List of areas of law

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The following is a list of major areas of legal practice and important legal subject-matters.

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From, one of the five capital lawyers in Roman Law, Domitius Ulpianus, (170–223) – who differentiated ius publicum versus ius privatum – the European, more exactly the continental law, philosophers and thinkers want(ed) to put each branch of law into this dichotomy: Public and Private Law. “huius studdii duæ sunt positiones: publicum et privatum. Publicum ius est, quod statum rei Romanæ spectat, privatum, quod ad singulorum utilitatem; sunt enim quædam publice utila, quædam privatim". (Public law is that, which concerns Roman state, private law is concerned with the interests of citizens.) In the modern era Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689–1755) amplified supremely this distinction: International (law of nations), Public (politic law) and Private (civil law) Law, in his major work: (On) The Spirit of the Law (1748). “Considered as inhabitants of so great a planet, which necessarily contains a variety of nations, they have laws relating to their mutual intercourse, which is what we call the law of nations. As members of a society that must be properly supported, they have laws relating to the governors and the governed, and this we distinguish by the name of politic law. They have also another sort of law, as they stand in relation to each other; by which is understood the civil law. [1]

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Roman law Legal system of Ancient Rome (c. 449 BC – AD 529)

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the Corpus Juris Civilis ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in many legal systems influenced by it, including common law.

Entertainment law, also referred to as media law is legal services provided to the entertainment industry. These services in entertainment law overlap with intellectual property law. Intellectual property has many moving parts that include trademarks, copyright, and the "Right of Publicity". However, the practice of entertainment law often involves questions of employment law, contract law, torts, labor law, bankruptcy law, immigration, securities law, security interests, agency, right of privacy, defamation, advertising, criminal law, tax law, International law, and insurance law.

Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts, and the law of obligations. It is to be distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that affects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population.

Public law is the part of law that governs relationships between legal persons and a government, between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments, and relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society. Public law comprises constitutional law, administrative law, tax law and criminal law, as well as all procedural law.

Commercial law – body of law that governs business and commercial transactions. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law. It is also called business law.

The Law of Japan refers to legal system in Japan, which is primarily based on legal codes and statutes, with precedents also playing an important role. Japan has a civil law legal system with six legal codes, which were greatly influenced by Germany, to a lesser extent by France, and also adapted to Japanese circumstances. The Japanese Constitution enacted after World War II is the supreme law in Japan. An independent judiciary has the power of review laws and government acts for constitutionality.

The United States Department of Justice Civil Division represents the United States, its departments and agencies, members of Congress, cabinet officers, and other federal employees. Its litigation reflects the diversity of government activities, involving, for example, the defense of challenges to Presidential actions; national security issues; benefit programs; energy policies; commercial issues such as contract disputes, banking insurance, patents, fraud, and debt collection; all manner of accident and liability claims; enforcement of immigration laws; and civil and criminal violations of consumer protection laws. Each year, Division attorneys handle thousands of cases that collectively involve billions of dollars in claims and recoveries. The Division confronts significant policy issues, which often rise to constitutional dimensions, in defending and enforcing various Federal programs and actions. The Civil Division was led by Jody Hunt up until his resignation in July. Ethan P. Davis acted as Assistant Attorney General for a short period of time from July to September until his own resignation and replacement by Jeffrey Bossert Clark, who is co-currently the head of the Environment and Natural Resources Division.

Herzog, Fox & Ne'eman ("HFN") is a full-service commercial law firm located in Tel Aviv, Israel. As of 2019, the firm employs over 378 lawyers, of whom more than 130 are partners.

<i>Ius</i>

Ius or Jus in ancient Rome was a right to which a citizen (civis) was entitled by virtue of his citizenship (civitas). The iura were specified by laws, so ius sometimes meant law. As one went to the law courts to sue for one's rights, ius also meant justice and the place where justice was sought.

Ius publicum is Latin for public law. Public law regulated the relationships of the government to its citizens, including taxation, while ius privatum, based upon property and contract, concerned relations between individuals. The public/private law dichotomy is a structural core of Roman law and all modern western legal systems. Public law will only include some areas of private law close to the end of the Roman state.

Ius privatum is Latin for private law. Contrasted with ius publicum, ius privatum regulated the relations between individuals. In Roman law this included personal, property and civil law. Judicial proceeding was a private process. Criminal law was also considered private matters, except where the crimes were particularly severe.

Sills Cummis & Gross P.C. is a full-service corporate law firm with offices in New Jersey and New York.

The Arbitration Roundtable of Toronto is made up of several litigators, academics, arbitrators, and mediators from the Greater Toronto Area. The group promotes arbitration as an alternative method of conflict resolution over litigation, especially in commercial suits. Members include commercial litigators from Toronto law firms including some of the Seven Sisters of Bay Street. Each member has experience and interest in promoting commercial Arbitration. The group dedicates its time to encouraging this form of Dispute resolution through seminars, papers, and talks.

NAM is a provider of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) services, including Arbitration and Mediation NAM provides services to business entities and individuals who seek to resolve their dispute/conflict outside of the court system. The company maintains rosters of neutrals in all 50 states, Puerto Rico and in major cities around the world. NAM Neutrals consist of former Judges and attorney specialists with subject-matter expertise in a wide array of practice areas.

Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani, LLP, commonly referred to as Gordon & Rees, is an AmLaw 100 law firm based in the United States, with more than 1,000 lawyers practicing in all 50 states.

Burness Paull LLP is a leading Scottish commercial firm of solicitors, with offices in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen, acting for private and public sector clients. It is notable for its strengths in corporate law and energy law. It was formed in December 2012 through a merger between the firms of Burness, headquartered in Edinburgh and with a second office in Glasgow, and Paull & Williamsons, based in Aberdeen. The combined turnover of the two firms is more than £53 million, making it one of the largest firms in Scotland. The firm enjoys strong referrals from the City and a diverse portfolio of international clients through its oil and gas practice.

Anderson Strathern LLP is a Scottish law firm with offices in Edinburgh, Glasgow and East Lothian. Anderson Strathern is a leading Scottish full-service legal firm working in the private client, commercial and public sectors with 53 partners and over 230 employees across Edinburgh, Glasgow and East Lothian. Clients include Buccleuch Estates, the Scottish Government, The Crown Estate, Clyde Gateway, Scotmid, Apex Hotels, INEOS, Transport Scotland, the Scottish Prison Service and the Royal College of Nursing.

Kenna Partners is one of Nigeria's leading law firms with its Head Office in Lagos, and branch offices in both Abuja and Enugu. The firm is fully registered with the African Financial Corporation.

Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb Law school of the University of Zagreb

The Faculty of Law of the University of Zagreb is the law school of the University of Zagreb. Founded in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa as part of her comprehensive reforms in the system of education in the Habsburg Monarchy, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in Croatia and all of Southeast Europe. Zagreb Faculty of Law offers BA, MA and Ph.D degrees in law, social work, social policy, public administration and taxation.

In Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC, No. 16-499, 584 U.S. ___ (2018), the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of corporate liability under the Alien Tort Statute. Enacted as part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Alien Tort Statute allows foreign nationals to bring lawsuits in U.S. district courts for torts "in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States." At issue in this case was whether the Alien Tort Statute allows foreign corporations to be sued in U.S. courts. In a fractured decision delivered by Justice Kennedy, the Supreme Court held, by a 5-4 vote, that foreign corporations cannot be sued under the Alien Tort Statute.

References

  1. Vértesy, László (2007). "The Place and Theory of Banking Law - Or Arising of a New Branch of Law: Law of Financial Industries". Collega. Rochester, NY. 2–3. XI. SSRN   3198092 .