Karyorelict nuclear code

Last updated

The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate Parduczia sp. [1]

Contents

The code (27)

    AAs = FFLLSSSSYYQQCCWWLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = --------------*--------------------M----------------------------
  Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
 Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
 Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).

Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), and Valine (Val, V).

Differences from the standard code

DNA codonsRNA codonsThis code (27) Standard code (1)
TAAUAAGln(Q)Ter(*)
TAGUAGGln(Q)Ter(*)
TGAUGATer(*)orTrp(W)Ter(*)

See also

Related Research Articles

Genetic code Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins.

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

Translation (biology) Cellular process of protein synthesis

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.

The pterobranchia mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the three major lineages of deuterostomes. AUA translates to isoleucine in Rhabdopleura as it does in the Echinodermata and Enteropneusta while AUA encodes methionine in the Chordata. The assignment of AGG to lysine is not found elsewhere in deuterostome mitochondria but it occurs in some taxa of Arthropoda. This code shares with many other mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to tryptophan, and AGG and AGA to an amino acid other than arginine. The initiation codons in Rhabdopleura compacta are ATG and GTG.

The ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita nuclear code is a genetic code used by certain ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita species.

The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondria of certain echinoderm and flatworm species.

The euplotid nuclear code is the genetic code used by Euplotidae. The euplotid code is a socalled "symmetrical code", which results from the symmetrical distribution of the codons. This symmetry allows for arythmic exploration of the codon distribution. In 2013, shCherbak and Makukov, reported that "the patterns are shown to match the criteria of an intelligent signal."

The alternative yeast nuclear code is a genetic code found in certain yeasts. However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear) code.

The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code is used in two groups of uncultivated bacteria found in marine and fresh-water environments and in the intestines and oral cavities of mammals among others. The difference to the standard and the bacterial code is that UGA represents an additional glycine codon and does not code for termination.

The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes.

The Blepharisma nuclear code is a genetic code found in the nuclei of Blepharisma.

The chlorophycean mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Chlorophyceae.

The trematode mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Trematoda.

The scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Scenedesmus obliquus.

The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of labyrinthulid Thraustochytrium aureum. The mitochondrial genome was sequenced by the Organelle Genome Megasequencing Program.

The pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code is a genetic code found in the ascomycete fungus Pachysolen tannophilus.

The Condylostoma nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate Condylostoma magnum.

The Mesodinium nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the ciliates Mesodinium and Myrionecta.

The peritrich nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the peritrich ciliates Vorticella and Opisthonecta.

The Blastocrithidia nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the trypanosomatid genus Blastocrithidia.

The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Cephalodiscidae (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the major clades of deuterostomes.

References

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. [2]

  1. Swart, Estienne Carl; Serra, Valentina; Petroni, Giulio; Nowacki, Mariusz (2016). "Genetic Codes with No Dedicated Stop Codon: Context-Dependent Translation Termination". Cell. 166 (3): 691–702. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.020. PMC   4967479 . PMID   27426948.
  2. Elzanowski A, Ostell J, Leipe D, Soussov V. "The Genetic Codes". Taxonomy browser. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 18 November 2016.