List of heads of state of Mexico

Last updated

The President of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union. [1] Throughout its history, Mexico has had several forms of government. Under the federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. Under the Seven Laws (centralist), the chief executive was named President of the Republic. In addition, there have been two periods of monarchical rule, during which the executive was controlled by the Emperor of Mexico.

Contents

The chronology of the heads of state of Mexico is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Mexican presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months. [2]

This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed the Mexican Executive duties during periods of transition.

First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)

First Regency

After the end of the Mexican War of Independence, a Provisional Board of Governing consisting of thirty-four persons was set up. The Board decreed and signed the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire and appointed a regency composed of six people.

Members [3] Term of office
PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeTime in office
Juan O'Donoju.jpg Juan O'Donojú 28 September 18218 October 1821
(died)
10 days
Agustin de Iturbide.png Agustín de Iturbide 28 September 182111 April 1822195 days
Manuel de la Barcena.jpg Manuel de la Barcéna28 September 182111 April 1822
Jose Isidro Yanez.jpg José Isidro Yañez28 September 182111 April 1822
Manuel Velazquez de Leon.jpg Manuel Velázquez de León28 September 182111 April 1822
Antonio Perez Martinez y Robles.jpg Antonio Pérez Martínez9 October 182111 April 1822184 days

Second Regency

MembersTerm of office
PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeTime in office
Agustin de Iturbide.png Agustín de Iturbide 11 April 182218 May 182237 days
Jose Isidro Yanez.jpg José Isidro Yañez11 April 182218 May 1822
Coat of arms of Mexico (1821-1823).svg Miguel Valentín11 April 182218 May 1822
Manuel de Heras Soto.jpg Manuel de Heras11 April 182218 May 1822
Presidente Nicolas Bravo.PNG Nicolás Bravo 11 April 182218 May 1822

Monarchy of Agustín I

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ReignRoyal houseCoat of arms
Reign startReign endDuration
Portrait of Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico.jpg Agustín I
(1783–1824)
19 May 182219 March 1823304 days Iturbide Coat of arms of Mexico (1821-1823).svg

Provisional Government (1823–1824)

The Provisional Government of 1823–1824 was an organization that served as the Executive in the government of Mexico after the abdication of Agustín I, monarch of Mexican Empire in 1823. [4] The provisional government was responsible for convening the body that created the Federal Republic and existed from 1 April 1823 to 10 October 1824. [5]

Head of State [6] [7] [8] Term of office
PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeTime in office
Presidente Nicolas Bravo.PNG Nicolás Bravo 31 March 182310 October 18241 year, 193 days
Guadalupe Victoria Cruces y Campa.png Guadalupe Victoria 31 March 182310 October 1824
Pedro Celestino Negrete.jpg Pedro Celestino Negrete 31 March 182310 October 1824
Jose mariano michelena.jpg José Mariano Michelena 1 April 182310 October 18241 year, 192 days
Miguel dominguez.jpg Miguel Domínguez 1 April 182310 October 1824
Vicente Guerrero (1865).png Vicente Guerrero 1 April 182310 October 1824

First Federal Republic (1824–1835)

The president and vice president did not run jointly and could be from different parties.

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyVice PresidentNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
1 Guadalupe Victoria - 02.jpg Guadalupe Victoria
(1786–1843)
10 October 182431 March 18294 years, 172 days Independent Nicolás Bravo (1824-1827)First constitutionally elected President of Mexico, and the only President who completed his full term in almost 30 years of independent Mexico. [9]
2 Vicente Ramon Guerrero Saldana.png Vicente Guerrero
(1782–1831)
1 April 182917 December 1829260 days Liberal Party Anastasio Bustamante He was appointed by Congress after the "resignation" of president-elect Manuel Gómez Pedraza. [10] [11]
3 Jose Maria Bocanegra.PNG José María Bocanegra
(1787–1862)
17 December 182923 December 18296 daysPopular York Rite Party
(part of the Liberal Party)
VacantHe was appointed Interim President by Congress when Guerrero left office to fight the rebellion of his conservative Vice President Bustamante. [12] [13]
Triunvirato 1830.png VélezQuintanarAlaman
(Triumvirate)
23 December 182931 December 18298 days Liberal Party
(Vélez)
Independent
(Quintanar and Alamán)
Vacant Pedro Vélez president of the Supreme Court, he was appointed by the Council of Government as head of the executive triumvirate along with Lucas Alamán and Luis Quintanar. [14]
4 Anastasio Bustamante Oleo (480x600).png Anastasio Bustamante
(1780–1853)
1 January 183013 August 18322 years, 225 days Conservative Party VacantAs Vice President he assumed the presidency after the conservative coup against Guerrero. [15]
5 Melchor Muzquiz.png Melchor Múzquiz
(1790–1844)
14 August 183224 December 1832132 daysPopular York Rite Party
(part of the Liberal Party)
VacantHe was appointed Interim President by Congress when Bustamante left office to fight the rebellion of Santa Anna. [16] [17] [18]
6 Manuel Gomez Pedraza.png Manuel Gómez Pedraza
(1789–1851)
24 December 183231 March 183397 daysFederalist York Rite Party
(part of the Liberal Party)
VacantHe assumed the presidency to conclude the term he would have begun in 1829, had he not "resigned" prior to inauguration, as the winner of the elections of 1828. [19] [20]
7 Valentin Gomez Farias, portrait.JPG Valentín Gómez Farías
(1781–1858)
1 April 183316 May 183345 days Liberal Party HimselfAs Vice President he assumed the presidency in place of Santa Anna, along with whom he was elected in the elections of 1833.
[21] [22] [23]
8 Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
16 May 18333 June 183318 days Liberal Party Valentín Gómez Farías He assumed the presidency as the constitutionally-elected president. He alternated in the presidency with Vice President Gómez Farías four more times until 24 April 1834.
[22] [24] [25] [26]
(7) Valentin Gomez Farias, portrait.JPG Valentín Gómez Farías
(1781–1858)
3 June 183318 June 183315 days Liberal Party Himself
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
18 June 18335 July 183317 days Liberal Party Valentín Gómez Farías
(7) Valentin Gomez Farias, portrait.JPG Valentín Gómez Farías
(1781–1858)
5 July 183327 October 1833114 days Liberal Party Himself
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
27 October 183315 December 183349 days Liberal Party Valentín Gómez Farías
(7) Valentin Gomez Farias, portrait.JPG Valentín Gómez Farías
(1781–1858)
16 December 183324 April 1834129 days Liberal Party HimselfHe promoted several liberal reforms that led to the discontent of conservatives and the church. Santa Anna took office again aligned with conservatives; Gómez Farías went into exile. [23] [27]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
24 April 183427 January 1835278 days Conservative Party Valentín Gómez Farías He cancelled the liberal reforms. On 27 January, the Sixth Constituent Congress dismissed Gómez Farías as Vice President. [23] [27] [28]
9 Miguel Barragan Oleo (480x600).png Miguel Barragán
(1789–1836)
28 January 183527 February 18361 year, 30 days Conservative Party VacantHe was appointed Interim President by Congress when Santa Anna left office to fight the rebellion of Zacatecas. On 23 October, Congress enacted the Constitutional Basis, which voided the Constitution of 1824 and the federal system. He served both as the last president of the First Federal Republic and the first of the Centralist Republic. [29] [30] [31] [32]

Centralist Republic (1835–1846)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
9 Miguel Barragan Oleo (480x600).png Miguel Barragán
(1789–1836)
28 January 183527 February 18361 year, 30 days Conservative Party He left office because of a serious illness. He died three days later. [29]
10 Jose Justo Corro.PNG José Justo Corro
(1794–1864)
27 February 183619 April 18371 year, 51 days Conservative Party He was appointed Interim President by Congress to conclude the presidential term.
During his term, he enacted the Seven Laws and
Spain recognized the Independence of Mexico.
[33] [34] [35]
(4) Anastasio Bustamante Oleo (480x600).png Anastasio Bustamante
(1780–1853)
19 April 183718 March 18391 year, 333 days Conservative Party He took office as constitutional elected president.
He was elected in the elections of 1837 for an eight years term.
[36] [37]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
18 March 183910 July 1839114 days Conservative Party He was appointed interim president by the Supreme Conservative Power when Bustamante left office to fight federalist rebellions. [24] [38]
11 Presidente Nicolas Bravo.PNG Nicolás Bravo
(1786–1854)
11 July 183919 July 18398 days Conservative Party He was appointed substitute president when Santa Anna left office. [26] [39] [40]
(4) Anastasio Bustamante Oleo (480x600).png Anastasio Bustamante
(1780–1853)
19 July 183922 September 18412 years, 65 days Conservative Party He reassumed the presidency. [26] [41]
12 Francisco Javier Echeverria.PNG Francisco Javier Echeverría
(1797–1852)
22 September 184110 October 184118 days Conservative Party He was appointed interim president when Bustamante left office to fight a rebellion headed by Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, Santa Anna, and Gabriel Valencia.
He resigned after the triumph of the rebellion.
[42] [43] [44]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
10 October 184126 October 18421 year, 16 days Liberal Party He was appointed provisional president by a Junta de Representantes de los Departamentos (Board of Representatives of the Departments). [45] [46] [47]
(11) Presidente Nicolas Bravo.PNG Nicolás Bravo
(1786–1854)
26 October 18424 March 1843129 days Conservative Party He was appointed substitute president by Santa Anna when he left office. [40] [47]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
4 March 18434 October 1843214 days Liberal Party He reassumed the presidency as provisional president. [48]
13 Valentin Canalizo Oleo (480x600).png Valentín Canalizo
(1794–1850)
4 October 18434 June 1844244 days Conservative Party He was appointed interim president by Santa Anna when he left office. [49] [50]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
4 June 184412 September 1844100 days Liberal Party He reassumed the presidency after being elected constitutional president by Congress on 2 January 1844. [51] [52]
14 Jose Joaquin de Herrera Oleo (480x600).png José Joaquín de Herrera
(1792–1854)
12 September 184421 September 18449 days Liberal Party He was appointed substitute president by Congress to replace the interim president Valentin Canalizo. [52] [53]
(13) Valentin Canalizo Oleo (480x600).png Valentín Canalizo
(1794–1850)
21 September 18446 December 184476 days Conservative Party He assumed the presidency as interim president. [54]
(14) Jose Joaquin de Herrera Oleo (480x600).png José Joaquín de Herrera
(1792–1854)
6 December 184430 December 18451 year, 24 days Liberal Party He was appointed interim, and after, constitutional president by Senate
after Canalizo was arrested for trying to dissolve the Congress.
[53] [55] [56]
15 Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga (480x600).png Mariano Paredes
(1797–1849)
31 December 184528 July 1846209 days Conservative Party He assumed office via a coup against De Herrera.
On 12 June, he was appointed interim president.
[57] [58]
Vice President [58]
Nicolás Bravo
(11) Presidente Nicolas Bravo.PNG Nicolás Bravo
(1786–1854)
28 July 18464 August 18467 days Conservative Party He took office when Paredes left the presidency to fight the Americans in the Mexican–American War.
He was deposed by a federalist rebellion led by Jose Mariano Salas and Valentin Gomez Farias.
[59] [60] [61]
16 Jose Mariano Salas Oleo (480x600).png José Mariano Salas
(1797–1867)
5 August 184623 December 1846140 days Conservative Party He assumed office as provisional president after the triumph of the federalist rebellion (Plan de la Ciudadela).
He put in force the Constitution of 1824 on 22 August.
[62] [63] [64]
He served both as last president of the Centralist Republic and first of the Second Federal Republic.

Second Federal Republic (1846–1863)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
16 Jose Mariano Salas Oleo (480x600).png José Mariano Salas
(1797–1867)
5 August 184623 December 1846140 days Conservative Party After he restored federalism, he called elections.
Santa Anna won the election and was appointed interim president by Congress and Valentin Gomez Farias as vice president.
[62] [65]
(7) Valentin Gomez Farias, portrait.JPG Valentín Gómez Farías
(1781–1858)
23 December 184621 March 184788 days Liberal Party As vice president, he took office in place of Santa Anna, who was fighting the invading U.S. Army in the Mexican–American War. [66]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
21 March 18472 April 184712 days Liberal Party He took office as elected interim president. [67]
Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías
17 Pedro M. Anaya.PNG Pedro María de Anaya
(1795–1854)
2 April 184720 May 184748 days Liberal Party Santa Anna left office to fight in the Mexican–American War. Congress abolished the vice presidency and he was appointed as substitute president. [68] [69] [70]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
20 May 184715 September 1847118 days Liberal Party He reassumed the presidency when De Anaya left office to fight in the Mexican–American War. [71] [72]
18 Manuel de la Pena y Pena.PNG Manuel de la Peña y Peña
(1789–1850)
16 September 184713 November 184758 days Conservative Party As president of the Supreme Court, he assumed the presidency after Santa Anna's resignation. [73] [74]
(17) Pedro M. Anaya.PNG Pedro María de Anaya
(1795–1854)
13 November 18478 January 184856 days Liberal Party He was appointed interim president by Congress when De la Peña y Peña left office in order to negotiate peace with the United States.
(18) Manuel de la Pena y Pena.PNG Manuel de la Peña y Peña
(1789–1850)
8 January 18483 June 1848147 days Conservative Party He reassumed office as provisional president when De Anaya resigned
after refusing to give any land to the United States.
[75]
During his term, he signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
(14) Jose Joaquin de Herrera Oleo (480x600).png José Joaquín de Herrera
(1792–1854)
3 June 184815 January 18512 years, 226 days Liberal Party He was the second president to finish his term and peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista. [76]
19 Mariano Arista Oleo (480x600).png Mariano Arista
(1802–1855)
15 January 18515 January 18531 year, 356 days Liberal Party He resigned when Congress refused to give him extraordinary powers to fight the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio, the goal of which was to bring Santa Anna once again to the presidency. [77]
20 Juan Bautista Ceballos Oleo (480x600).png Juan Bautista Ceballos
(1811–1859)
6 January 18537 February 185332 days Liberal Party As president of the Supreme Court, he was proposed by President Arista as his successor and confirmed the same day as interim president by Congress. [78]
21 Manuel Maria Lombardini.PNG Manuel María Lombardini
(1802–1853)
8 February 185320 April 185371 days Conservative Party He was appointed provisional president by Congress when Ceballos resigned because of the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio. [79]
(8) Oleo Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.PNG Antonio López de Santa Anna
(1794–1876)
20 April 18535 August 18552 years, 107 days Conservative Party He swore as President but ruled as dictator.
He called himself "Su Alteza Serenisima" (Serene Highness).
[80] [81]
The Mexican National Anthem was composed during his presidency. [82] [83]
22 Martin Carrera.PNG Martín Carrera
(1806–1871)
5 August 185512 September 185538 days Conservative Party He was appointed interim president after the triumph of the Plan of Ayutla
but he took office until 15 August.
[83] [84]
23 Romulo Diaz de la Vega.PNG Rómulo Díaz de la Vega
(1800–1877)
12 September 18553 October 185521 days Conservative Party He served as de facto president after Carrera's resignation. [85] [86]
24 Juan Alvarez.PNG Juan Álvarez
(1790–1867)
4 October 185511 December 185568 days Liberal Party He was appointed interim president by a council integrated with one representative of each state after the triumph of the Revolution of Ayutla. [87] [88]
25 Ignacio Comonfort.PNG Ignacio Comonfort
(1812–1863)
11 December 185517 December 18572 years, 6 days Liberal Party He was appointed interim president by Juan Alvarez when he resigned.
He became constitutional president on 1 December 1857.
[89] [90]

Reform War 1858–1860

There were two rival governments during the civil war of the Reform, which the liberals won.

President recognized by the Liberals

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
26 Benito Juarez - Jose Escudero y Espronceda.jpg Benito Juárez
(1806–1872)
18 December 185718 July 1872
(died)
14 years, 213 days Liberal Party As president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the self-coup of Ignacio Comonfort against the Constitution of 1857. He was arrested and freed by Comonfort. He established a liberal constitutional government on 18 January 1858.
The struggle between the Liberal and Conservative forces is known as Reform War.
[91]

Presidents recognized by the Conservatives

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
(25) Ignacio Comonfort.PNG Ignacio Comonfort
(1812–1863)
17 December 185721 January 185835 days Liberal Party After the declaration of Plan of Tacubaya, Congress declared that he was no longer president but he was recognized by conservatives as president with absolute powers. [92] [93]
27 Felix Maria Zuloaga Oleo (480x600).png Félix María Zuloaga
(1813–1898)
11 January 185824 December 1858347 days Conservative Party After disowning Comonfort, Zuloaga was appointed president by the Conservative Party. [94]
28 Manuel Robles Pezuela Oleo (480x600).png Manuel Robles Pezuela
(1817–1862)
24 December 185823 January 185930 days Conservative Party He assumed the conservative presidency with the support of the Plan de Navidad. [95] [96]
(27) Felix Maria Zuloaga Oleo (480x600).png Félix María Zuloaga
(1813–1898)
24 January 18591 February 18598 days Conservative Party He was restored to the presidency by counter-rebellion led by Miguel Miramón. [95] [97]
29 Miguel Miramon Oleo (480x600).png Miguel Miramón
(1831–1867)
2 February 185913 August 18601 year, 193 days Conservative Party He assumed the conservative presidency as substitute when Zuloaga left office. [98]
30 Jose Ignacio Pavon.PNG José Ignacio Pavón
(1791–1866)
13 August 186015 August 18602 days Conservative Party As president of the Supreme Court of the conservative government,
he took office for two days when Miramón left office.
[99]
(29) Miguel Miramon Oleo (480x600).png Miguel Miramón
(1831–1867)
15 August 186024 December 1860131 days Conservative Party He took office as interim president of the conservative government after he was elected
by a group of "Representatives of the States" who supported the conservatives.
He was defeated at the Battle of Calpulalpan, resigned the presidency and fled the country.
[100]
(27) Felix Maria Zuloaga Oleo (480x600).png Félix María Zuloaga
(1813–1898)
23 May 186128 December 18621 year, 219 days Conservative Party Despite having been defeated, the conservatives appointed Zuloaga as president until 28 December, when they recognized the Regency who was seeking to reestablish the Mexican Empire. [101]

Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867)

Regency

On 22 June 1863, a "Superior Governing Board" was established. On 11 July, the Board became the Regency of the Empire. [102] [103]

Members [3] Term of officePolitical party
PortraitNameTook officeLeft officeTime in office
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte LT.jpg Juan Nepomuceno Almonte 11 July 186310 April 1864274 days Conservative Party
Jose Mariano Salas.jpg José Mariano Salas 11 July 186310 April 1864
Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Davalos.jpg Pelagio Antonio de Labastida 11 July 186317 November 1863129 days
Jose Ignacio Maria Pavon.jpg José Ignacio Pavón 11 July 18632 January 1864175 days
Juan Bautista de Ormaechea.jpg Juan Bautista Ormaechea17 November 186310 April 1864145 days

Monarchy of Maximilian I

PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ReignRoyal houseCoat of arms
Reign startReign endedDuration
Emperador Maximiliano I de Mexico.jpg Maximilian I
(1832–1867)
10 April 186419 June 18673 years, 70 days Habsburg-Lorraine Coat of Arms Second Mexican Empire.svg

Restored Republic (1867–1876)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
(26) Benito Juarez - Jose Escudero y Espronceda.jpg Benito Juárez
(1806–1872)
18 December 185711 June 186114 years, 213 days Liberal Party The first term he was interim president during the Reform War.
The second term resulted from his being appointed constitutional president by Congress after the elections of 1861. His constitutional period began on 1 December.
The third term was an extension of the second, a consequence of the invasion.
The fourth and fifth terms followed the triumph of the Republic.
1861 11 June 186130 November 1865
1 December 186530 November 1867
1867 1 December 186730 November 1871
1871 1 December 187118 July 1872
31 Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, oleo sobre tela (cropped 2).png Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
(1823–1889)
18 July 187230 November 18724 years, 155 days Liberal Party As president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the death of Juarez. He was the winner of the extraordinary election of 1872 and became constitutional president. He was overthrown by the Revolution of Tuxtepec and left office ten days before the end of his constitutional term. [104]
1872 1 December 187220 November 1876
32 Jose Maria Iglesias Oleo (480x600).png José María Iglesias
(1823–1891)
26 October 187628 November 187633 days Liberal Party As president of the Supreme Court, he voided, on grounds of fraud, the reelection of Lerdo de Tejada after Congress had declared this reelection valid, and then declared himself interim president. When Lerdo de Tejada went to exile on 20 November, he became constitutional interim president. [105]

Porfiriato (1876–1911)

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
33 Porfirio Diaz en 1867.png Porfirio Díaz
(1830–1915)
28 November 18766 December 18768 days Liberal Party He became provisional president when Iglesias went to exile. [106]
34 Juan Nepomuceno Mendez Oleo (480x600).png Juan N. Méndez
(1820–1894)
6 December 187617 February 187773 days Liberal Party He was appointed substitute president by Díaz when he left office to fight the supporters of Lerdo de Tejada. [107]
(33) Porfirio Diaz en 1867.png Porfirio Díaz
(1830–1915)
1877 17 February 187730 November 18803 years, 287 days Liberal Party He reassumed the presidency. On 5 May, he was appointed constitutional president by Congress. [108]
35 President Manuel Gonzalez.jpg Manuel González Flores
(1833–1893)
1880 1 December 188030 November 18844 years Liberal Party He was the winner of the 1880 general election. [109]
(33) Porfirio Diaz in uniform.jpg Porfirio Díaz
(1830–1915)
1884 1 December 188425 May 191126 years, 175 daysNational Porfirist Party
National Reelectionist Party
He was the winner of the general election in 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904 and 1910.
He resigned during his 7th term after the triumph of the Mexican Revolution.
[110]
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904 Vice President
Ramón Corral
(since 1904)
1910

Revolution (1911–1928)

Political parties
   Progressive Constitutionalist Party
   Independent
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
36 Francisco Leon.jpg Francisco León de la Barra
(1863–1939)
25 May 19115 November 1911164 days Independent According to the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, he assumed office as interim president. Immediately called for elections. [111]
37 [112] Francisco I. Madero, Retrato (Palacio Nacional).png Francisco I. Madero
(1873–1913)
1911 6 November 191119 February 19131 year, 95 days Progressive Constitutionalist Party He was the winner of the 1911 general election.
He was overthrown by a coup known as the Ten Tragic Days organized by Victoriano Huerta, Félix Díaz and the U.S. ambassador Henry L. Wilson. He was murdered three days later along with the vice president Pino Suárez.
[113] [114]
Vice President
José María Pino Suárez
38 Pedro Lascurain.jpg Pedro Lascuráin
(1856–1952)
19 February 1913About 45 minutes Independent As Secretary of Foreign Affairs, he assumed office as interim president according to the constitution. In about 45 minutes, he appointed Victoriano Huerta as Secretary of the Interior and then resigned the Presidency. [115]
39 Victoriano Huerta.(cropped).jpg Victoriano Huerta
(1850–1916)
19 February 191315 July 19141 year, 146 days Independent He assumed office via a coup against Francisco I. Madero. He was defeated by the Constitutional Army led by Governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza. [116] [117]
40 Francisco Sebastian Carvajal.jpg Francisco S. Carvajal
(1870–1932)
15 July 191413 August 191429 days Independent He assumed office as Interim President after the resignation of Huerta.
He resigned after the signing of the Teoloyucan Treaties.
[118]

Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes

The Conventionists were followers of revolutionary generals Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. They fought a civil war with the followers of revolutionaries under Venustiano Carranza.

No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of officeNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
41 Eulalio Gutierrez sentado.png Eulalio Gutiérrez
(1881–1939)
6 November 191416 January 191571 daysHe was appointed provisional president. [119]
42 Roque Gonzalez Garza.PNG Roque González Garza
(1885–1962)
16 January 191510 June 1915145 daysHe was appointed provisional president after Gutierrez left Mexico City. [120]
43 Francisco Lagos Chazaro.png Francisco Lagos Cházaro
(1878–1932)
10 June 191510 October 1915122 daysHe assumed office as provisional president when González Garza resigned. [121]

Constitutionalist victory and restoration of democracy

The revolutionary Constitutionalist Army under the authority "First Chief" Venustiano Carranza defeated the Army of the Convention in 1915, with a new constitution drafted in 1916–17.

Political parties
  Liberal Constitutionalist Party
No.PortraitName

(Birth–Death)

ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
44 Venustiano Carranza en la silla presidencial.jpg Venustiano Carranza
(1859–1920)
1917 Head of the Executive Power
First Chief of the Constitutional Army
2 years, 260 daysLiberal Constitutionalist PartyHe served as Head of the Executive Power after the resignation of Carvajal.
He did not immediately call for presidential elections, which he had promised under the Plan of Guadalupe but ruled as the "pre-constitutional" head of government. He convoked a Constituent Convention which enacted the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. He won the 1917 general election and took office as Constitutional President on 1 May 1917.
He died during the Rebellion of Agua Prieta, led by three revolutionary generals.
[122]
13 August 191430 April 1917
President of Mexico 3 years, 20 days
1 May 191721 May 1920
45 Adolfo de la Huerta.png Adolfo de la Huerta
(1881–1955)
1 June 192030 November 1920182 daysLiberal Constitutionalist PartyHe was one of the leaders of the coup against Carranza, who had attempted to impose a civilian successor in 1920. De la Huerta was appointed provisional president by Congress. [123]
46 Portrait of Alvaro Obregon 4.jpg Álvaro Obregón
(1880–1928)
1920 1 December 192030 November 19244 years Laborist Party He was the most successful general of the Constitutionalist Army and joined the rebellion against Carranza. When elections were held in the aftermath of the coup, he was the winner of the 1920 general election. [124] Obregón designated Plutarco Elías Calles as his successor; fellow Sonoran general Adolfo de la Huerta rebelled with considerable revolutionary army support, but Obregón crushed the rebellion.
47 Plutarco Elias Calles recorte.png Plutarco Elías Calles
(1877–1945)
1924 1 December 192430 November 19284 years Laborist Party He was the winner of the 1924 general election. [125] He changed the constitution to allow non-consecutive election of a president, allowing Obregón to run again in 1928. Obregón was re-elected but was assassinated before being sworn in. Calles then founded the political party that managed presidential succession until 2000.

Maximato (1928–1934)

President-elect Obregón was assassinated before he was inaugurated for a six-year presidential term. Calles brought together revolutionaries to found the National Revolutionary Party (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)). Calles could not succeed himself as president, but he remained the power behind the presidency as the jefe máximo (maximum chief).

Political parties
   National Revolutionary Party
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical partyNotes
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
48 Emilio Portes Gil.PNG Emilio Portes Gil
(1890–1978)
1 December 19284 February 19301 year, 65 days National Revolutionary Party He was appointed interim president by Congress, after the assassination of the winner of the 1928 general election, president-elect Álvaro Obregón. [126]
49 Pascual Rubio, portrait.jpg Pascual Ortiz Rubio
(1877–1963)
1929 5 February 19304 September 19322 years, 212 days National Revolutionary Party He was the winner of the 1929 general election.
He resigned due to the intervention of Calles in his government.
[127] [128]
50 RodriguezAbelardo.png Abelardo L. Rodríguez
(1889–1967)
4 September 193230 November 19342 years, 87 days National Revolutionary Party He was appointed substitute president by Congress to conclude the 1928–1934 term. [129]

Modern Mexico (1934–present)

After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the 1934 general election, all the presidents have completed their six-year terms.

Political parties
   Institutional Revolutionary Party
   National Action Party
   National Regeneration Movement
No.PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
ElectedTerm of officePolitical party
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
51 Lazaro Cardenas, Retrato.png Lázaro Cárdenas
(1895–1970)
1934 1 December 193430 November 19406 years National Revolutionary Party
52 Manuel Avila Camacho, Retrato.png Manuel Ávila Camacho
(1897–1955)
1940 1 December 194030 November 19466 years Party of the Mexican Revolution
53 Retrato de Miguel Aleman Valdes.png Miguel Alemán Valdés
(1900–1983)
1946 1 December 194630 November 19526 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
54 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Retrato.png Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
(1889–1973)
1952 1 December 195230 November 19586 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
55 Retrato de Adolfo Lopez Mateos.png Adolfo López Mateos
(1909–1969)
1958 1 December 195830 November 19646 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
56 Gustavo Ordaz 1911.jpg Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
(1911–1979)
1964 1 December 196430 November 19706 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
57 Luis Echeverria Alvarez official portrait.jpg Luis Echeverría
(1922–2022)
1970 1 December 197030 November 19766 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
58 Lopez Portillo.jpg José López Portillo
(1920–2004)
1976 1 December 197630 November 19826 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
59 Miguel de la Madrid official portrait (cropped).jpg Miguel de la Madrid
(1934–2012)
1982 1 December 198230 November 19886 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
60 Carlos Salinas de Gortari official portrait.jpg Carlos Salinas de Gortari
(born 1948)
1988 1 December 198830 November 19946 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
61 Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon Official Photo 1999.jpg Ernesto Zedillo
(born 1951)
1994 1 December 199430 November 20006 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
62 Vicente Fox Official Photo 2000 (Cropped).jpg Vicente Fox
(born 1942)
2000 1 December 200030 November 20066 years National Action Party
63 Presidente Felipe Calderon (cropped).jpg Felipe Calderón
(born 1962)
2006 1 December 200630 November 20126 years National Action Party
64 Enrique Pena Nieto.jpg Enrique Peña Nieto
(born 1966)
2012 1 December 201230 November 20186 years Institutional Revolutionary Party
65 AMLO 2023.jpg Andrés Manuel López Obrador
(born 1953)
2018 1 December 2018Incumbent
(Term ends 30 September 2024) [130]
5 years, 157 days National Regeneration Movement

Presidents who died in office

PresidentTerm of officeDate of deathNotes
Benito Juárez 1857–187218 July 1872 (aged 66)Only President of Mexico who died of natural causes while in office.
Venustiano Carranza 1914–192021 May 1920 (aged 60)Only President of Mexico to be assassinated while in office.

Timeline

Andrés Manuel López ObradorEnrique Peña NietoFelipe CalderónVicente FoxErnesto ZedilloCarlos Salinas de GortariMiguel de la MadridJosé López PortilloLuis EcheverríaGustavo Díaz OrdazAdolfo López MateosAdolfo Ruiz CortinesMiguel Alemán ValdésManuel Ávila CamachoLázaro CárdenasAbelardo L. RodríguezPascual Ortiz RubioEmilio Portes GilPlutarco Elías CallesÁlvaro ObregónAdolfo de la HuertaVenustiano CarranzaLagos ChazaroGonzales GarzaEulalio GutiérrezFrancisco S. CarvajalVictoriano HuertaPedro LascuráinFrancisco I. MaderoFrancisco León de la BarraManuel González FloresJuan Nepomuceno MéndezPorfirio DíazJosé María IglesiasSebastián Lerdo de TejadaMaximilian I of MexicoPelagio Antonio de LabastidaJuan Nepomuceno AlmonteJosé Ignacio PavónMiguel MiramónManuel Robles PezuelaFélix María ZuloagaBenito JuárezIgnacio ComonfortJuan ÁlvarezRómulo Díaz de la VegaMartín CarreraManuel María LombardiniJuan Bautista CeballosMariano AristaManuel de la Peña y PeñaPedro María de AnayaJosé Mariano SalasMariano ParedesJosé Joaquín de HerreraValentín CanalizoFrancisco Javier EcheverríaJosé Justo CorroMiguel BarragánAntonio López de Santa AnnaValentín Gómez FaríasManuel Gómez PedrazaMelchor MúzquizAnastasio BustamantePedro VélezJosé Maria BocanegraVicente GuerreroMiguel DomínguezMariano MichelenaPedro Celestino NegreteGuadalupe VictoriaNicolás BravoManuel de HerasMiguel ValentínAntonio Pérez MartínezJosé Isidro YañezManuel Velázquez de LeónManuel de la BarcénaJuan O'DonojúAgustín de IturbideList of heads of state of Mexico

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Chile</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Chile

Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the regional and international arena. Chile assumed a two-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2003 and was re-elected to the council in October 2013. It is also an active member of the UN family of agencies, serving as a member of the Commission on Human Rights and participating in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the second Summit of the Americas in 1998, was the chair of the Rio Group in 2001, hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002, and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. In 2005 it hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial conference. It is an associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC. The OECD agreed to invite Chile to be among four countries to open discussions in becoming an official member.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Ecuador</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Ecuador

This article describes the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of Ecuador

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Equatorial Guinea

The government's official policy is one of nonalignment. In its search for assistance to meet the goal of national reconstruction, the government of Equatorial Guinea has established diplomatic relations with numerous European and Third World countries. Having achieved independence under UN sponsorship, Equatorial Guinea feels a special kinship with that organization. It became the 126th UN member on November 12, 1968. Equatorial Guinea served as a non-permanent member on the United Nations Security Council from 2017 to 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Honduras</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Honduras

Honduras is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN), the Central American Integration System (SICA), and the Central American Security Commission (CASQ). During 1995-96, Honduras, a founding member of the United Nations, for the first time served as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Honduras is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military.

Peru is an important first-tier state in South America, Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1945, and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar served as UN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former President Alberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, mainly small countries like Yemen but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radical Party of Chile (2018)</span> Political party in Chile

The Radical Party of Chile, is a classical radical political party in Chile. The party has also been referred to as liberal, social-liberal, and social-democratic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">José María Bocanegra</span> 3rd President of Mexico in 1829

José María de los Dolores Francisco Germán del Espíritu Santo Bocanegra y Villalpando was a Mexican lawyer and statesman who was briefly interim president of Mexico on December, 1829 during a coup attempt against president Vicente Guerrero. He previously served in various government positions, including President of the Chamber of Deputies and as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Zacatecas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luis Lacalle Pou</span> 42nd President of Uruguay

Luis Alberto Aparicio Alejandro Lacalle Pou, is a Uruguayan politician and lawyer, serving as the 42nd president of Uruguay since 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alonso Lujambio</span> Mexican politician

Alonso José Ricardo Lujambio Irazábal was a Mexican academic and politician who served as Secretary of Public Education in the cabinet of President Felipe Calderón.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plan of Tacubaya</span> Screed by Mexican general Félix Zuloaga against the Constitution of 1857

The Plan of Tacubaya, sometimes called the Plan of Zuloaga, was issued by conservative Mexican General Félix Zuloaga on 17 December 1857 in Tacubaya against the liberal Constitution of 1857. The plan nullified the Constitution while it continued to recognize the election of moderate liberal Ignacio Comonfort as President. Conservatives had fiercely objected to the Constitution of 1857, which abolished special privileges of the Catholic Church and the Mexican Army. President Ignacio Comonfort had not been a strong supporter of the Constitution and joined with Zuloaga, commander of the garrison in Mexico City.

President <i>pro tempore</i> of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

The Presidency pro tempore of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States is the office that represents the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in international events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First government of Mariano Rajoy</span>

The first government of Mariano Rajoy was formed on 22 December 2011, following the latter's election as Prime Minister of Spain by the Congress of Deputies on 20 December and his swearing-in on 21 December, as a result of the People's Party (PP) emerging as the largest parliamentary force at the 2011 Spanish general election. It succeeded the second Zapatero government and was the Government of Spain from 22 December 2011 to 4 November 2016, a total of 1,779 days, or 4 years, 10 months and 13 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manuel Merino</span> President of Peru in November 2020

Manuel Arturo Merino de Lama is a Peruvian politician who briefly served as President of Peru for six days between 10 and 15 November 2020. He also served as the President of Congress from 16 March 2020 to 15 November 2020. He was a Member of Congress (AP) representing the Tumbes constituency for the 2001–2006, 2011–2016, and 2020–2021 terms.

Pablo Bartol is an Uruguayan social entrepreneur, lecturer and politician who served as Minister of Social Development from March 1, 2020 to May 1, 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Sagasti</span> President of Peru from 2020 to 2021

Francisco Rafael Sagasti Hochhausler is a Peruvian engineer, academic, politician, and author who served as the President of Peru from November 2020 to July 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second government of Javier Fernández</span>

The Second Javier Fernández government was the regional government of Asturias led by President Javier Fernández. It was formed in July 2015 after the regional election.

References

  1. "The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States" (PDF). Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas (UNAM). p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  2. Iturriaga, XXXX: 61.
  3. 1 2 "El viajero en México: Ó sea la capital de la República, encerrada en un libro". Open Library. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  4. INEHRM Secretaría de Gobernación Archived 25 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  5. "El Viajero en México (Pág. 30)" (PDF). CDigital. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  6. "Decreto. Nombramiento de los individuos que han de componer el poder ejecutivo" (in Spanish). 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  7. "Decreto. Nombramiento de suplentes para el supremo poder ejecutivo" (in Spanish). 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  8. "Vicente Guerrero, 1782-1831" (in Spanish). Gobierno Federal. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  9. "How the First President of the United Mexican States came into office" (PDF). 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  10. La expulsión de los españoles de México y su destino incierto, 1821-1836 (in Spanish). 2006. pp. 74–75. ISBN   9788400084677 . Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  11. "Vicente Guerrero". Federal Government Of Mexico . Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  12. "Acuerdo de la Cámara de Diputados. Elección de presidente interino de la República en el Excmo. Sr. D. José María Bocanegra" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  13. "José María Bocanegra asume interinamente la presidencia de la República, por licencia de Vicente Guerrero" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  14. "Acuerdo del consejo de gobierno. Nombramiento de asociados al Excmo. Sr. Presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia, para ejercer el supremo poder ejecutivo" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  15. "Anastasio Bustamante, vicepresidente con Vicente Guerrero, asume la Presidencia de la República" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  16. "Melchor Múzquiz sustituye como presidente interino a Anastasio Bustamante" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  17. "Melchor Múzquiz" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  18. "Anastasio Bustamante" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Educación Publica en el Distrito Federal. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  19. "Manuel Gómez Pedraza" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  20. "Manuel Gómez Pedraza asume la presidencia de la República mediante los convenios de Zavaleta" (in Spanish). Memoria Politica de Mexico. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  21. "El Sr. D. Valentín Gómez Farías, al jurar como Vicepresidente" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  22. 1 2 "Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México" (in Spanish). Imagen Política de México y del Mundo. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  23. 1 2 3 "Valentín Gómez Farías" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  24. 1 2 "Antonio López de Santa Anna" (in Spanish). Federal Government of Mexico. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  25. "Antonio López de Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  26. 1 2 3 "La adicción al poder. Reelección o No Reelección" (in Spanish). Internet para el profesional de la política. p. 2. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  27. 1 2 "Santa Anna asume el poder; Valentín Gómez Farías va al exilio" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  28. "Relación Cronológica de las Legislaturas de la Cámara de Diputados" (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 9 August 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  29. 1 2 "Asume la presidencia de la República interinamente el general Miguel Barragán en sustitución de Santa Anna" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  30. Riva Palacio, Vicente (1940). México a través de los siglos (in Spanish). Editorial Cumbre. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  31. De La Fuente Guerrero, Sara C. (2003). Las Constituciones de México (in Spanish). México: Servigraf.
  32. "Bases constitucionales expedidas por el Congreso Constituyente" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  33. "José Justo Corro asume el cargo de presidente interino por la enfermedad del general Miguel Barragán" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  34. "Decreto que expide las Leyes Constitucionales de la República Mexicana". 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  35. "Tratado definitivo de paz y amistad entre México y España" (PDF). 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  36. "La primera República Federal 1824–1835" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 8. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  37. "Anastasio Bustamante". Federal Government of Mexico. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  38. "López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón, Antonio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  39. "Nicolás Bravo 1786–1854" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  40. 1 2 "Nicolás Bravo" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  41. "Anastasio Bustamante". Government of the State of Aguascalientes. Retrieved 10 August 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  42. "Anastasio Bustamante". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  43. "Francisco Javier Echeverría asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  44. "Francisco Javier Echeverría". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  45. "Decreto de la Junta de Representantes. Se declara Presidente de la República, a D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  46. "Junta de Representantes o Consejo de los Departamentos". Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (UNAM). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  47. 1 2 "Efemérides / Santa Anna". Secretaria de Educación Publica del D.F. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  48. "Decreto del gobierno. Sobre que volverá a ejercer el poder ejecutivo, luego que llegue a la capital, el general Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  49. "Decreto del gobierno. Se deposita el gobierno provisional de la República en el general D. Valentín Canalizo". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  50. "Valentín Canalizo asume la presidencia de la República como sustituto de Santa Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  51. "Ley. Se declara presidente constitucional de la República, á D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  52. 1 2 "Efemérides / Santa Anna". Secretaria de Educación Publica del D.F. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  53. 1 2 "Valentín Canalizo es nombrado presidente interino de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  54. "Canalizo, Valentín". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  55. "Herrera asume la Presidencia tras un levantamiento popular". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  56. "Decreto del senado. Se declara presidente interino de la República, á D. José Joaquín de Herrera". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  57. "Mariano Paredes". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  58. 1 2 "Decreto del congreso extraordinario. Se declarará presidente interino á D. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  59. "Nicolás Bravo asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  60. "Se concede permiso al presidente de la República, para mandar en persona las fuerzas de tierra". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  61. "Manifiesto de Mariano Salas y Valentín Gómez Farías". 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  62. 1 2 "El General Mariano Salas toma posesión de la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  63. "Republica Federal" (PDF). El Viajero en México. p. 5. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  64. "Se declara vigente la Constitución de 1824". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  65. "Se declara presidente interino de la República, á D. Antonio Lopez de Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  66. "Se declara que D. Valentín Gómez Farías queda en posesion de su encargo de vicepresidente de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  67. "21 DE MARZO DE 1847". Biblioteca Digital. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  68. "Efemerides/Pedro María Anaya". Secretaria de Educacion Publica del D.F. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  69. "Desemejanzas entre el lider politico y el jefe militar" (PDF). Senate of Mexico. p. 2. Retrieved 3 September 2011.[ permanent dead link ]
  70. "Se concede licencia al actual presidente para mandar el ejército, y se suprime la vicepresidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  71. "Pedro María de Anaya". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  72. "Tropas mexicanas al mando de Pedro María Anaya y Manuel Rincón luchan contra las fuerzas al mando de Scott en Churubusco". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  73. "El Presidente de la República, a sus compatriotas". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  74. "Manuel de la Peña y Peña". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  75. "El general Pedro María Anaya asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  76. "Herrera, José Joaquín de". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  77. "Tras reñidas elecciones, el general Mariano Arista asume pacíficamente la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  78. "Juan Bautista Ceballos asume el poder ejecutivo tras la renuncia del presidente Mariano Arista". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  79. "Lombardini asume la Presidencia". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  80. "Santa Anna". Secretaria de Educacion Publica del D.F. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  81. "López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón Antonio". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  82. "Símbolos patrios de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  83. 1 2 "Al triunfo del Plan de Ayutla, Santa Anna sale de México". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  84. "Martín Carrera". Secretaria de Educacion Publica del Distrito Federal. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  85. "Martín Carrera". Gobierno Federal de Mexico. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  86. "El general Rómulo Díaz de la Vega asume de facto la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  87. "Juan Álvarez". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  88. "1855 Decreto del gobierno. Se nombra presidente de la República al general D. Juan Alvarez". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  89. "Ignacio Comonfort". Gobierno Federal de México. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  90. "Ignacio Comonfort asume la Presidencia". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  91. "Juárez García Benito Pablo". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  92. "Es proclamado el Plan de Tacubaya, con el que los conservadores pretenden derogar la Constitución de 1857". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  93. "El Congreso declara que dejó de ser Presidente de la República don Ignacio Comonfort desde el 17 de diciembre de 1857". 500 años de México en documentos. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  94. "Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  95. 1 2 "Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  96. "Plan de Navidad". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  97. "FÉLIX MARÍA ZULOAGA (1813–1898)". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  98. "Zuloaga nombra presidente sustituto de la República a Miguel Miramón". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  99. "José Ignacio Pavón, presidente de la Suprema Corte, se encarga durante dos días del poder ejecutivo del gobierno conservador". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  100. "Toma posesión como presidente interino de la República, Miguel Miramón. Juárez sigue siendo el presidente legal". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  101. "Felix Maria Zuloaga". Chihuahua, México. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  102. "Se establece la regencia del Imperio mexicano". 500 años de México. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  103. "Acta de la primera reunión de la Junta Superior de Gobierno". 500 años de México. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  104. "Lerdo de Tejada Sebastián". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  105. "El Congreso declara la reelección de Lerdo de Tejada y José Ma. Iglesias se da a la rebeldía". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  106. "Porfirio Díaz asume el poder por primera vez". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  107. "El general Juan N. Méndez ocupa la presidencia en tanto Porfirio Díaz termina con los últimos reductos de las fuerzas de Iglesias y de Lerdo de Tejada". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  108. "Porfirio Díaz es nombrado presidente constitucional de la República". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  109. "El general Manuel González toma posesión como presidente constitucional". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  110. "Díaz Mori Porfirio". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  111. "León de la Barra Francisco". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  112. "Anti-Reelectionist-Progressive Constitutional" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  113. "Francisco I. Madero asume el cargo de la Presidente de la República". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  114. "Se consuma la traición: Huerta y Wilson firman el Pacto de la Embajada". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  115. "Por sólo cuarenta y cinco minutos, Pedro Lascuráin Paredes asume el cargo de presidente interino". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  116. "Victoriano Huerta asume la presidencia y rinde la protesta de ley ante los diputados". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  117. "Victoriano Huerta, vencido por las fuerzas constitucionalistas, renuncia a la Presidencia de la República". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  118. "FRANCISCO S. CARVAJAL". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  119. "Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz asume la presidencia del gobierno convencionista". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  120. "El presidente provisional, nombrado por la Convención, Eulalio Gutiérrez, huye de México con los fondos de la Tesorería. Lo sucede Roque González Garza". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  121. "Francisco Lagos Cházaro se convierte en el último presidente del gobierno de la Convención". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  122. "Carranza Garza Venustiano". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  123. "Adolfo de la Huerta asume presidencia provisional de la República". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  124. "Obregón Salido Álvaro". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  125. "Elías Calles Campuzano Plutarco". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  126. "Portes Gil Emilio". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  127. "Pascual Ortiz Rubio sufre un atentado y resulta herido durante su toma posesión de la Presidencia de la República". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  128. "Ortíz Rubio renuncia a la Presidencia. Ejerció su mandato en el periodo del "Maximato" llamado así por el poder real ejercido por Calles". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  129. "Rodríguez Abelardo L." Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  130. "El sexenio de AMLO acaba en tres años exactos… ¿por qué durará menos?" [AMLO's six-year term ends in exactly three years... Why will it last less time?] (in Spanish). El Financiero. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2024.