List of vegetable oils

Last updated

Vegetable oils are triglycerides extracted from plants. Some of these oils have been part of human culture for millennia. [1] Edible vegetable oils are used in food, both in cooking and as supplements. Many oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, such as in oil lamps and as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some of the many other uses include wood finishing, oil painting, and skin care.

Contents

Definition

The term "vegetable oil" can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature, [2] or broadly defined without regard to a substance's state (liquid or solid) at a given temperature. [3] While a large majority of the entries in this list fit the narrower of these definitions, some do not qualify as vegetable oils according to all understandings of the term.

Classification

Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways. For instance, by their use or by the method used to extract them. In this article, vegetable oils are grouped in common classes of use.

Extraction method

There are several types of plant oils, distinguished by the method used to extract the oil from the plant. The relevant part of the plant may be placed under pressure to extract the oil, giving an expressed (or pressed) oil. The oils included in this list are of this type. Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent. The solution may be separated from the plant material and concentrated, giving an extracted or leached oil. The mixture may also be separated by distilling the oil away from the plant material. Oils extracted by this latter method are called essential oils. Essential oils often have different properties and uses than pressed or leached vegetable oils. Finally, macerated oils are made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil, a process called liquid–liquid extraction.

Sources and Uses

Most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants. For instance, palm oil is extracted from palm fruits, while soybean oil is extracted from soybean seeds. Vegetable oils may also be classified by grouping oils extracted from similar plants, such as "nut oils".

Although most plants contain some oil, only the oil from certain major oil crops [4] complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops [5] is widely used and traded.

Use

Oils from plants are used for several different purposes. Edible vegetable oils may be used for cooking, or as food additives. Many vegetable oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, for instance as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes.

Edible oils

Major oils

These oils make up a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.

Nut oils

Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel, used to make Hazelnut oil Hazelnuts.jpg
Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel, used to make Hazelnut oil

Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.

Citrus oils

A number of citrus plants yield pressed oils. Some, such as lemon and orange oil, are used as essential oils, which is uncommon for pressed oils. [note 1] [35] The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils. [35] [36] [37] [38]

Oils from melon and gourd seeds

Watermelon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris, is used in cooking in West Africa. Citrullus lanatus ies.jpg
Watermelon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris , is used in cooking in West Africa.

Members of the Cucurbitaceae include gourds, melons, pumpkins, and squashes. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food. [45]

Food supplements

A number of oils are used as food supplements (or "nutraceuticals"), for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect. Borage seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers.

Other edible oils

Carob seed pods, used to make carob pod oil Ceratonia siliqua green pods.jpg
Carob seed pods, used to make carob pod oil
Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, Coriander seed oil. Coriander.png
Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, Coriander seed oil.
Poppy seeds, used to make poppyseed oil Poppy seeds.jpg
Poppy seeds, used to make poppyseed oil
Virgin pracaxi oil Pracaxi virg-ultra1.JPG
Virgin pracaxi oil
Shea nuts, from which shea butter is pressed Vitellaria paradoxa MS4195.JPG
Shea nuts, from which shea butter is pressed

Oils used for biofuel

A flask of biodiesel Biodiesel.JPG
A flask of biodiesel
Sunflower kernels Sonnenblumenkerne sunflower seeds.jpg
Sunflower kernels
Jojoba fruit Simmondsia chinensis 01.jpg
Jojoba fruit

A number of oils are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel. [note 4] [147]

Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind, [148] diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:

  1. Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
  2. Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost

Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel

The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes  all but tung oil are edible  but have been considered for use as biofuel.

Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel

These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel. [note 5] These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.

Drying oils

Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, walnut, sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils. [176]

Other oils

A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.

The fruit of the amur cork tree Phellodendron amurense2.jpg
The fruit of the amur cork tree
Castor beans are the source of castor oil. Castor beans.jpg
Castor beans are the source of castor oil.
Astrocaryum vulgare (Tucuma) oil Tucuma-oleo-frut4.JPG
Astrocaryum vulgare (Tucumã) oil

See also

Notes

  1. Lime oil, for example, is distilled, not pressed. See Jackson, p. 131
  2. "Egusi" is the common name of several species of melons, including Citrullus vulgaris cultivars and Lagenaria sicerari .
  3. The Targanine Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine cooperative was founded by Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor, widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high-quality argan oil. See Rainer Höfer, ed. (2009). Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies. Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). p. 401. ISBN   978-1847559050.
  4. Ethanol and, to a lesser degree, methanol and butanol are the other major types of biofuel.
  5. There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here.
  6. Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm oil</span> Edible vegetable oil from fruit of oil palms

Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp of the fruit of oil palms. The oil is used in food manufacturing, in beauty products, and as biofuel. Palm oil accounted for about 36% of global oils produced from oil crops in 2014. Palm oils are easier to stabilize and maintain quality of flavor and consistency in ultra-processed foods, so are frequently favored by food manufacturers. On average globally, humans consumed 7.7 kg (17 lb) of palm oil per person in 2015. Demand has also increased for other uses, such as cosmetics and biofuels, creating more demand on the supply encouraging the growth of palm oil plantations in tropical countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiesel</span> Fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats

Biodiesel is a renewable biofuel, a form of diesel fuel, derived from biological sources like vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled greases, and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made from fats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vegetable oil</span> Oil extracted from seeds or from other parts of plants

Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are mixtures of triglycerides. Soybean oil, grape seed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or fats from seeds. Olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable oil may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coconut oil</span> Edible oil derived from coconut

Coconut oil is an edible oil derived from the kernels, meat, and milk of the coconut palm fruit. Coconut oil is a white solid fat below around 25 °C (77 °F), and a clear thin liquid oil in warmer climates. Unrefined varieties have a distinct coconut aroma. Coconut oil is used as a food oil, and in industrial applications for cosmetics and detergent production. The oil is rich in medium-chain fatty acids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemp oil</span> Oil from hemp seeds

Hemp oil is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused with hash oil, a tetrahydrocannabinol-containing oil made from the Cannabis flower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grape seed oil</span> Liquid fat derived from grape seeds

Grape seed oil is a vegetable oil derived from the seeds of grapes. A by-product of the winemaking industry, it is typically used for edible applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cottonseed oil</span> Cooking oil

Cottonseed oil is cooking oil from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.

Biodiesel production is the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through the chemical reactions of transesterification and esterification. This process renders a product (chemistry) and by-products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sesame oil</span> Edible oil from sesame seed

Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. The oil is one of the earliest-known crop-based oils. Worldwide mass modern production is limited due to the inefficient manual harvesting process required to extract the oil. Oil made from raw seeds, which may or may not be cold-pressed, is used as a cooking oil. Oil made from toasted seeds is used for its distinctive nutty aroma and taste, although it may be unsuitable for frying, which makes it taste burnt and bitter.

Walnut oil is oil extracted from walnuts, Juglans regia. The oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fats.

<i>Camelina sativa</i> Species of flowering plant

Camelina sativa is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae usually known as camelina, gold-of-pleasure, or false flax, but also occasionally as wild flax, linseed dodder, German sesame, or Siberian oilseed. It is native to Europe and areas of Central Asia, but cultivated as an oilseed crop mainly in Europe and in North America. It is not related to true flax, in the family Linaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corn oil</span> Oil from the seeds of corn

Corn oil or maize oil (British) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunflower oil</span> Oil pressed from the seed of Helianthus annuus

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of the sunflower. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perilla oil</span> Vegetable oil derived from perilla seeds

Perilla oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from perilla seeds. Having a distinct nutty aroma and taste, the oil pressed from the toasted perilla seeds is used as a flavor enhancer, condiment, and cooking oil in Korean cuisine. The oil pressed from untoasted perilla seeds is used for non-culinary purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avocado oil</span> Edible oil pressed from the pulp of avocados

Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of Persea americana. It is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point. It is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics.

<i>Jatropha curcas</i> Species of plant

Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America. It is originally native to the tropical areas of the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, and has been spread throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized or invasive in many areas. The specific epithet, "curcas", was first used by Portuguese doc Garcia de Orta more than 400 years ago. Common names in English include physic nut, Barbados nut, poison nut, bubble bush or purging nut. In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant", but it is not the same as the usual castor oil plant, Ricinus communis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil mill</span>

An oil mill is a grinding mill designed to crush or bruise oil-bearing seeds, such as linseed or peanuts, or other oil-rich vegetable material, such as olives or the fruit of the oil palm, which can then be pressed to extract vegetable oils, which may be used as foods or for cooking, as oleochemical feedstocks, as lubricants, or as biofuels. The pomace or press cake – the remaining solid material from which the oil has been extracted – may also be used as a food or fertilizer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cooking oil</span> Oil consumed by humans, of vegetable or animal origin

Cooking oil is a plant or animal liquid fat used in frying, baking, and other types of cooking. Oil allows higher cooking temperatures than water, making cooking faster and more flavorful, while likewise distributing heat, reducing burning and uneven cooking. It sometimes imparts its own flavor. Cooking oil is also used in food preparation and flavoring not involving heat, such as salad dressings and bread dips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapeseed oil</span> Vegetable oil

Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from rapeseed, the seed of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae. Historically, it was restricted as a food oil due to its content of erucic acid, which in laboratory studies was shown to be damaging to the cardiac muscle of laboratory animals in high quantities and which imparts a bitter taste, and glucosinolates, which made many parts of the plant less nutritious in animal feed. Rapeseed oil from standard cultivars can contain up to 54% erucic acid.

References

  1. "4,000-year-old 'kitchen' unearthed in Indiana". Archaeo News. January 26, 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
  2. Parwez Saroj (September 2007). The Pearson Guide to the B.Sc. (Nursing) Entrance Examination. Pearson Education India. p. 109. ISBN   978-81-317-1338-9.
  3. Robin Dand (1999). The International Cocoa Trade. Woodhead Publishing. p. 169. ISBN   978-1-85573-434-0.
  4. Economic Research Service (1995–2011). Oil Crops Outlook. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-11-19. This publication is available via email subscription.
  5. Axtell, B.L.; R.M. Fairman (1992). Minor oil crops. FAO . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  6. Gursche, Siegfried (2008). Coconut Oil: Discover the Key to Vibrant Health. Book Publishing Company. p. 12. ISBN   978-1-55312-043-8 . Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  7. Food Fats and Oils (PDF) (9 ed.). Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils. 2006. p. 27. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  8. 1 2 "Twenty Facts about Cottonseed Oil". National Cottonseed Producers Association. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
  9. "Palm Oil Facts". Soyatech. Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  10. "Palm oil". Food dictionary. Epicurious . Retrieved 2011-10-19.
  11. "Corporate power: The palm-oil-biodiesel nexus". Seedling. July 2007.
  12. Dean, Lisa L.; Davis, Jack P.; Sanders, Timothy H. (2011). "Groundnut (Peanut) Oil". In Frank Gunstone (ed.). Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 225. ISBN   978-1-4443-3268-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  13. Boland, Michael (January 2011). "Safflower". Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
  14. Hansen, Ray (August 2011). "Sesame profile". Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  15. Bennett, David (February 5, 2003). "World soybean consumption quickens". Southeast Farm Press. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  16. Boland, Michael; Stroade, Jeri (August 2011). "Sunflower profile". Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
  17. Axtell, "I. Individual monographs".
  18. Janick, Jules; Paull, Robert E. (2008). The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts. Cabi Publishing. p. 405. ISBN   978-0-85199-638-7 . Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  19. Kornsteiner-Krenn M; Wagner KH; Elmadfa I (2013). "Phytosterol content and fatty acid pattern of ten different nut types". Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 83 (5): 263–70. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000168. PMID   25305221.
  20. Ryan E, Galvin K, O'Connor TP, Maguire AR, O'Brien NM (2006). "Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts". Int J Food Sci Nutr. 57 (3–4): 219–28. doi:10.1080/09637480600768077. PMID   17127473. S2CID   22030871.
  21. Himejima, Masaki; Kubo, Isao (1991). "Antibacterial agents from the cashew Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) nut shell oil". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 39 (2): 418–21. doi:10.1021/jf00002a039.
  22. "Non-wood Forest Products" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 122. ISSN   1020-3370.
  23. "Omphalea triandra". Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  24. J.-L. De Lanessan, ed. (1885). Les Plantes Utiles des Colonies Françaises.
  25. Madhaven, N (2001). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Rostrata (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, and Corylus Rostrata (Hazel) Leaf Extract". International Journal of Toxicology. 20 (1 Suppl): 15–20. doi: 10.1080/109158101750300928 . PMID   11358108.
  26. 1 2 3 Simmons, Marie (2008). Things Cooks Love . Andrews McMeel Publishing. p.  295. ISBN   978-0-7407-6976-4 . Retrieved 2014-10-05. pistachio oil.
  27. Bafana, Busani (July 2009). "Mongongo–a tough nut worth cracking". New Agriculturist. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  28. Storey, J. Benton. "Pecans as a health food". Texas AgriLIFE Extension Service. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  29. John Shi; Chi-Tang Ho; Fereidoon Shahidi, eds. (May 15, 2010). "Antioxidant Functional Factors in Nuts". Functional Foods of the East. CRC Press. p. 353. ISBN   978-1-4200-7192-4.
  30. Daley, Regan (2001). In the Sweet Kitchen: The Definitive Baker's Companion. Artisan Books. p. 159. ISBN   978-1-57965-208-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  31. Yu Liangli; Slavin, Margaret (2008). "Nutraceutical Potential of Pine Nut". In Cesarettin Alasalvar; Fereidoon Shahidi (eds.). Tree nuts: composition, phytochemicals, and health effects. CRC Press. p. 289. ISBN   978-0-8493-3735-2 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  32. Powell, William F. (1990). Oil Painting Materials. Walter Foster. p.  43. ISBN   978-1-56010-056-0.
  33. Gottsegen, Mark (2006). Painter's Handbook. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. p. 77. ISBN   978-0-8230-3496-3. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  34. "A Guide to Nut and Seed Oils - The Epicentre". theepicentre.com.
  35. 1 2 Jackson, John F.; Linskens, H.F. (2002). Analysis of Taste and Aroma. Vol. 21. Springer. p. 131. ISBN   978-3540417538.
  36. Ajewole, Kola; Adeyeye, A. (1993). "Characterisation of Nigerian citrus seed oils". Food Chemistry. 47 (1): 77–8. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(93)90306-Z.
  37. Habib, M. A.; Hammam, M. A.; Sakr, A. A.; Ashoush, Y. A. (1986). "Chemical evaluation of egyptian citrus seeds as potential sources of vegetable oils". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 63 (9): 1192–6. doi:10.1007/BF02663951. S2CID   84789896.
  38. Filsoof, M.; Mehran, M. (1976). "Fatty acid composition of Iranian citrus seed oils". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 53 (10): 654–5. doi:10.1007/BF02586282. S2CID   84569310.
  39. Jamieson, G. S.; Baughman, W. F.; Gertler, S. I. (1930). "Grape fruit seed oil". Oil & Fat Industries. 7 (5): 181–3. doi:10.1007/BF02564074. S2CID   100639068.
  40. S. R. J. Robbins, ed. (1983). "The Citrus Oils: An Introductory Review". Selected markets for the essential oils of lime, lemon and orange. p. 17.
  41. Fenaroli, Giovanni (1975). Handbook of flavor ingredients. Taylor & Francis US. p. 577. ISBN   978-0-87819-533-6.
  42. Rose, Jeanne; Hulburd, John (1993). The aromatherapy book: applications & inhalations. North Atlantic Books. p.  110. ISBN   978-1-55643-073-2.
  43. Wong, Dominic W. S. (1989). Mechanism and theory in food chemistry. Springer. p. 253. ISBN   978-0-442-20753-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  44. Ashurst, Philip R. (994). Production and Packaging of Non-Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages. Springer. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-8342-1289-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  45. Axtell, "Cucurbitaceae
  46. Kohno, Hiroyuki; Yasui, Yumiko; Suzuki, Rikako; Hosokawa, Masashi; Miyashita, Kazuo; Tanaka, Takuji (2004). "Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of colonic PPARγ expression and alteration of lipid composition". International Journal of Cancer. 110 (6): 896–901. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20179 . PMID   15170673. S2CID   1817375.
  47. Axtell, "Bottle gourd"
  48. 1 2 Meitzner, Laura S.; Price, Martin L. (1996). "Oil Crops". Amaranth to Zai Holes. ECHO. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
  49. Ogrodnick, Joe (Spring 2009). "Butternut Squash Seed Oil Goes to Market". CALS News. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  50. Kapseu, C.; Kamga, R.; Tchatchueng, J.B. (1993). "Triacylglycerols and fatty acids composition of egusi seed oil (Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin)". Grasas y Aceites. 44 (6): 354–356. doi: 10.3989/gya.1993.v44.i6.1062 .
  51. Bavec, F.; Grobelnik Mlakar, S.; Rozman, Č.; Bavec, M. (2007). J. Janick; A. Whipkey (eds.). "Oil Pumpkins: Niche for Organic Producers" (PDF). Issues in New Crops and New Uses.
  52. G. J. H. Grubben, ed. (2004). "Citrullus". Plant resources of tropical Africa: Vegetables. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. p. 185. ISBN   978-90-5782-147-9.
  53. Salunkhe, D. K. (1992). World oilseeds: chemistry, technology, and utilization. Springer. p. 460. ISBN   978-0-442-00112-4 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  54. Schauss, Alexander G.; Jensen, Gitte S.; Wu, Xianli (2010). "Açai (Euterpe oleracea)". Flavor and Health Benefits of Small Fruits. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1035. pp. 213–223. doi:10.1021/bk-2010-1035.ch013. ISBN   978-0-8412-2549-7.
  55. Pacheco-Palencia, LA; Mertens-Talcott S; Talcott ST (Jun 2008). "Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)". J Agric Food Chem. 56 (12): 4631–6. doi:10.1021/jf800161u. PMID   18522407.
  56. Jacobson, Hilary (2004). Mother Food for Breastfeeding Mothers. PageFree Publishing, Inc. p. 364. ISBN   978-1-58961-229-7 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  57. Worku, Mulumabet; Gerald, Carresse (2007). "C. elegans Chemotaxis and Reproduction Following Environmental Exposure". Proceedings of the 2007 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. Springer. ISBN   978-0-387-88482-0 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  58. al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Qayyim; Al Jauziyah, Imam Ibn Qayyim; Abdullah, Abdul Rahman (2003). second (ed.). Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet. Darussalam. p. 261. ISBN   978-9960-892-91-7 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  59. 1 2 3 Shahidi, Fereidoon (2006). Nutraceutical and specialty lipids and their co-products. CRC Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN   978-1-57444-499-5 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  60. Shahidi, Fereidoon; Miraliakbari, Homan (2005). "Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)". In Paul M. Coates (ed.). Encyclopedia of dietary supplements. CRC Press. p. 197. ISBN   978-0-8247-5504-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  61. "Evening Primrose Oil". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
  62. Cousens, Gabriel (2009). Conscious Eating (2 ed.). North Atlantic Books. pp. 459–460. ISBN   978-1-55643-858-5 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  63. Oomah, B. David; Mazza, G. (2000). "Bioactive Components of Flaxseed: Occurrence and Health Benefits". In Fereidoon Shahidi; Chi-Tang Ho (eds.). Phytochemicals and phytopharmaceuticals. The American Oil Chemists Society. pp. 106–116. ISBN   978-1-893997-05-9 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  64. Pina-Rodriguez, AM; Akoh, CC (June 10, 2009). "Enrichment of amaranth oil with ethyl palmitate at the sn-2 position by chemical and enzymatic synthesis". J Agric Food Chem . 57 (11): 4657–62. doi:10.1021/jf900242g. PMID   19413361.
  65. Grieve, Margaret (1931). "Apricot". A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications. ISBN   978-0-486-22798-6 . Retrieved 2014-10-05. Originally published in 1931, and republished regularly since.
  66. Yu Xiuzhu; van de Voort, Frederick R.; Li Zhixi; Yue Tianli (October 25, 2007). "Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil". International Journal of Food Engineering. 3 (5). doi:10.2202/1556-3758.1283. S2CID   98590230 . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  67. Jacobs, Daniel (2010). The Rough Guide to Morocco. Penguin. p. 498. ISBN   978-1-84836-977-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  68. Whiley, Antony William; Schaffer, Bruce; Wolstenholme, B. Nigel (2002). The avocado: botany, production, and uses. CABI. p. 390. ISBN   978-0-85199-357-7 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  69. Magness, J.R.; Markle, G.M.; Compton, C.C. (1971). Food and feed crops of the United States. Interregional Research Project IR-4, IR Bul. 1 (Bul. 828 New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta.) . Retrieved 2014-10-05., quoted in "Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil".
  70. Ash, Irene (2004). Handbook of green chemicals. Synapse Info Resources. p. 531. ISBN   978-1-890595-79-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  71. 1 2 Chu, Michael. "Smoke Points of Various Fats". Cooking for Engineers. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
  72. "Codex standard for named vegetable oils" (PDF). Codex Alimentarius . Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2001. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  73. Axtell, "Borneo tallow nut
  74. D. Louppe; A.A. Oteng-Amoako; M. Brink, eds. (2008). Plant resources of tropical Africa. Vol. 7. PROTA. p. 110. ISBN   978-90-5782-209-4.
  75. Orhan, I.; Sener, B. (2002). "Fatty acid content of selected seed oils". J Herb Pharmacother. 2 (3): 29–33. doi:10.1080/J157v02n03_03. PMID   15277087. S2CID   26219361.
  76. Dakia, Patrick Aubin; Wathelet, Bernard; Paquot, Michel (2007). "Isolation and chemical evaluation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seed germ". Food Chemistry . 102 (4): 1368–1374. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.059.
  77. "Cocoa butter Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica Encyclopedia article. July 1998. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
  78. Maximov, N. (1963). "Physico-Chemical Investigation of Cocklebur Oil". Comptes Rendus: 381ff.
  79. McHargue, J. S. (April 1921). "Some Points of Interest Concerning the Cocklebur and Its Seeds". Ecology . 2 (2): 110–119. Bibcode:1921Ecol....2..110M. doi:10.2307/1928923. JSTOR   1928923.
  80. McLendon, Chuck (July 28, 2000). "Attalea cohune". Floridata. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  81. Ashurst, P. R. (1999). Food Flavorings. Springer. pp. 17–18. ISBN   978-0-8342-1621-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  82. Bhanoo, Sindya N. (August 20, 2011). "A Bacteria-Busting Oil Behind a Popular Spice". New York Times .
  83. Besbes, S; Bleckerb, C; Deroanneb, C; Drirac, NE; Attiaa, H (March 2004). "Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction". Food Chemistry . 84 (4): 577–584. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00281-4.
  84. Barreveld, W.H. (1993). "By-products of Date Packing and Processing". Date Palm Products. FAO . Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  85. United States National Research Council (2006). "Dika". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. National Academies Press. ISBN   978-0-309-10333-6 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  86. Udeala, OK; Onyechi, JO; Agu, SI (January 1980). "Preliminary evaluation of dika fat, a new tablet lubricant". J Pharm Pharmacol. 32 (1): 6–9. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12834.x. PMID   6102130. S2CID   29033739.
  87. Mascia, Peter N. (2010). Plant Biotechnology for Sustainable Production of Energy and Co-Products. Springer. p. 231. ISBN   978-3-642-13439-5 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  88. Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, María (2000). Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN   978-0-19-850356-9 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  89. 1 2 El Bassam, Nasir (2010). Handbook of bioenergy crops: a complete reference to species, development and applications. Earthscan. p. 18. ISBN   978-1-84407-854-7 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  90. Bewley, J. Derek; Black, Michael; Halmer, Peter (2006). The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. CABI. ISBN   978-0-85199-723-0 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  91. France, Louise (November 7, 2004). "Hemp oil: A true superfood?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  92. 1 2 Harborne, p. 100
  93. "Kapok seed oil". German Transport Information Service. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  94. Lewy, Mario (1946). "Kenaf seed oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 24 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1007/BF02645761. S2CID   97120897.
  95. Bledsoe, Venita (1999). Kenaf: alternative fiber: the Bledsoe experience. Countryside Pub.
  96. Jones, Glynis; Valamoti, Soultana M. (2005). "Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 14 (4): 571–7. Bibcode:2005VegHA..14..571J. doi:10.1007/s00334-005-0004-z. S2CID   128762541.
  97. van der Vossen, H.A.M.; Mkamilo, G.S. (2007). "Vegetable oils". Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Vol. 14. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. p. 172. ISBN   978-90-5782-191-2.
  98. Shackleton, Sheona E.; Shackleton, Charlie M.; Cunningham, Tony; Lombard, Cyril; Sullivan, Caroline A.; Netshiluvhi, Thiambi R. (2002). "Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A Summary: Part 1: Taxonomy, ecology and role in rural livelihoods". The Southern African Forestry Journal. 194 (1): 27–41. doi:10.1080/20702620.2002.10434589. S2CID   219629203.
  99. United States National Research Council Board on Science and Technology for International Development (2008). "Marula". Lost Crops of Africa: Fruits. Vol. III. National Academies Press. p. 23. ISBN   9780309164436 . Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  100. Burden, Dan. "Meadowfoam". Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from the original on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  101. "Mustard oil". German Transport Information System. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  102. Quinn, J.; Myers, R.L. (2002). "Trends in new crops and new uses". Nigerseed: Specialty grain opportunity for Midwestern US. ASHS Press. pp. 174–82. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  103. "Nutmeg butter". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  104. Holser, R.; Bost, G. (May 2004). "Hibiscus seed oil compositions". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 95. Archived from the original on 2007-11-13.
  105. Martin, Franklin W. (1982). "Okra, Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics". Economic Botany . 36 (3): 340–345. doi:10.1007/BF02858558. S2CID   38546395.
  106. Raina Niskanen, ed. (2003). Crop Management and Postharvest Handling of Horticultural Products: Crop Fertilization, Nutrition and Growth. Vol. 3. Science Publishers. p. 178. ISBN   978-1-57808-140-0.
  107. Somonsohn, Barbara (2002). Healing Power of Papaya. Lotus Press. p. 153. ISBN   978-81-7769-066-8 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  108. Brenner, David M. (1993). "Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources" . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  109. Harborne, p. 102
  110. Cloughly, Cecil P.; Burlage, Henry M. (August 1959). "An examination of the oil of the seeds of persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana L., Fam. Ebenaceae)". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 48 (8): 449–451. doi:10.1002/jps.3030480807. PMID   13672839.
  111. Axtell, "Caryocar spp.
  112. Axtell, "Pili nut"
  113. Stoner, Gary D. (2010). Berries and Cancer Prevention. Springer. p. 218. ISBN   978-1-4419-7553-9 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  114. Watson, Ronald Ross; Preedy, Victor R. (2010-11-11). Bioactive Foods and Extracts: Cancer Treatment and Prevention. Taylor & Francis US, 2010. p. 60. ISBN   978-1-4398-1619-6.
  115. Lewkowitsch, Julius (1914). George H. Warburton (ed.). Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats and waxes. Vol. 2 (5 ed.). Macmillan. p. 119.
  116. Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives. National Institute of Industrial Research. 2002. p. 105. ISBN   978-81-7833-085-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  117. Creevy, Bill (1999). The Oil Painting Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. Watson-Guptill. ISBN   978-0-8230-3274-7.
  118. Gonsalves, John (2010). Economic botany and ethnobotany. Mittal Publications. p. 102. ISBN   978-81-8293-067-4 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  119. Pesce, Celestino (1941). Oleaginosas da Amazonia. Composto e impresso Nas.
  120. "ACNFP Meeting minutes 14 March 2001". Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes. March 14, 2001. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  121. "Virgin Plum Oil cold pressed from d'Agen prune seeds". Vidalou Farm. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  122. Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives. National Institute of Industrial Research. 2002. p. 108. ISBN   978-81-7833-085-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  123. Koziol, Michael J. (1993). "Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop". New Crops. 2.
  124. Siegbert Uhlig, ed. (2007). "Nug oil". Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 1202. ISBN   978-3-447-05607-6 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  125. Getinet, A.; Sharma, S. M. (1996). Niger, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Bioversity International. p. 35. ISBN   978-92-9043-292-0 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  126. Gunstone, Frank (2009). The Chemistry of Oils and Fats: Sources, Composition, Properties and Uses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-4051-5002-6 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  127. Ju Yi-Hsu; Rayat, C.M.E. (2009). "Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil". In Ashok Pandey (ed.). Handbook of plant-based biofuels. CRC Press. pp. 241–253. ISBN   978-1-56022-175-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  128. Kunwar, Ripu M.; Adhikari, Nirmal (July 2005). "Ethnomedicine of Dolpa district, Nepal: the plants, their vernacular names and uses". Lyonia . ISSN   0888-9619 . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  129. "Sacha Inchi: Oil from the Amazon Takes Gold in Paris". Peru Food. September 22, 2006. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  130. Krivankova, Blanka; Polesny, Zbynek; Lojka, Bohdan; Lojkova, Jana; Banout, Jan; Preininger, Daniel (October 2007). Eric Tielkes (ed.). Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae): A Promising Oilseed Crop from Peruvian Amazon. Tropentag. Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  131. Jamieson, G. S.; McKinney, R. S. (1931). "Sapote (mammy apple) seed and oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 8 (7): 255–256. doi:10.1007/BF02574575. S2CID   101373525.
  132. Axtell, "Seje"
  133. Harsch, Ernest (2001). "Shea butter:making trade work for poor women". Africa Recovery . 15 (4).
  134. Moranz, Steve; Masters, Eliot (2005). "What's in your chocolate?". In R. Selvarajah-Jaffery; B. Wagner; E. Sulzberger (eds.). World Agroforestry Centre annual report 2005: Agroforestry science to support the millennium development goals. World Agroforestry Centre. p. 19. ISBN   978-92-9059-199-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  135. Kanya, T.C. Sindhu; Urs, M. Kantaraj (January 1989). "Studies on taramira (eruca sativa) seed oil and meal". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 66 (1): 139–140. doi:10.1007/BF02661804. S2CID   82471587.
  136. Grubben, G.J.H.; Denton, O.A., eds. (2004). "Vegetables". Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Vol. 2. PROTA. p. 295. ISBN   978-90-5782-147-9.
  137. Ruter, John M. (1993). "Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels". Trends in new crops and new uses . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  138. Axtell, " Teased "[sic]
  139. Parry Jr.; John Wynne (2006). Value-adding factors in cold-pressed edible seed oils and flours. University of Maryland, College Park. ISBN   978-0-542-96237-0 . Retrieved 2014-10-05., p. 22
  140. Parry, p. 89
  141. Parry, p. 112
  142. 1 2 3 He Yuan Zhanga; Hannab, Milford A.; Alib, Yusuf; Lu Nana (September 1996). "Yellow nut-sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tuber oil as a fuel". Industrial Crops and Products. 5 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1016/0926-6690(96)89446-5.
  143. "Cyperus esculentus". Plants for a Future . Retrieved 2011-10-21.
  144. Harborne, p. 104
  145. Eller, F.J.; Moser, J.K.; Kenar, J.A.; Taylor, S.L. (2010). "Extraction and Analysis of Tomato Seed Oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 87 (7): 755–762. doi:10.1007/s11746-010-1563-4. S2CID   84110753.
  146. Mrak, E. Emil Marcel; Chichester, C. O.; Stewart, George Franklin, eds. (1977). Advances in Food Research. Vol. 23. Academic Press. ISBN   978-0080567686 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  147. 1 2 3 4 "Bio fuels". Castoroil.in. Archived from the original on 2011-11-13. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  148. 1 2 Lee, Sunggyu; Shah, Y.T. (2012). Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 41. ISBN   978-1420089554 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  149. "Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel". CastorOil.in. Archived from the original on 2011-11-13. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  150. Cloin, Jan. "Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands–Challenges & Opportunities" (PDF). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  151. Kraminska, N.; Teleto, О. "The as the way to energy safety of the economy of the Ukraine" (PDF). Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  152. Morgan, Ben. "Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Cottonseed Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock" (PDF). Texas Tech University, Industrial Engineering Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  153. Laws, Forrest (August 29, 2007). "Can cottonseed join biodiesel race?". Southeast Farm Press. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  154. Deitch, Robert (2003). Hemp: American history revisited: the plant with a divided history . Algora Publishing. p.  223. ISBN   978-0-87586-205-7 . Retrieved 2014-10-05. hemp oil.
  155. Benhaim, Paul (2003). "Hemp as a Biofueld". H.E.M.P.: Healthy Eating Made Possible. Raw With Life. pp. 76–77. ISBN   978-1-901250-64-0 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  156. Peterson, C.L.; Thompson, J.; Jones, S.; Hollenback, D. (November 2001). "Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil". U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2013-10-25. Office of University Research and Education
  157. Jackson, Wes (Fall 1999). "Clearcutting the Last Wilderness". The Land Report (65).
  158. Hobbs, Steve. "Bio-diesel, farming for the future". Australian Agronomy Society. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  159. Axtell, "Noog abyssinia"
  160. Rachmaniah, Orchidea; Ju Yi-Hsu; Vali, Shaik Ramjan; Tjondronegoro, Ismojowati; Musfil, A.S. (2004). "A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production" (PDF). World Energy Congress (19). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  161. Chef Boy Ari (January 5, 2006). "Safflower Oil in your Tank". The Durango Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  162. Dickenson, Marty (July 10, 2008). "The old man who farms with the sea". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  163. Peterson, Charles L.; Auld, Dick L. (1991). "Technical Overview of Vegetable Oil as a Transportation Fuel". FACT: Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector. 12.
  164. "Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield" . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  165. Farago, Robert (July 15, 2008). "China Builds Tung Tree Oil Biodiesel Plants". The Truth about Cars. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  166. Duke Handbook, "Copaifera langsdorfii Desf."
  167. Kanter, James (2011-12-30). "Air New Zealand Flies on Engine With Jatropha Biofuel Blend". The New York Times.
  168. Pramanik, K. (February 2003). "Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine". Renewable Energy. 28 (2): 239–248. Bibcode:2003REne...28..239P. doi:10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00027-7.
  169. Duke Handbook, "Simmondsia chinensis"
  170. Duke Handbook, "Euphorbia tirucalli
  171. Salunkhe, p 522
  172. "Lakshmi Taru tree answer to climate change problems: experts". oneIndia News. April 15, 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  173. Duke Handbook, "Pittosporum resiniferum
  174. Chandraju, S.; Prathima, B. K. (2003). "Ethyl ester of pongamia (Honge) oil: ecologically safe fuel". Chemical & Environmental Research. 12 (3 & 4). ISSN   0971-2151. Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  175. Ramoo, S.K. (April 6, 2001). "A case for Honge oil as substitute for diesel". The Hindu . Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
  176. 1 2 "The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils" . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  177. Smyth, Herbert Warington (1906). Mast & Sail in Europe & Asia. E.P. Dutton. p.  416 . Retrieved 2011-10-19. dammar. (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints)
  178. Database of Oil Yielding Plants
  179. Postell, Jim; Gesimondo, Nancy (2011). Materiality and Interior Construction. John Wiley and Sons. p. 137. ISBN   978-1-118-01969-6 . Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  180. "Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats". Definition and Classification of Commodities. FAO. 1992. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  181. Axtell, "Chinese vegetable tallow
  182. Commodity Research Bureau (2007). The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2007. John Wiley and Sons. p. 288. ISBN   978-0-470-08015-3 . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  183. Teynor, T.M. (1992). "Vernonia". Alternative Field Crops Manual . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  184. Schery, Robert W. (1972). Plants for man. Prentice-Hall. p. 325. ISBN   978-0-13-681254-8.
  185. Schechter, M.S.; Haller, H.L. (1943). "The insecticidal principle in the fruit of Amur corktree (Phellodendron amurense)". Journal of Organic Chemistry . 8 (2): 194–197. doi:10.1021/jo01190a012.
  186. Miceli, A.; De Leo, P. (September 1996). "Extraction, characterization and utilization of artichoke-seed oil". Bioresource Technology . 57 (3): 301–302. Bibcode:1996BiTec..57..301M. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00075-2.
  187. PLANTAS DA AMAZÔNIA PARA PRODUÇÃO COSMÉTICA: uma abordagem química - 60 espécies do extrativismo florestal não-madeireiro da Amazônia / Floriano Pastore Jr. (coord.); Vanessa Fernandes de Araújo [et al.];– Brasília, 2005. 244 p.
  188. Kleiman, R. (1990). J. Janick; J.E. Simon (eds.). "Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops". Advances in New Crops: 196–203. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  189. Zhang, Hong; Yang, Jing Yu; Zhou, Fan; Wang, Li Hui; Zhang, Wen; Sha, Sha; Wu, Chun Fu (2011). "Seed Oil of Brucea javanica Induces Apoptotic Death of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Both the Death Receptors and the Mitochondrial-Related Pathways". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011: 1–14. doi: 10.1155/2011/965016 . PMC   3132896 . PMID   21760826.
  190. Lou, Guo-Guang; Yao, Hang-Ping; Xie, Li-Ping (2010). "Brucea javanica Oil Induces Apoptosis in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells via Upregulation of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2 Expressions". The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 38 (3): 613–24. doi:10.1142/S0192415X10008093. PMID   20503476.
  191. Duke, James A. (1997). The green pharmacy: new discoveries in herbal remedies for common diseases and conditions from the world's foremost authority on healing herbs. Rodale. ISBN   978-0-87596-316-7 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  192. Rostagno, Mauricio A.; Prado, Juliana M. (2013). Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 35. ISBN   978-1849736060 . Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  193. Elevitch, Craig R.; Manner, Harley I. (2006). Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use. PAR. p. 53. ISBN   978-0-9702544-5-0 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  194. Yu, Lucy Liangli; Zhou, Kevin Kequan; Parry, John (2005). "Antioxidant properties of cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hemp seed oils". Food Chemistry . 91 (4): 723–729. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.044. ISSN   0308-8146. INIST   16541373.
  195. Axtell, "Chaulmoogra"
  196. Felter, Harvey Wickes; Lloyd, John Uri (1898). "Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra". King's American Dispensatory . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  197. Cottle, Wyndham (28 June 1879). "Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy". The British Medical Journal. 1 (965): 968–969. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.965.968. JSTOR   25251370. PMC   2239681 . PMID   20749243.
  198. Oplinger, E.S. (1991). "Crambe". Alternative Field Crops Manual . Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  199. Salunkhe, p. 488
  200. Harborne, Jeffrey B.; Baxter, Herbert (2001). Chemical dictionary of economic plants. John Wiley and Sons. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-471-49226-9 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  201. Kleiman, Robert (1990). "Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops". Advances in New Crops: 196–203. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  202. Food and Fruit-bearing Forest Species: Examples from Latin America. FAO. 1986. pp.  298. ISBN   978-9251023723.
  203. Martin, R. J.; Porter, N. G.; Deo, B. (2005). "Initial studies on seed oil composition of Calendula and Lunaria" (PDF). Agronomy N.Z. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-13.
  204. Goreja, W.G. (2004). "Comparison of Shea Butter to Other Oils and Emollients". Shea Butter: The Nourishing Properties of Africa's Best-Kept Natural Beauty Secret. TNC International Inc. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-9742962-5-8 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  205. Kochhar, S. Prakash (2011). "Minor and Specialty Oils". In Frank Gunstone (ed.). Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 323. ISBN   978-1-4443-3268-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  206. Black, Michael; Bewle, J. Derek, eds. (2000). Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis. CRC Press. p. 149. ISBN   978-0849397493 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  207. Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mango". Fruits of Warm Climates. J.F. Morton. ISBN   978-0-9610184-1-2 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  208. Puri, Harbans Singh (1999). Neem: the divine tree: Azadirachta indica. CRC Press. p. 74ff. ISBN   978-90-5702-348-4 . Retrieved 2011-11-15.
  209. See "Ojon.com Web site". Ojon.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  210. Munguia, Osvaldo; Collins, Judith (December 5, 2005). "Ojon Oil". Footsteps. 65.
  211. Pruthi, J. (1963). "Physiology, Chemistry, and Technology of Passion Fruit". Physiology, Chemistry and Technology of Passion Fruit. Vol. 12. p. 268. doi:10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60009-9. ISBN   9780080567570. PMID   14280862.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  212. Scott, Timothy Lee; Buhner, Stephen Harrod (2010). Invasive Plant Medicine: The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN   978-1-59477-305-1 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  213. "Rubber Seed Oil: Finding Uses for a Waste Product (Nigeria)". International Development Research Centre. May 29, 2000. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  214. Ramadha, A.S.; Jayaraj, S.; Muraleedharan, C. (April 2003). "Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines". Renewable Energy. 20 (5): 795–803. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.07.002.
  215. Bùi Huy Như Phúc (March 25–28, 2003). Reg Preston; Brian Ogle (eds.). Ileal digestibility of coconut oil meal and rubber seed oil meal in growing pigs. Proceedings of Final National Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  216. Dharmananda, Subhuti. "Sea buckthorn". Institute for Traditional Medicine. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  217. Zarouk, M.; El Almi, H.; Ben Youssef, N.; Sleimi, N.; Smaoui, A.; Bin Miled, D.; Abdelly, C. (2003). "Lipid Composition of Seeds of Local Halophytes: Cakile maritima, Zygophyllum album and Crithmum maritimum". In Helmut Lieth; Marina Mochtchenko (eds.). Cash crop halophytes: recent studies: 10 years after the Al Ain meeting. Springer. p. 124. ISBN   978-1-4020-1202-0 . Retrieved 2013-10-25.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  218. Grebneva, E.V.; Nesterova, O.V. (July 25, 2006). "Berry Marc Oils as Untraditional Resourse for Functional Food and Fitopreparation". In Danik M. Martirosyan (ed.). Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases. D&A. p. 152. ISBN   978-0-9767535-2-0.
  219. Panda, Himadri (2002). "Tall Oil and its Derivatives". The Complete Technology Book On Natural Products (Forest Based). Asia Pacific Business Press. pp. 361–376. ISBN   978-81-7833-072-3 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  220. 1 2 D. Louppe; A.A. Oteng-Amoako; M. Brink, eds. (2008). Plant resources of tropical Africa. Vol. 7. PROTA. ISBN   978-90-5782-209-4.
  221. 1 2 Gunstone, F. D.; Harwood, John L.; Dijkstra, Albert J. (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press. p. 86. ISBN   978-0-8493-9688-5 . Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  222. Duke, James A.; DuCellier, Judith L. (1993). CRC handbook of alternative cash crops. CRC Press. p. 238. ISBN   978-0-8493-3620-1.
  223. Pesce, Celestino (2009). Oleaginosas da Amazônia. Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. p. 334. ISBN   978-85-61377-06-9.
  224. Smith, Nigel (2014). Palms and People in the Amazon. Springer. p. 81. ISBN   978-3319055091.

Further reading