turkish offensive in early November 2019. Following shellings by Turkey-lead forces, the village was temporarily evacuated on Monday 4 November. [28] Local women reported the will to protect the village : "We cannot accept to lose what has been built up by so many. Let‘s defend each other against the attacks of the Turkish state and all other forms of patriarchal violence and oppression." [28] " 'The women of Jinwar told us they were forced to leave their autonomous women’s village as the Turkish invasion drew close, continuing to advance despite the ceasefire,' Thomas McClure, a Syria-based researcher at the Rojava Information Center, told Kurdistan 24." [29]

Quotes from Residents of Jinwar

Fatima Emin, one woman who fled her community with her children after her husband was killed by ISIS by a land mine attack: "Jinwar is a response to every person who thinks of violating a woman's freedom, or sees the woman as the weaker sex in the society, or that she can't manage her life or manage her children...On the contrary, a woman can build her house. Here we are -- we built a village not only for Kurdish women, but we have Arab, we have Yazidi and some of our foreign friends are also living with us." [16]

"Jinwar is life's spirit, nature's spirit and a free woman's spirit. The women here are establishing their existence in the entire society," Emin said. "I wish that the whole world would see Jinwar the same way we see it and I wish that we build more Jinwars in every region so that no woman would be subjected to injustice." [16]

Jiyan Efrin moved to Jinwar alone to get away from the Turkish attack on Afrin, Syria. A city in the Northwest of Syria: "You feel like there is a normal society that you can live in," Efrin said. "We work, we farm and get paid, too, from the village council." [16]

Zainab Gavary, a 28-year-old resident: "There’s no need for men here, our lives are good," "This place is just for women who want to stand on their feet." [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdistan Workers' Party</span> Kurdish armed organization

The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK is a Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement which historically operated throughout Kurdistan but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. Since 1984, the PKK has been involved in asymmetric warfare in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its goals changed to seeking autonomy and increased political and cultural rights for Kurds within Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdullah Öcalan</span> Founder of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)

Abdullah Öcalan, also known as Apo, is a political prisoner and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Janet Biehl</span> American writer

Janet Biehl is an American author, copyeditor, translator, and artist. She authored several books and articles associated with social ecology, the body of ideas developed and publicized by Murray Bookchin. Formerly an advocate of his antistatist political program, she broke with it publicly in 2011 and now identifies as a progressive Democrat.

Kurdish women have traditionally played important roles in Kurdish society and politics. In general, Kurdish women's rights and equality have improved dramatically in the 21st century due to progressive movements within Kurdish society. However, despite the progress, Kurdish and international women's rights organizations still report problems related to gender inequality, forced marriages, honor killings, and in Iraqi Kurdistan, female genital mutilation (FGM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdistan Communities Union</span> Kurdish political organization

The Kurdistan Communities Union is a Kurdish political organization committed to implementing Abdullah Öcalan's ideology of democratic confederalism. The KCK also serves as an umbrella group for several confederalist political parties of Kurdistan, including the Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Democratic Union Party (PYD), Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), and Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party (PÇDK). Finland and Sweden's alleged support for the KCK, is one of the points which caused Turkey to oppose Finland and Sweden's NATO accession bid.

Cemîl Bayik is one of the five founders of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and is among the organization's top leadership. He is a member of the 12-man leadership council of the Kurdistan Communities Union, a Kurdish political umbrella organisation that the PKK is part of. He is also part of the three-man Executive Committee of the PKK, the leading body of the organisation, which consists of himself, acting PKK leader Murat Karayilan and Fehman Huseyin from Rojava, the PKK's commander.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Union Party (Syria)</span> Kurdish political party

The Democratic Union Party is a Kurdish left-wing political party established on 20 September 2003 in northern Syria. It is a founding member of the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change. It is the leading political party among Syrian Kurds. The PYD was established as a Syrian branch of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in 2003, and both organizations are still closely affiliated through the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salih Muslim</span> Syrian Kurdish leader

Salih Muslim Muhammad is the co-chairman of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the main party of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. As the deputy coordinator of the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change, he has been the most prominent Kurdish representative for much of the Syrian civil war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</span> De facto autonomous region in Syria

The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian civil war, in which its official military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has taken part.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's Protection Units</span> Ethnic Kurdish military unit

The Women's Protection Units or Women's Defense Units is an all-female militia involved in the Syrian civil war. The YPJ is part of the Syrian Democratic Forces, the armed forces of Rojava, and is closely affiliated with the male-led YPG. While the YPJ is mainly made up of Kurds, it also includes women from other ethnic groups in Northern Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic confederalism</span> Political ideology and government structure

Democratic confederalism, also known as Kurdish communalism or Apoism, is a political concept theorized by Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan about a system of democratic self-organization with the features of a confederation based on the principles of autonomy, direct democracy, political ecology, feminism, multiculturalism, self-defense, self-governance and elements of a cooperative economy. Influenced by social ecology, libertarian municipalism, Middle Eastern history and general state theory, Öcalan presents the concept as a political solution to Kurdish national aspirations, as well as other fundamental problems in countries in the region deeply rooted in class society, and as a route to freedom and democratization for people around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asya Abdullah</span> Kurdish politician

Asya Abdullah is a Kurdish politician working to establish democratic autonomy in Rojava, Northern Syria. Asya Abdullah is the current co-chairwoman of the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the former co-chair of the Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) coalition, and serves as a senior permanent member of the Syrian Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), serving in its upper administrative body. She has presented at numerous conferences to reach out to activists, academics and world leaders to garner support for the Kurdish political project in Rojava.

Hêvî Îbrahîm Mustefa is the Democratic Union Party (PYD) prime minister of the Afrin Region, a de facto autonomous region of the Democratic Federation of North and East Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kongreya Star</span> Confederation of womens organizations in Rojava, Syria

Kongra Star, founded in 2005 under the name of Yekîtiya Star, is a confederation of women's organizations in Rojava, Syria. The name Star "refers to the ancient Mesopoamian goddess Ishtar, and nowadays the name also refers to celestial stars." They have been instrumental in the significant advances made in gender relations in the region. Its work is based on the claim that "without the liberation of women, a truly free society is impossible." One of its founding members is Îlham Ehmed, former Co-Chair of the Syrian Democratic Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rojava conflict</span> Military and political conflict in northern Syria

The Rojava conflict, also known as the Rojava Revolution, is a political upheaval and military conflict taking place in northern Syria, known among Kurds as Western Kurdistan or Rojava.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Êzîdxan Women's Units</span> Yazidi all-women militia

The Êzîdxan Women's Units is a Yazidi all-women militia formed in Iraq in 2015 to protect the Yazidi community in the wake of attacks by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and other Islamist groups that view Yazidis as pagan infidels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinjar Alliance</span>

The Ezidkhan Command for Liberating Sinjar, known as the Sinjar Alliance, is a joint command of two - initially three - Yazidi militias, the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ), and the Êzîdxan Women's Units (YJÊ). Both of the remaining two militias are supported by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jineology</span> Form of feminism advocated by PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan

Jineology is a form of feminism and of gender equality advocated by Abdullah Öcalan, the representative leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the broader Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) umbrella. From the background of honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women in Middle East societies, Öcalan said that "a country can't be free unless the women are free", and that the level of women's freedom determines the level of freedom in society at large.

The August 15, 2018, Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar were two airstrikes on İsmail Özden, a leading member of the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ). Four others were killed in the airstrike.

Besê Hozat is a leader in the Kurdistan Workers' Party and is the co-chair of the Kurdistan Communities Union alongside Cemil Bayik. She is the sixth member of the General Presidential Council, the highest authoritative body in the PKK.

References

  1. ↑ "Women's village Jinwar to open on November 25". ANF News. ANF. November 22, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  2. ↑ "JINWAR – dorf der freien frauen". jinwar.org (in German). Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Women's village: Jinwar". Internationalist Commune. 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  4. ↑ Rosen, Kenneth R. (March 31, 2021). "Jinwar Women's Village: Carving a Progressive Enclave Amid Syria's Civil War". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  5. ↑ "Women's village: Jinwar". Internationalist Commune. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  6. 1 2 3 "Men Are Not Needed, Our Lives Are Good, Say Self-Reliant Women Of Jinwar Village In Syria". indiatimes.com. 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  7. ↑ Ocalan, Abdullah (2013). Liberating Life: Women's Revolution. freeocalan.org: International Initiative Edition in cooperation with Mesopotamian Publishers, Neuss. pp. 1–67. ISBN   978-3-941012-82-0.
  8. ↑ Schäfers, Marlene; Neven, Brecht (2017). "Jineology: from women's struggles to social liberation". Roar Magazine. hdl:1854/LU-8539013.
  9. 1 2 3 "JINWAR – village of free women". jinwar.org. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  10. ↑ McKernan, Bethan (2019-02-25). "'We are now free': Yazidis fleeing Isis start over in female-only commune". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Loumay Alesali and Christina Zdanowicz. "These Syrian women built a female-only village to escape from ISIS and war". CNN. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  12. ↑ "Syrian women forced to trade sex for aid deliveries" . The Independent. 2018-02-27. Archived from the original on 2022-06-09. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  13. 1 2 "JINWAR – village of free women" . Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  14. 1 2 "Archive – Kongra Star" . Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  15. ↑ The village of JINWAR is located in the western part of ed-Derbasiah district of al-Hasakah canton in North Syria, near "Kebaz hill". It is located near the villages of Karkand, Harba, Atishan and Kirwan.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Loumay Alesali and Christina Zdanowicz. "These Syrian women built a female-only village to escape from ISIS and war". CNN. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  17. ↑ "Jinwar · Das Dorf der Freien Frauen – weltwechsel 2018". www.eine-welt-mv.de.
  18. ↑ McKernan, Bethan (2019-02-25). "'We are now free': Yazidis fleeing Isis start over in female-only commune". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  19. ↑ ""JINWAR" opens its doors in World Day of Combating Violence against Women - ANHA - Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar".
  20. ↑ "Newsletter June – JINWAR". Jinwar: Village of Free Women. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  21. 1 2 "Preservation Brief 5: Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  22. ↑ McKernan, Bethan (2019-02-25). "'We are now free': Yazidis fleeing Isis start over in female-only commune". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  23. 1 2 Loumay Alesali and Christina Zdanowicz. "These Syrian women built a female-only village to escape from ISIS and war". CNN. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  24. 1 2 "Newsletter June – JINWAR" . Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  25. ↑ Hall, Richard (2018-12-02). "Welcome to Jinwar, a women-only village in Syria that wants to smash the patriarchy". The Independent. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  26. ↑ Roy, Jessica (2019-11-05). "This Women-Only Village Was Built to Be a Feminist Utopia. Now It's Under Threat". ELLE. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  27. ↑ "About – JINWAR" . Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  28. 1 2 "Jinwar Was Built to be a Feminist Utopia. Now It's Under Threat".
  29. ↑ Kurdistan24. "All-female village in Syria temporarily evacuated after ongoing Turkish attacks". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 2019-11-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.