Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types,although other terms are often preferred:"transformation" is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells,including plant cells. In animal cells,transfection is the preferred term as transformation is also used to refer to progression to a cancerous state (carcinogenesis) in these cells. Transduction is often used to describe virus-mediated gene transfer into eukaryotic cells.
Human embryonic kidney 293 cells,also often referred to as HEK 293,HEK-293,293 cells,or less precisely as HEK cells,are a specific immortalised cell line derived from a spontaneously miscarried or aborted fetus or human embryonic kidney cells grown in tissue culture taken from a female fetus in 1973.
Regnier de Graaf,original Dutch spelling Reinier de Graaf,or Latinized Reijnerus de Graeff,was a Dutch physician,physiologist and anatomist who made key discoveries in reproductive biology. He specialized in iatrochemistry and iatrogenesis,and was the first to develop a syringe to inject dye into human reproductive organs so that he could understand their structure and function.
Elie Aron Cohen was a Dutch medical doctor who,being Jewish,was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. He arrived there on 16 September 1943. His first wife,his first son as well as his parents-in-law were killed upon arrival,but he managed to survive through a combination of chance and skill. His status and abilities as a doctor were instrumental for his survival. On 6 May 1945 he was liberated by the U.S. military in Melk (Austria),where he had been transported by way of Mauthausen-Gusen. After World War II,Elie Cohen remarried a Jewish woman. They have two children,a daughter and a son. Elie Cohen is the author of a number of books about the Holocaust. The first of these was the Ph.D. thesis on which he graduated on 11 March 1952,at Utrecht State University. The book was entitled "The German Concentration Camp —a medical and psychological study",and it was one of the first scientific descriptions of what had happened in killing centres such as Auschwitz. It also provided an analysis of the psychology of the SS-men who manned these camps and of their victims:the prisoners. At that time there was little interest in the Netherlands in recounting these events,but surprisingly the thesis was much in demand. It was later translated into English,Swedish and Japanese.
Leonard Salomon Ornstein was a Dutch physicist.
Willem Piso was a Dutch physician and naturalist who participated as an expedition doctor in Dutch Brazil from 1637 –1644,sponsored by count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen and the Dutch West India Company. Piso became one of the founders of tropical medicine.
Barend Joseph Stokvis was a physician and professor of physiology and pharmacology at the University of Amsterdam. He is mainly remembered for his description of acute porphyria in 1889. As a researcher in chemical pathology he made contributions to the understanding of a number of diseases,such as diabetes. He was also considered an expert in tropical medicine and a celebrated medical educator. He authored an influential pharmacology textbook. Stokvis was one of a number of prominent 19th century Jewish physicians in the Netherlands.
The Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde is the main medical journal in the Netherlands,appearing weekly. Established in 1857,it is one of the world's oldest journals. Its publication language is exclusively Dutch. The journal is published and supported by the Vereniging NTvG,which is currently composed of 209 medical scientists. The current editor-in-chief is Yolanda van der Graaf. The Journal's headquarter is situated in Amsterdam,the Netherlands. From early on,the objective was to create an overarching and all-encompassing journal for medical professionals to exchange insights,knowledge and opinion,and to guarantee consistent progress throughout the country. At present,the main sections include:News,Opinion,Research,Clinical Practice,Perspective. Nowadays,the NTvG focuses on reviews and commentaries of research articles which are often published in English. Further,it continues to produce research of medical practice mainly in the Netherlands.
Johannes Andreas Schmitz was a German physician and the third rector of the University of Harderwijk.
Freek Jacobus Vonk is a Dutch biologist who specializes in herpetology with a special interest in snake venom. He travels the world in search of the most spectacular and bizarre creatures. He has been bitten by a number of venomous snakes,almost lost his arm due to a Caribbean reef shark bite and has housed several parasites in his own body.
Frederik Maurits van der Wulp was a Dutch entomologist mainly interested in Diptera.
RenéBernards is a Dutch cancer researcher. He is professor of molecular carcinogenesis at Utrecht University and head of the section of molecular carcinogenesis at the Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoekziekenhuis. Bernards is a winner of the 2005 Spinoza Prize.
Dirk Bootsma was a Dutch geneticist. He was a professor at the Erasmus University Rotterdam between 1969 and 2002. He and his research group discovered the cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia and furthered the understanding of the nucleotide excision repair.
As of 2018,Wolters Kluwer ranks as the Dutch biggest publisher of books in terms of revenue. Other notable Dutch houses include Brill and Elsevier.
Hans Herman Cohen was a Dutch microbiologist. He was director-general of the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) between 1984 and 1986. As a microbiologist Cohen worked on development of polio vaccines in the Netherlands.
Transient expression,more frequently referred to "transient gene expression",is the temporary expression of genes that are expressed for a short time after nucleic acid,most frequently plasmid DNA encoding an expression cassette,has been introduced into eukaryotic cells with a chemical delivery agent like calcium phosphate (CaPi) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). However,unlike "stable expression," the foreign DNA does not fuse with the host cell DNA,resulting in the inevitable loss of the vector after several cell replication cycles. The majority of transient gene expressions are done with cultivated animal cells. The technique is also used in plant cells;however,the transfer of nucleic acids into these cells requires different methods than those with animal cells. In both plants and animals,transient expression should result in a time-limited use of transferred nucleic acids,since any long-term expression would be called "stable expression."
Albert Zwaveling was a Dutch surgeon specializing in oncology,who worked as a professor at Leiden University between 1972 and 1992. He implemented chemotherapy in Dutch surgery and is considered to be one of the founders of surgical oncology in the Netherlands.
Herman Meïr van Praag is a Dutch psychiatrist. He was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Groningen,Utrecht University,Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Maastricht University. Van Praag is considered the founder of biological psychiatry in the Netherlands. After his retirement he has written extensively on religiosity.
Hendrik Coenraad"Coen"Hemker is a Dutch biochemist and academic administrator. He was one of the founders of Maastricht University and was its its rector magnificus from 1982 to 1984. He was a professor of biochemistry from 1975 until 1999. In his research he has mainly studied thrombosis and hemostasis.
Willem Thomas de Vogel was a colonial Dutch doctor and official who established the Department of Public Health in the Dutch East Indies.
