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Mandaeans, also known as Mandaean Sabians or simply as Sabians, are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism. They believe that John the Baptist was the final and most important prophet. They may have been among the earliest religious groups to practice baptism, as well as among the earliest adherents of Gnosticism, a belief system of which they are the last surviving representatives today. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of Mandaic, an Eastern Aramaic language, before they nearly all switched to Iraqi Arabic or Persian as their main language.
Mandaeism, sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Greek, Iranian, and Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet.
In Mandaeism, kushta or kušṭa can have several meanings. Its original literal meaning is "truth" in the Mandaic language, and is thus typically used to refer to the Mandaean religious concept of truth. The same word is also used to refer to a sacred handclasp that is used during Mandaean rituals such as masbuta, masiqta, and priestly initiation ceremonies.
Ethel Stefana Drower was a British cultural anthropologist, orientalist and novelist who studied the Middle East and its cultures. She was and is still considered one of the primary specialists on the Mandaeans, and was the dedicated collector of Mandaean manuscripts.
The Haran Gawaita also known as the Scroll of Great Revelation, is a Mandaean text which recounts the history of the Mandaeans and their arrival in Media as Nasoraeans from Jerusalem.
Maṣbuta is the ritual of immersion in water in the Mandaean religion.
In Mandaeism, Hibil or Hibil Ziwa is an uthra from the World of Light. Hibil is considered to be the Mandaean equivalent of Abel.
The Mandaean Council of Ahvaz is the main organization of the Mandaean religion and the primary authority of the Mandaean ethnic community in Ahvaz, Iran.
In Mandaeism, laufa or laupa is the concept of a spiritual connection forged between Tibil (Earth) and the World of Light. It has been variously translated as "communion," "spiritual union," "spiritual connection," or "vital connection."
Yahya Bihram was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (yalufa), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts.
The Diwan ḏ-Nahrawata or Diwan ḏ-Nahrauata is a Mandaean religious text. It is written as an illustrated scroll.
In Mandaeism, a shganda or ashganda (ašganda) is a ritual assistant who helps priests with ritual duties.
A Mandaean priest or Rabbi refers to an ordained religious leader in Mandaeism.
The Asiet Malkia or Asut Malkia is one of the most commonly recited prayers in Mandaeism. In the prayer, the reciter wishes health and victory upon dozens of heavenly and ancestral figures. According to E. S. Drower, it is recited daily by priests and also before all baptisms (masbuta), ritual meals (lofani), and various rites.
Daily prayer in Mandaeism, called brakha ࡁࡓࡀࡊࡀ in Mandaic or occasionally birukta (birukhta), consists of set prayers that are recited three times per day. Mandaeans stand facing north while reciting daily prayers. Unlike in Islam and Coptic Orthodox Christianity, prostration is not practiced.
In Mandaeism, a ʿniana prayer is recited during rituals such as the masiqta and priest initiation ceremonies. There is a total of 26 ʿniana prayers. They form part of the Qolasta.
Mandaean names can include both birth names and baptismal (zodiacal) names, called malwasha (ࡌࡀࡋࡅࡀࡔࡀ) in Mandaic.
Salah Choheili is a Mandaean priest in Australia. He is the head priest of the Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi in Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.
Šganda Salem Choheili (Persian: سالم چحیلی; born 1935 in Ahvaz, Iran} is an Iranian Mandaean scribe, teacher, and author. He is also a shganda and yalufa and is one of the leaders of the Mandaean Council of Ahvaz. Salem Choheili is one of the last remaining fully fluent speakers of Neo-Mandaic.
Mandaean studies is the study of the Mandaean religion, Mandaean people, and Mandaic language. It can be considered as a subdiscipline of Aramaic studies, Semitic studies, Middle Eastern studies, and Oriental studies. Related disciplines include Syriac studies, Assyriology, Iranian studies, and religious studies.
References
- 1 2 3 "Jorunn J. Buckley". Bowdoin College. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ↑ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (1993). The Scroll of Exalted Kingship: Diwan Malkuta ʿLaita. New Haven, Connecticut: American Oriented Society.
- 1 2 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002), The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-515385-9
- 1 2 "Retrospective - Jorunn J. Buckley". Ancient Jew Review. November 9, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- 1 2 3 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2023). 1800 Years of Encounters with Mandaeans. Gorgias Mandaean Studies. Vol. 5. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-4632-4132-2. ISSN 1935-441X.
- ↑ "ARAM International Conferences (1989-2019)" (PDF). Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ↑ "Mandaean Masbuta 13th June 1999 Aram conference". The Worlds of Mandaean Priests. November 29, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ↑ "Loss of Professor Tom Buckley Mourned". UMass Boston Alumni Online Community. April 16, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ↑ "Zen priest Tim Buckley has died". Lion's Roar. April 17, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
- ↑ "Jesse Buckley". Somerville Media Center. July 26, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ↑ "Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen". WorldCat.org. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
