List of philosophers born in the 19th century

Philosophers born in the 19th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

Contents

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

• See also
• Notes

A

• Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905) ^[d]
• Robert Adamson, (1852–1902)
• Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897) ^[d]
• Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817–1860)
• Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• B. R. Ambedkar, (1891–1956)
• Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821–1881)
• John Anderson, (1893–1962) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)
• Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975) ^[d]
• Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}

B

• Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Alfred Baeumler, (1887–1968)
• Alexander Bain, (1818–1903) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• James Mark Baldwin, (1861–1934)
• Karl Barth, (1886–1968) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805–1895)
• Georges Bataille, (1897–1962) ^{[a] [d]}
• Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882) ^{[b] [c] [d] [e]}
• David Baumgardt, (1890–1963) ^[d]
• Oskar Becker, (1889–1964)
• Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848) ^[d]
• Gustave Belot, (1859–1929)
• Julien Benda, (1867–1956)
• Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Henri Bergson, (1859–1941) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932) ^[d]
• Nathan Birnbaum, (1864–1937)
• Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987) ^{[b] [c]}
• Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949) ^[a]
• Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832–1919)
• Hermann Blumenau, (1819–1899)
• George Boas, (1891–1980)
• Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Niels Bohr, (1885–1962) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• John Elof Boodin, (1869–1950)
• George Boole, (1815–1864) ^{[b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921) ^[d]
• Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978) ^[a]
• Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910) ^[d]
• F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Franz Brentano, (1838–1917) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953) ^{[b] [c]}
• C. D. Broad, (1887–1971) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966) ^{[a] [b] [c] [e]}
• Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876) ^{[b] [c]}
• Constantin Brunner, (1862–1937)
• Emil Brunner, (1889–1966) ^[d]
• Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922) ^[d]
• Martin Buber, (1878–1965) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899) ^[d]
• Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944) ^[d]
• Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897) ^{[b] [c]}
• Samuel Butler, (1835–1902) ^{[b] [c]}

C

• Cai Yuanpei, (1868–1940)
• Edward Caird, (1835–1908) ^[a]
• Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863–1930)
• Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949) ^{[a] [d]}
• Georg Cantor, (1845–1918) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Pantaleo Carabellese, (1877–1948) ^[a]
• Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Paul Carus, (1852–1919)
• Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869) ^[d]
• Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868–1951)
• Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889) ^[d]
• Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990) ^[a]
• Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)
• August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894) ^[d]
• William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Chapman Cohen, (1868–1954)
• Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838–1901)
• John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915) ^{[a] [c]}
• Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877–1947)
• Hans Cornelius, (1863–1947)
• Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877) ^{[a] [d]}
• Louis Couturat, (1868–1914) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)
• Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889–1981)
• Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873) ^[a]

D

• Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885)
• Charles Darwin, (1809–1882) ^[d]
• Augustus De Morgan, (1806–1871) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Francesco de Sanctis, (1817–1883)
• Richard Dedekind, (1831–1916) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Galvano Della Volpe, (1895–1968)
• Paul Deussen, (1845–1919)
• John Dewey, (1859–1952) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Albert Venn Dicey, (1835–1922) ^[d]
• Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833–1911) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Hugo Dingler, (1881–1954)
• Juan Donoso Cortés (1809–1853)
• Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894–1977) ^[d]
• Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821–1881) ^[d]
• Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, (1867–1941)
• Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818–1896) ^[d]
• Curt Ducasse, (1881–1969) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Pierre Duhem, (1861–1916) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Eugen Dühring, (1833–1921) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Émile Durkheim, (1858–1917) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Manilal Dwivedi, (1858–1898)

E

• Julius Ebbinghaus, (1885–1981)
• Arthur Eddington, (1882–1944)
• Mary Baker Eddy, (1821–1910)
• Christian von Ehrenfels, (1856–1932)
• Albert Einstein, (1879–1955) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• George Eliot, (1819–1880) ^[d]
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, (1803–1882) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (1846–1926)
• Julius Evola, (1898–1974)

F

• Thome H. Fang, (1899–1976) ^[a]
• Gustav Fechner, (1801–1887) ^{[a] [d]}
• Feng Youlan, (1895–1990) ^[a]
• Ernest Fenollosa, (1853–1908)
• Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812–1876)
• James Frederick Ferrier, (1808–1864) ^[d]
• Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804–1872) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Kuno Fischer, (1824–1907)
• John Fiske, (1842–1901)
• Franciszek Fiszer, (1860–1937)
• Robert Flint, (1838–1910)
• Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882–1937) ^[d]
• Georges Florovsky, (1893–1979)
• Jerome Frank, (1889–1957) ^[d]
• Philipp Frank, (1884–1966)
• Semën Liudvigovich Frank (1877–1950) ^[d]
• Gottlob Frege, (1848–1925) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Sigmund Freud, (1856–1939) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Hans Freyer, (1887–1969)
• Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov, (1829–1903) ^[d]

G

• Mahatma Gandhi, (1869–1948) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887–1964) ^[d]
• Nārāyana Guru, (1856–1928)
• Giovanni Gentile, (1875–1944) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Otto von Gierke, (1841–1921)
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860–1935)
• Étienne Gilson, (1884–1978) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856–1927) ^[d]
• Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801–1852) ^{[a] [d]}
• Arthur de Gobineau, (1816–1882)
• Henry George, (1839–1897)
• Antonio Gramsci, (1891–1937) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Thomas Hill Green, (1836–1882) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Kurt Grelling, (1886–1942)
• John Grote, (1813–1866) ^[d]
• D. V. Gundappa, (1889–1975)
• G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872–1949)
• Edmund Gurney, (1847–1888) ^[d]

H

• Paul Häberlin, (1878–1960)
• Ernst Haeckel, (1834–1919) ^{[a] [d]}
• Axel Hägerström, (1868–1939) ^[d]
• Béla Hamvas, (1897–1968)
• Eduard Hanslick, (1825–1904) ^[d]
• Friedrich Harms, (1819–1880)
• William Torrey Harris, (1835–1909)
• Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842–1906) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Nicolai Hartmann, (1882–1950) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• Charles Hartshorne, (1897–2000) ^{[a] [b] [c] [e]}
• Friedrich Hayek, (1899–1992) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Rudolf Haym, (1821–1901)
• Martin Heidegger, (1889–1976) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821–1894) ^{[a] [d]}
• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857–1894) ^[d]
• Alexander Herzen, (1812–1870) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Moses Hess, (1812–1875) ^[d]
• Sergei Hessen, (1887–1950) ^[d]
• David Hilbert, (1862–1943) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Dietrich von Hildebrand, (1889–1977)
• Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864–1929) ^{[b] [c]}
• William Ernest Hocking, (1873–1966) ^{[b] [c]}
• Shadworth Hodgson, (1832–1912) ^{[b] [c]}
• Eric Hoffer, (1898–1983) ^{[b] [c]}
• Harald Høffding, (1843–1931) ^{[b] [c]}
• Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879–1918) ^{[a] [d]}
• Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., (1841–1935) ^[d]
• Max Horkheimer, (1895–1973) ^{[a] [d]}
• Hsiung Shih-li, (1885–1968) ^[a]
• Hu Shih, (1891–1962) ^[a]
• Elbert Hubbard, (1856–1915)
• Edmund Husserl, (1859–1938) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825–1895) ^[d]

I

• Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883–1954) ^{[a] [d]}
• Roman Ingarden, (1893–1970) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• William Ralph Inge, (1860–1954) ^[d]
• Muhammad Iqbal, (1877–1938) ^{[b] [c] [d]}

J

• Henry James Sr., (1811–1882)
• William James, (1842–1910) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Alfred Jarry, (1873–1907)
• Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882) ^{[a] [b] [c] [e]} *
• Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892) ^[d]
• Krishnamurti Jiddu, (1895–1986)
• C.E.M. Joad, (1891–1953)
• William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969) ^{[b] [c]}
• Carl Jung, (1875–1961) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998)

K

• Kang Youwei, (1858–1927) ^[a]
• Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983) ^[d]
• Michael Ivanovich Karinski (1840–1917)
• Karl Kautsky, (1854–1938) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
• Hans Kelsen, (1881–1973) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Norman Kemp Smith, (1872–1958) ^[d]
• John Maynard Keynes, (1883–1946) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Hermann von Keyserling, (1880–1946)
• Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
• Søren Kierkegaard, (1813–1855) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
• Wolfgang Köhler, (1887–1967) ^[a]
• Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949)
• Alejandro Korn, (1860–1936) ^{[b] [c]}
• Tadeusz Kotarbiński, (1886–1981) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Alexandre Koyre, (1892–1964) ^[d]
• Karl Kraus, (1874–1936) ^{[b] [c]}
• Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895–1986)
• Leopold Kronecker, (1823–1891) ^[d]
• Richard Kroner, (1884–1974)
• Peter Kropotkin, (1842–1921) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Kuki Shūzō, (1888–1941) ^[d]

L

• Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904) ^{[a] [d]}
• Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918) ^[d]
• Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903) ^[a]
• Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875) ^{[a] [d] [e]}
• Susanne Langer, (1895–1985) ^{[b] [d]}
• Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864) ^[d]
• Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900) ^[d]
• Moritz Lazarus, (1824–1903)
• Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954) ^[d]
• Adrian LeMors, (1893–1956)
• Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891) ^[d]
• Jules Lequier, (1814–1862) ^[a]
• Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939) ^{[b] [c]}
• George Henry Lewes, (1817–1878)
• Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947) ^[a]
• Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963) ^{[a] [d]}
• John Lewis, (1889–1976)
• Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929) ^[a]
• Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988) ^[a]
• Karol Libelt, (1807–1875)
• Israel Lipkin, (1810–1883) ^[e] *
• Émile Littré, (1801–1881)
• Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969) ^[a]
• Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962) ^[d]
• Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886–1954)
• Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940) ^[d]
• Jakob Lorber, (1800–1864)
• Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988) ^[d]
• Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965) ^[d]
• Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962) ^{[b] [c]}
• Georg Lukács, (1885–1971) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919) ^[d]

M

• Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)
• Ernst Mach, (1838–1916) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• John Macmurray, (1891–1976) ^[c]
• Philipp Mainländer, (1841–1876)
• Ernst Mally, (1879–1944) ^[e]
• Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871) ^[a]
• Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976) ^[a]
• Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Herbert Marcuse, (1898–1979) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876) ^[d]
• James Martineau, (1805–1900) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Karl Marx, (1818–1883) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1850–1937) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923) ^[d]
• James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879) ^[a] 12 ^[d]
• James McCosh, (1811–1894) ^[a]
• William McDougall, (1871–1938) ^[a]
• John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• George Herbert Mead, (1863–1931) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Georg Mehlis, (born 19th century)
• Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954) ^[d]
• Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884) ^[a]
• Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, (1856–1912)
• Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926) ^[a]
• Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887–1985)
• Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887–1910)
• Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904) ^[d]
• Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945) ^[d]
• John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Ludwig von Mises, (1881–1973)
• William Mitchell, (1861–1962)
• Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887–1953)
• W. H. S. Monck (1839–1915)
• Maria Montessori (1870–1952)
• Addison Webster Moore, (1866–1930)
• G. E. Moore, (1873–1958) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941) ^[a]
• John Henry Muirhead, (1855–1940)
• Max Müller, (1823–1900)

N

• Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924) ^[e]
• John Neihardt, (1881–1973)
• Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927)
• Otto Neurath, (1882–1945) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• John Henry Newman, (1801–1890) ^{[a] [d]}
• H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962) ^[d]
• Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971) ^[d]
• Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Nishi Amane, (1829–1897) ^[d]
• Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945) ^{[b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888–1969)
• Anders Nygren, (1890–1978) ^[d]

O

• Georges Ohsawa, (1893–1966)
• Karl Olivecrona, (1897–1980) ^[d]
• John Wood Oman, (1860–1939) ^[d]
• José Ortega y Gasset, (1883–1955) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Rudolf Otto, (1869–1937) ^[d]
• P. D. Ouspensky, (1878–1947)

P

• Vilfredo Pareto, (1848–1923)
• Giuseppe Peano, (1858–1932) ^{[b] [c]}
• Benjamin Peirce, (1809–1880) ^[e]
• Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839–1914) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Ralph Barton Perry, (1876–1957) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• Leon Petrazycki, (1867–1931) ^[d]
• Branislav Petronijević, (1875–1954)
• Jean Piaget, (1896–1980) ^{[a] [d]}
• Max Planck, (1858–1947) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Georgi Plekhanov, (1856–1918) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827–1907)
• Henri Poincaré, (1854–1912) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Michael Polanyi, (1891–1976) ^[d]
• Emil Leon Post, (1897–1954) ^[d]
• Roscoe Pound, (1870–1964) ^[d]
• Karl von Prantl, (1820–1888)
• Henry Habberley Price, (1899–1984) ^{[b] [c]}
• Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871–1947) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809–1865) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}

R

• Gustav Radbruch, (1878–1949) ^[d]
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888–1975) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Hastings Rashdall, (1858–1924) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813–1900) ^[d]
• Paul Rée, (1849–1901) ^{[b] [c]}
• Wilhelm Reich, (1897–1957) ^{[b] [c]}
• Hans Reichenbach, (1891–1953) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Adolf Reinach, (1883–1917) ^[d]
• Karl Renner, (1870–1950) ^[d]
• Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815–1903) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• I. A. Richards, (1893–1979)
• Heinrich Rickert, (1863–1936) ^[e] *
• Bernhard Riemann, (1826–1866)
• George Croom Robertson, (1842–1892)
• Erwin Rohde, (1845–1898)
• Francisco Romero (1891–1962) ^{[b] [c]}
• Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805–1879)
• Franz Rosenzweig, (1886–1929) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899–1979) ^[d]
• William David Ross, (1877–1971) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Josiah Royce, (1855–1916) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919) ^[d]
• Arnold Ruge, (1802–1880) ^[d]
• Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}

S

• Émile Saisset, (1814–1863)
• George Santayana, (1863–1952) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857–1913) ^{[a] [d]}
• Max Scheler, (1874–1928) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• F. C. S. Schiller, (1864–1937) ^[d]
• Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Carl Schmitt, (1888–1985) ^[d]
• Erwin Schrödinger, (1887–1961) ^[a]
• Joseph Schumpeter, (1883–1950) ^[d]
• Alfred Schütz, (1899–1959) ^{[b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Albert Schweizer, (1875–1965)
• Charles Secrétan, (1815–1895)
• Roy Wood Sellars, (1880–1973) ^{[b] [c]}
• Lev Shestov, (1866–1938) ^[d]
• Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879–1937) ^{[a] [d]}
• Henry Sidgwick, (1838–1900) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Georg Simmel, (1858–1918) ^{[a] [d]}
• Thoralf Skolem, (1887–1963) ^[a]
• Vladimir Solovyov, (1853–1900) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Georges Sorel, (1847–1922) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• William Ritchie Sorley, (1855–1935)
• Othmar Spann, (1878–1950)
• Herbert Spencer, (1820–1903) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823–1887)
• Oswald Spengler, (1880–1936)
• Afrikan Spir, (1837–1890) ^[a]
• Lysander Spooner, (1808–1887)
• Walter Terence Stace, (1886–1967)
• Henry Stanton, (1805–1887)
• Olaf Stapledon, (1886–1950)
• L. Susan Stebbing, (1885–1943)
• Edith Stein, (1891–1942)
• Rudolf Steiner, (1861–1925) ^{[a] [d]}
• Leslie Stephen, (1832–1904) ^[a]
• James Hutchison Stirling, (1820–1909)
• Max Stirner, (1806–1856) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• George Frederick Stout, (1860–1944) ^{[a] [b] [c]}
• David Friedrich Strauss, (1808–1874) ^[d]
• Leo Strauss, (1899–1973) ^[d]
• Carl Stumpf, (1848–1936)
• James Sully, (1842–1923)
• Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925) ^[a]

T

• Debendranath Tagore, (1817–1905)
• Rabindranath Tagore, (1861–1941) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Hippolyte Taine, (1828–1893) ^[d]
• T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864–1898) ^[a]
• Tanabe Hajime, (1885–1962) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Władysław Tatarkiewicz, (1886–1980)
• Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807–1858) ^{[a] [d] [e]}
• Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888) ^[a]
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881–1955) ^{[a] [d]}
• William Temple, (1881–1944) ^[d]
• Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866–1957) ^[d]
• Henry David Thoreau, (1817–1862) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Paul Tillich, (1886–1965) ^{[a] [d]}
• Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805–1859) ^[d]
• Leo Tolstoy, (1828–1910) ^[d]
• Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, (1802–1872)
• Ernst Troeltsch, (1865–1923) ^{[a] [d]}
• Leon Trotsky, (1879–1940) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Benjamin Tucker, (1854–1939)
• Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866–1938) ^{[b] [c] [d]}

U

• Pietro Ubaldi, (1886–1972)
• Hermann Ulrici, (1806–1884)
• Miguel de Unamuno, (1864–1936) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• Dimitri Uznadze, (1886–1950)

V

• Hans Vaihinger, (1852–1933) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d]}
• John Veitch, (1829–1894)
• John Venn, (1834–1923) ^[d]
• Milan Vidmar, (1885–1962)
• Lev Vygotsky, (1896–1934) ^{[b] [c] [d]}
• Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877–1954) ^[d]

W

• Jean Wahl, (1888–1974)
• Friedrich Waismann, (1896–1959)
• Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823–1913) ^[d]
• James Ward, (1843–1925) ^[a]
• John B. Watson, (1878–1958) ^{[b] [c]}
• Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889–1960) ^{[b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Max Weber, (1864–1920) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]} *
• Otto Weininger, (1880–1903)
• Christian Hermann Weisse, (1801–1866)
• Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837–1912)
• Felix Weltsch, (1884–1964)
• Edvard Westermarck, (1862–1939) ^[a]
• Hermann Weyl, (1885–1955) ^[d]
• Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879–1951) ^[d]
• Alfred North Whitehead, (1861–1947) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Wilhelm Windelband, (1848–1915) ^{[a] [e]} *
• Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885–1939)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889–1951) ^{[a] [b] [c] [d] [e]}
• Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui), (1865–1953)
• Chauncey Wright, (1830–1875) ^{[a] [b] [c] [e]}
• Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894–1976)
• Wilhelm Wundt, (1832–1920) ^{[a] [d] [e]} *

Z

• Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899–1990)
• Eduard Zeller, (1814–1908)
• Ernst Zermelo, (1871–1953) ^[d]
• Zhang Dongsun, (1886–1973)
• Florian Znaniecki, (1882–1958)
• Xavier Zubiri, (1889–1983)

See also

• Lists of philosophers
• 19th-century philosophy
• List of philosophers born in the centuries BC
• List of philosophers born in the 1st through 10th centuries
• List of philosophers born in the 11th through 14th centuries
• List of philosophers born in the 15th and 16th centuries
• List of philosophers born in the 17th century
• List of philosophers born in the 18th century
• List of philosophers born in the 20th century

Notes

1. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN   0-521-63722-8
2. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN   0-19-866132-0
3. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford University Press; 2005. ISBN   0-19-926479-1
4. Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Routledge; 2000. ISBN   0-415-22364-4
5. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy