Antiquity
- Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
- Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
- Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens [1] : 2
- Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician [2] : 39
- Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher
- Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
- Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
- Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician [3]
- Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
- Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making" [4] : 99 [5]
- Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
- Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
- Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher [2] : 396
- Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher [2] : 397
- Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
- Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
- Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
- Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist
- Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician [2] : 436
- Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
- Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician
- Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt [1] : 137
- Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife [2] : 735 [6]
- Lais of Corinth, Ancient Greek physician [3]
- Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist
- Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun [2] : 828
- Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer [2] : 841
- Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist [4] : 128
- Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
- Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author
- Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician [3]
- Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
- Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
- Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician [2] : 957
- Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife [2] : 962
- Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer [2] : 965
- Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist
- Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist [2] : 978
- Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer [2] : 990
- Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
- Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon [3]
- Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician [3]
- Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
- Pulcheria (5th century CE), healer [2] : 1059
- Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
- Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician [3]
- Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
- Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician [2] : 1217–18
- Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process [7]
- Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician [3]
- Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
- Thelka, Iranian [2] : 1278
- Theosebeia (4th century CE), healer [2] : 1278
- Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician
