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Naloxone,sold under the brand name Narcan among others,is a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids. It is commonly used to counter decreased breathing in opioid overdose. Effects begin within two minutes when given intravenously,and within five minutes when injected into a muscle. The medicine can also be administered by spraying it into a person's nose. Naloxone commonly blocks the effects of opioids for 30 to 90 minutes. Multiple doses may be required,as the duration of action of some opioids is greater than that of naloxone. Emergency medical services data from Massachusetts found that 93.5% of people given naloxone survived their overdose.
Hydromorphone,also known as dihydromorphinone,and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others,is an opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain. Typically,long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer. It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein,muscle,or under the skin. Effects generally begin within half an hour and last for up to five hours.
A prescription drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is only permitted to be dispensed to those with a medical prescription. In contrast,over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in substance control is the potential scope of misuse,from drug abuse to practicing medicine without a license and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.
Oxycodone/paracetamol,sold under the brand name Percocet among others,is a fixed-dose combination of the opioid oxycodone with paracetamol (acetaminophen),used to treat moderate to severe pain.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids,continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration,increased tolerance with use,and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea,muscle aches,diarrhea,trouble sleeping,agitation,and a low mood. Addiction and dependence are important components of OUD.
Buprenorphine is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder,acute pain,and chronic pain. It can be used under the tongue (sublingual),in the cheek (buccal),by injection,as a skin patch (transdermal),or as an implant. For opioid use disorder,it is typically started when withdrawal symptoms have begun and for the first two days of treatment under direct observation of a health-care provider. In the United States,the combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) is usually prescribed to discourage misuse by injection. Maximum pain relief is generally within an hour with effects up to 24 hours. Buprenorphine affects different types of opioid receptors in different ways. Depending on the type of receptor,it may be an agonist,partial agonist,or antagonist. In the treatment of opioid use disorder buprenorphine is an agonist/antagonist,meaning that it relieves withdrawal symptoms from other opioids and induces some euphoria,but also blocks the ability for many other opioids,including heroin,to cause an effect. Unlike full agonists like heroin or methadone,buprenorphine has a ceiling effect,such that taking more medicine will not increase the effects of the drug.
Sufentanil,sold under the brand names Dsuvia and Sufenta,is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug approximately 5 to 10 times as potent as its parent drug,fentanyl,and 500 times as potent as morphine. Structurally,sufentanil differs from fentanyl through the addition of a methoxymethyl group on the piperidine ring,and the replacement of the phenyl ring by thiophene. Sufentanil first was synthesized at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1974.
Ketorolac,sold under the brand names Toradol,and Biorolac among others,is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain. Specifically it is recommended for moderate to severe pain. Recommended duration of treatment is less than six days. It is used by mouth,by nose,by injection into a vein or muscle,and as eye drops. Effects begin within an hour and last for up to eight hours.
Substance dependence,also known as drug dependence,is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. A drug addiction,a distinct concept from substance dependence,is defined as compulsive,out-of-control drug use,despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB,a gene transcription factor,is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions,but not dependence.
Stuart Gitlow is a general,forensic,and addiction psychiatrist and Past President of the American Society of Addiction Medicine.
Nalmefene is an opioid antagonist medication used in the management of opioid overdose and alcohol dependence. It is taken by mouth.
Hydrocodone/paracetamol is the combination of the pain medications hydrocodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is taken by mouth. Recreational use is common in the United States.
The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000,Title XXXV,Section 3502 of the Children's Health Act,permits physicians who meet certain qualifications to treat opioid addiction with Schedule III,IV,and V narcotic medications that have been specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration for that indication.
An opioid overdose is toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids,such as morphine,codeine,heroin,fentanyl,tramadol,and methadone. This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression,a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. Other symptoms include small pupils,and unconsciousness,however its onset can depend on the method of ingestion,the dosage and individual risk factors. Although there were over 110,000 deaths in 2017 due to opioids,individuals who survived also faced adverse complications,including permanent brain damage.
Mark S. Gold is an American physician,professor,author,and researcher on the effects of opioids,cocaine,tobacco,and other drugs as well as food on the brain and behavior. He is married to Janice Finn Gold.
Oliceridine,sold under the brand name Olinvyk,is an opioid medication that is used for the treatment of moderate to severe acute pain in adults. It is given by intravenous (IV) injection.
Buprenorphine/naloxone,sold under the brand name Suboxone among others,is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. It is used to treat opioid use disorder,and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50%. It relieves cravings to use and withdrawal symptoms. Buprenorphine/naloxone is available for use in two different forms,under the tongue or in the cheek.
In the United States,the opioid epidemic is an extensive ongoing overuse of opioid medications,both from medical prescriptions and illegal sources. The epidemic began in the United States in the late 1990s,according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),when opioids were increasingly prescribed for pain management,resulting in a rise in overall opioid use throughout subsequent years. The great majority of Americans who use prescription opioids do not believe that they are misusing them.
David R. Gastfriend is an American psychiatrist,internationally recognized addiction treatment researcher,the former Chief Executive Officer of the Treatment Research Institute (TRI),and current Chief Medical Officer of DynamiCare Health.
Prescription drug addiction is the chronic,repeated use of a prescription drug in ways other than prescribed for,including using someone else’s prescription. A prescription drug is a pharmaceutical drug that may not be dispensed without a legal medical prescription. Drugs in this category are supervised due to their potential for misuse and Substance use disorder. The classes of medications most commonly abused are opioids,central nervous system (CNS) depressants and central nervous stimulants. In particular,prescription opioid is most commonly abused in the form of prescription analgesics.
References
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- ↑ "Opioids and the Workplace An Employer Toolkit for Supporting Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery" (PDF). Kentuckiana Health Collaborative (KHC). Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ Leshner, Alan I.; Mancher, Michelle, eds. (2019). Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives. National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.17226/25310. ISBN 978-0-309-48648-4. PMID 30896911. S2CID 212872817 . Retrieved 2020-10-22.
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- ↑ "United States v. Ahmed (0:19-cr-60200)". www.courtlistener.com. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
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- ↑ "Lexington Man Convicted of Multiple Counts of Sex and Drug Trafficking and Related Offenses, Including Witness Tampering". www.justice.gov. September 10, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ "Owner of Sober Homes Network "Serenity Ranch Recovery" Convicted in $38 Million Fraud Scheme after Six-Week Trial". www.justice.gov. March 26, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
